The Appellants, Stacey Smith, Drew J. Baum, Ginamarie Ellis, Theresa Agostinelli, Steve Cocozza, Ellen Luongo, Steven Luongo, Maryann D. Furlong, Richard B. Kerns, William Pascale, the Republican Committee of Chester Heights, and the Committee for the Future of Chester Heights, seek review of the orders entered on June 15, 2018, in the Court of Common Pleas of the First Judicial District overruling their preliminary objections to venue. We affirm.

I.

This defamation case stems from a 2017 mayoral campaign held in Chester Heights, a borough of Delaware County. The Appellee, Joy Fox, ran as the Democratic candidate against Stacey Smith, the Republican candidate. Allegedly, Smith and the other Appellants posted false information about Fox on a website they created called www.chfactcheck.com indicating that she had been charged with check fraud in North Carolina in the 1990s. The website contained links to several background checks which purported to document the charges. The Appellants promoted the website to residents of Chester Heights with online social media posts, local campaign flyers and billboards. Smith won the election and became mayor of Chester Heights.

In her complaint, Fox alleged that the check fraud claim was false and asserted several causes of action against the Appellants, including civil conspiracy, defamation and false light. She filed suit not in Delaware County but rather in Philadelphia County. Fox averred that her claims *865 were filed in a proper forum because the Appellants' flyers were read by mail processors in Philadelphia County and the information which the Appellants published on the above website was accessed by residents there, including a personal friend of Fox (Kellie Clark), who understood the check fraud story to be damaging to Fox's reputation.

The Appellants each filed preliminary objections asserting that venue was improper in Philadelphia County. In overruling those objections, the trial court applied the rule set forth in Gaetano v. Sharon Herald Co. , 426 Pa. 179 , 231 A.2d 753 (1967), a case involving a defamatory newspaper article. See Trial Court Opinion, 8/30/18, at 4-5. The Pennsylvania Supreme Court held in Gaetano that a defamation claim may be filed in a county where the material is disseminated to a third party who personally knows the plaintiff and understands the material to be defamatory.

The Appellants assert in their brief that the trial court erred in applying Gaetano , which they claim is out-of-date and impracticable as to internet-based defamation claims. The Appellants make two main sub-arguments in support of a new venue rule: (a) Delaware County is the only proper forum because it is where all the parties reside and where most of Fox's reputational harm occurred; and (b) forum should be limited to Delaware County because the Appellants did not intend for their online postings to have an effect anywhere else.

II.

A.

This appeal concerns a purely procedural question of law as to whether Fox filed suit in an appropriate forum. Specifically, the issue is one of venue, which "relates to the right of a party to have the controversy brought and heard in a particular judicial district." Commonwealth v. Bethea , 574 Pa. 100 , 828 A.2d 1066 , 1074 (2003). The venue of a court of common pleas is "generally prescribed by rules" of the Pennsylvania Supreme Court. Id . (citing 42 Pa.C.S. § 931(c) ). Pa.R.C.P. 1006 provides in pertinent part that "an action against an individual may be brought in and only in a county ... where a transaction or occurrence took place out of which the cause of action arose or in any other county authorized by law[.]" Pa.R.C.P. 1006(a)(1) ; see also Pa.R.C.P. 2179(a)(4) (providing that "a personal action against a corporation or similar entity may be brought in ... a county where a transaction or occurrence took place out of which the cause of action arose[.] )" 1

The transaction or occurrence of a defamation action involves "publication" of defamatory material. See Flaxman v. Burnett , 393 Pa.Super. 520 , 574 A.2d 1061 , 1066 (1990) ("An essential element of a defamation action is publication."). 2 In Gaetano , the Pennsylvania Supreme Court held that venue is proper in a place of publication, which was defined as the forum *866 where a communication was read by a third party personally known to the plaintiff, such as her "neighbors or associates," causing harm to the plaintiff's reputation. 231 A.2d at 755 . Further, for the material to cause the requisite harm, the third party must understand it be defamatory. Id.

