Opinion by

Mary Beth Agostine appeals a Philadelphia County Common Pleas Court order granting the School District *494of Philadelphia’s motion for judgment on the pleadings and dismissing her complaint with prejudice. We affirm.

In 1967 Agostine entered the Philadelphia public school system (District) and was tested and diagnosed as educable mentally retarded (EMR).1 Accordingly, she was placed in a special class for EMR children. Pursuant to the Department of Education’s (Department) regulations,2 Agostine was reevaluated every other year and remained in the EMR class until her departure in 1980.

*495The following year Agostine sought damages in trespass and alleged that the District negligently diagnosed her as EMR when in fact she was learning disabled (LD).3 The District asserted that the complaint failed to state a claim upon which relief could be granted.

The common pleas court granted the Districts motion for judgment on the pleadings, characterizing Agostines complaint as an educational malpractice action. It treated the complaint as seeking relief under the Public School Code of 1949, Act of March 10, 1949, P.L. 30, as amended, 24 P.S. §§1-101—16-1613, and held that “neither the statutes nor the case law of Pennsylvania recognize the existence of an educational malpractice cause of action” and that “public policy dictates against the recognition of such an action.”4

*496Agostine contends, however, that her suit is a negligence claim brought under common law principles derived from the Commonwealths Constitution. Agostine alleges that (1) the school psychologists, counselors and teachers had a duty to perform their services with reasonable care; (2) the school psychologists, counselors and teachers failed to use that necessary degree of care when they misdiagnosed her, removed her from the mainstream and placed her in an incorrect educational level; (3) not only was she denied her right to receive an education commensurate with her abilities but she also “lost part of her psyche” as a result of the Districts careless, inadvertent negligence; and (4) but for this negligent testing by the Districts psychologists and negligent placement and maintenance by the Districts teachers and counselors, Agostine would not have been in the EMR class and would not have sustained the aforesaid injuries.

Our scope of review of a common pleas court order granting a motion for judgment on the pleadings is limited to determining whether there has been an error of law or abuse of discretion. Vogel v. Berkley, 354 Pa. Superior Ct. 291, 511 A.2d 878 (1986). Such a motion may be granted only where no facts are at issue and the law is so clear that a trial would be a fruitless exercise. Singer v. School District of Philadelphia, 99 Pa. Commonwealth Ct. 553, 513 A.2d 1108 (1986).

Although a review of the complaint reveals that Agostine is asserting a common law right of recovery, which is actionable because it accrued during the hiatus in governmental immunity in this Commonwealth,5 we hold that the only cause of action available to her is under the Public School Code.

*497The mandate of Article III, Section 14 of our state Constitution6 does not confer an individual right upon each student to a particular level or quality of education but, instead, imposes a duty upon the legislature to provide for the maintenance of a thorough and efficient system of public school throughout the Commonwealth. Danson v. Casey, 484 Pa. 415, 399 A.2d 360 (1979).

Pursuant to this constitutional mandate, the legislature, through the Public School Code, has delegated to the Department of Education the duty to adopt and prescribe standards and regulations for the proper education and training of all exceptional children.7 Proper education and training does not have a fixed meaning but varies with the needs of the child and is based upon the ongoing evaluations by psychologists and educators during the pupils tenure in the system. Frederick L. v. Thomas, 419 F. Supp. 960 (E.D. Pa. 1976). The right which has been constitutionally created and statutorily established is a right of entitlement to a public education, a right to participate in the entire process. Lisa H. v. State Board of Education, 67 Pa. Commonwealth Ct. 350, 447 A.2d 669 (1982).

*498Thus, the right of an exceptional child to public education in Pennsylvania is, like that of all children, statutory, and recovery for any injury occurring from education is limited by statutory provisions. See O’Leary v. Wisecup, 26 Pa. Commonwealth Ct. 538, 364 A.2d 770 (1976). A school district is not required to devise an educational program which makes the best use of each students abilities but only to identify exceptional children and develop educational programs appropriate to their particular needs. Shanberg v. Secretary of Education, 57 Pa. Commonwealth Ct. 384, 426 A.2d 232 (1981).

We conclude therefore that Lindsay v. Thomas, 77 Pa. Commonwealth Ct. 171, 465 A.2d 122 (1983), is controlling. In Lindsay, the plaintiff was a learning disabled pupil whom the District failed to diagnose and educate as such, and who was instead placed in regular classes. We held that although the District had a statutory duty to identify exceptional children and- to provide them with a proper education, there was no statutory provision whatever for a monetary remedy arising out of a breach of these statutory duties.8

Had Mary Beth Agostine brought an action against the District to properly place her when she was in school, she would arguably have been entitled to that relief. Regrettably, we must affirm the common pleas court because it is clear that Agostine cannot establish that she is entitled under the Public School Code to the relief she now seeks.

The order of the common pleas court is affirmed.

*499Order

The Philadelphia County Common Pleas Court order, No. 193 March Term 1981 dated March 31, 1986, is affirmed.

Dissenting Opinion

I respectfully disagree with the majority’s conclusion that the instant case is controlled by Lindsay v. Thomas, 77 Pa. Commonwealth Ct. 171, 465 A.2d 122 (1983). Although the factual situation in this case is very similar to that presented in Lindsay, the two cases are based on entirely different legal theories. Lindsay’s claim was based on the schools alleged violation of the special education privisions found in Sections 1371 and 1372 of the Public School Code of 1949 (School Code), Act of March 10, 1949, P.L. 30, as amended, 24 P.S. §§13-1371—13-1372. The present action, on the other hand, is based strictly on a theory of common law negligence. Our refusal, in Lindsay, to recognize a private cause of action arising from a breach of the special education provisions of the School Code, has no bearing on the validity of the case at hand.

Aubrey v. School District of Philadelphia, 63 Pa. Commonwealth Ct. 330, 437 A.2d 1306 (1981), is also distinguishable and, therefore, not controlling. In that case, the parents of a high school senior who failed a sex education class and was required to complete a summer course before receiving her diploma, filed a lawsuit against the school district essentially alleging that the school’s educational program was a gross violation of public policy. This Court classified the suit as an educational malpractice claim and dismissed it on grounds that the courtroom is not the proper forum for parents to challenge the school’s educational policies and its implementation of those policies.

*500Unlike Aubrey, the case at hand does not question the schools educational policies. It is based solely on common law principles of negligence which allegedly were violated by psychologists, counselors and teachers when they failed to properly diagnose and properly place Agostine. The facts giving rise to this cause of action are in the nature of medical rather than educational malpractice. The pleadings focus on the specific negligent acts of certain school employees rather than challenging educational policies of the school district.

For these reasons, I believe the decision of the common pleas court must be reversed and this cause of action must be reinstated pursuant to Ayala v. Philadelphia Board of Public Education, 453 Pa. 584, 305 A.2d 877 (1973).