The Gaetano Court applied that rule in holding that venue for the plaintiff's suit was proper in Allegheny County, where the plaintiff suffered reputation harm, regardless of the fact that the defendants had printed the subject newspapers in Mercer County. The Court explained that

if one writes or prints a defamatory letter in Mercer County and mails it to an addressee in Allegheny County, there obviously is no publication of the libel until the letter is read in Allegheny County and (which is most important) understood as being defamatory of the plaintiff.

Id.

Gaetano was decided in 1967. Since that time, no Pennsylvania court has deviated from its venue rule for defamation cases. The central inquiry has, therefore, remained whether the plaintiff suffered reputational harm in a given county and not how easily a given medium can transmit the defamatory material. The parties in this case agree that if the Gaetano venue rule applies, then the orders on review must stand. However, the parties differ on whether Gaetano applies as to an internet defamation suit and this appears to be an issue of first impression in Pennsylvania.

B.

In the absence of Pennsylvania law regarding the precise issue at hand, the federal courts' approach to venue is instructive. 3 Although several federal courts have noted the difficulty in formulating a workable venue rule for internet defamation claims, they tend to support Fox's position that Philadelphia County is a proper forum.

For example, in Capital Corp. Merch. Banking v. Corp. Colocation, Inc. , 2008 WL 4058014 , at *2 (M.D. Fla. Aug. 27, 2008), a plaintiff asserted claims in Florida against Pennsylvania defendants due to material posted on a website. The court expressed concern that "the harm from an online defamatory statement can occur in any place where the website ... is viewed[.]" Capital Corp. , 2008 WL 4058014 , at *2. Venue was nevertheless held to be proper in Florida because the plaintiff had alleged "that the website was accessed in this District, that it suffered harm to its reputation in this District, and that it suffered an economic injury in this District." Id. These circumstances created a "substantial nexus" between the plaintiff's chosen forum of Florida and the acts originating in Pennsylvania which gave rise to the defamation claim. Id.

Crucially, under this framework, the plaintiff's choice of forum is not limited by her place of residence. In fact, in a case involving internet defamation, a court cited Capital Corp. in holding that venue is proper in any forum where the plaintiff has suffered the requisite harm to her reputation:

Nor is the Court persuaded by Defendants' argument that venue should lie in the district in which publication occurred and Plaintiffs reside. Defendants are correct in that, "in the context of defamation and other nonphysical torts, courts generally hold that venue under Section 1391 (b)(2) is proper in the district *867 where the injured party resides and the defamatory statements were published." Capital Corp. , 2008 WL 4058014 , at *3 (collecting cases). However, these cases do not address, much less rule out, the possibility of venue lying in another judicial district where the plaintiff does not reside, but nevertheless has suffered economic or reputational injury, and where publication has occurred .

Indeed, the holdings in these cases appear to be consistent with the prevailing approach in the defamation context that "venue is proper in a district in which the allegedly defamatory statement was published, particularly if injury was suffered in the same district ." Kravitz v. Niezgoda , 2012 WL 4321985 , at *4 (E.D. Pa. Sept. 21, 2012).

Eakin v. Rosen , 2015 WL 8757062 , at *6 (S.D.) (emphasis added, some citations omitted) (overruling defendants' objection to venue where plaintiffs resided in the Middle District of Georgia but filed a defamation suit in the Southern District of Georgia based in part on internet postings).

Most recently, in Seidel v. Kirby , 296 F.Supp. 3d 745 (D. Md. 2017), the court stressed that venue in internet defamation actions should not be based solely on whether a third party in a particular forum has accessed material understood to be defamatory toward a plaintiff:

This rule, that an act of defamation "occurs" where it is publicized such that it may harm a plaintiff's reputation, is of little help when the publication is effectively world-wide. It would seem that, in the context of defamation publicized over the Internet, such a rule would make venue proper in any district in the United States.

296 F.Supp. 3d at 753 (citations omitted).

To reduce the number of possible venues for an internet defamation suit, the Seidel court narrowly construed the federal venue statute, 28 U.S.C. § 1391 . Part (a)(2) of that statute makes venue proper in a judicial district only where a "substantial part" of the underlying conduct giving rise to the claim occurred. Id. at 753-54 . The Seidel court held that for the purposes of part (a)(2), a "substantial part" of a defamation action occurs when a third party "actually knows" the plaintiff, reads the defamatory material, and understands it to be defamatory:

The venue statute, however, does not authorize venue in any district where any events that gave rise to the action occurred, but rather where a substantial part of those actions occurred. Therefore, while it may not always be the case, the district in which a plaintiff resides is often going to be where the substantial part of the harmful publication occurred, i.e. where people are exposed to the material who may actually know the plaintiff or interact with him in a way that could be affected by the information.

Id. at 753 (emphases in original). 4

While couched in slightly different language, the above federal courts have adopted a venue rule for internet defamation that mirrors the principles of Gaetano . We follow the lead of those authorities *868 in holding that a plaintiff may file a defamation action in any county where an internet posting causes the requisite harm to the plaintiff's reputation. As outlined in Gaetano , this harm occurs when an internet communication is read by a third party who the plaintiff knows personally and who understands the communication to be harmful to the plaintiff's reputation. See Gaetano , 231 A.2d at 755-56 . Since the county in which that third party lives is a place of publication, it is a place where the plaintiff may file suit. Id.

Under this standard, the Appellants' objection to venue in Philadelphia County was properly overruled. Fox alleged that her friend resided in Philadelphia County and read material on a website which had been posted by the Appellants. Fox's friend understood the material to be defamatory. This reputational harm made the friend's county of residence a place of publication and a proper venue for Fox's defamation claims. 5

C.

Finally, we decline to limit venue to Delaware County based on the Appellants' stated intent to damage Fox's reputation only in that lone forum. The website in question was accessible to the general public. The Appellants knew or should have known the scandalous information they posted online (and advertised with campaign flyers and social media posts) would be read by Fox's neighbors or associates throughout the state. See Reed v. Brown , 166 A.3d 570 , 576 (Pa. Cmwlth. 2017) (holding that venue was proper in forum other than place of original publication where a defendant's agent republished the defamatory material, since "republication" was "authorized, intended or reasonably expected.").

Fox therefore had the choice to file suit in Philadelphia County, where she is alleged to have suffered reputational harm. If litigating in that forum caused the Appellants any hardship or inconvenience, then their remedy was to move to dismiss or transfer the case on those grounds. 6

Orders affirmed.

Judge Kunselman joins the Opinion.

Judge Murray files a concurring opinion.

CONCURRING OPINION BY MURRAY, J.:

I agree with the Majority's disposition which is based on our current legal interpretation of venue in defamation cases. However, I write separately to emphasize *869 that, as the Majority states, this appeal concerns a claim of internet defamation, and as such is one of first impression. Majority at 866. I further note that our current law has failed to keep up with the rapidly growing forms of electronic communication. On a daily basis technology continues to advance, and its uses continue to grow exponentially by both industry and private citizens. Most of our current legal authority predates electronic publication. Here, as with other instances involving internet publication, we have resolved the question of venue under prevailing law. 1 In doing so, we are

bound by decisional and statutory legal authority, even when equitable considerations may compel a contrary result. We underscore our role as an intermediate appellate court, recognizing that "the Superior Court is an error correcting court and we are obliged to apply the decisional law as determined by the Supreme Court of Pennsylvania." "It is not the prerogative of an intermediate appellate court to enunciate new precepts of law or to expand existing legal doctrines. Such is a province reserved to the Supreme Court."

Matter of M.P. , 204 A.3d 976 , 2019 WL 850581 at *2 n.2. (Pa. Super. 2019) (citations omitted).

The above notwithstanding, as technology continues to grow and its application implicates various elements of both criminal and civil law, this Court will continue to be presented with novel appeals involving the use of electronic communication, the majority of which will be decided by precedent that never contemplated electronic publication. Accordingly, I write to underscore that the courts of this Commonwealth - both at the intermediate appellate and trial levels - would benefit from decisional and statutory guidance in analyzing established legal principles such as venue. Accordingly, in joining the Majority, I respectfully request that our Supreme Court, its rules committees, and our legislature provide further guidance in the evolving area of electronic communications.