Coombs v. Diguglielmo
Coombs v. Diguglielmo
Opinion of the Court
MEMORANDUM OPINION
Before the Court are Petitioner Wayne Coombs’s Objections to the Report and Recommendation filed by United States Magistrate Judge Thomas J. Reuter (“R & R”). Petitioner asserts that Judge Reuter erred in his conclusion regarding the ultimate issue in this case- — -whether the prosecutor’s use of preemptory strikes during jury selection in Petitioner’s underlying criminal trial violated the Equal Protection Clause. According to Petitioner, he has met his burden to show that it is more likely than not the prosecutor struck at least one juror because of race as proscribed by the Supreme Court in Batson v. Kentucky.
I.Background
A. State Court Proceedings
On February 22, 2000, Petitioner, a Black man, was arrested for a series of robberies which took place in Philadelphia from the fall of 1999 through the winter of 2000. Petitioner’s first trial for charges relating to these robberies commenced in September 2001 in the Philadelphia County Court of Common Pleas; the trial ended in a hung jury.
Petitioner was re-tried in November 2001. On November 26, 2001, during the first day of jury selection, the prosecutor assigned to the ease, Max Kramer, raised a “reverse Batson”
Defense counsel then raised a Batson challenge based on the prosecutor’s use of two preemptory strikes against two Black women, stating “the last jury hung because of a [Bjlack female. Today we had two [Bjlack females. Both of them have
The Honorable Gary S. Glazer, who presided over the trial, denied both challenges stating:
These are what lawyers do with peremptory challenges. They’re not race-based .... As long as we have peremptory challenges, lawyers are going to make judgments maybe based on hunches, maybe based on prior experiences, maybe based on feelings, but they’re not based on race. Both of you are much too good lawyers to do something like that.7
At the conclusion of jury selection on November 27, 2001, defense counsel raised a second Batson challenge, this time challenging the prosecutor’s use of five of his six preemptory strikes to exclude Black individuals from the jury.
[S]he said that her cousin had been an eyewitness to an armed robbery. Since there weren’t many questions about that, I kind of had doubts about any time there’s family members who are witnesses to armed robbery. I don’t know if they were involved in it, and she wasn’t saying that, if there was and she was an actual independent witness who saw an armed robbery happen. For that reason, I used my peremptory challenge.10
The prosecutor then explained that he struck Juror No. 4 because “she had a nephew who was shot this summer. She had a nephew in jail awaiting charges on gun charges. Her sister was an eyewitness to crime. And she was friends with a defense attorney who everyone knew at one point.”
“I just don’t like him, Your Honor, I don’t really have a sound reason.... I don’t know, just the way he was looking at me.... I mean I just didn’t like him and he didn’t check off many boxes, but I went with my hunch ....”12
The trial judge responded: “Okay. All right. Let’s go. Are we ready to start?”
On November 30, 2001, a jury, consisting of nine White and three Black jurors,
MR. KRAMER: Your Honor, I object to this because I don’t think this information should be before the Court. It’s complete hearsay. And there is no way for Mr. Mallon to even confirm this information, other than to call that juror that he’s going to speak about. And it’s completely irrelevant, Your Honor, to the trial that took place the second time around. I don’t think that it should be made part of the record. It was a conversation I had with Mr. Mallon.
THE COURT: Does it involve external influence on the juror?
MR. KRAMER: No.
THE COURT: Well, then it’s not relevant.19
Defense counsel then sought to interject:
MR. MALLON: Well-
THE COURT: I don’t want to get into it.
MR. MALLON: It involved his state of mind with respect to race.
THE COURT: It’s irrelevant.
MR. MALLON: Well—
THE COURT: It’s irrelevant.
MR. MALLON: Can I make an offer of proof as to what it is?
THE COURT: No. No. It’s hearsay.
MR. MALLON: It’s not hearsay. I’m offering it for his state—
THE COURT: Who’s state of mind?
MR. MALLON: Mr. Kramer’s state of mind.
THE COURT: It’s not relevant as to anything.
MR. MALLON: It’s relevant to his exercise of preemptory challenges....
THE COURT: You can submit an affidavit.20
Judge Glazer dismissed Petitioner’s argument regarding the Batson challenge and sentenced Petitioner to 59 to 160 years imprisonment.
Less than a week after sentencing, Defense counsel submitted an affidavit concerning his conversations with the prosecutor. In the affidavit, defense counsel stated that he had a conversation with the prosecutor between the first and second trial during which the prosecutor told him that a juror from the first trial, who had called the prosecutor, informed the prosecutor that there had only been one “holdout” juror at the first trial, and that this juror was a Black woman. Defense counsel also attested that he had a second conversation with the prosecutor after the
Petitioner thereafter filed a direct appeal to the Pennsylvania Superior Court, raising a Batson challenge among other claims. The Superior Court denied Petitioner’s claims without reaching the merits of the appeal, holding that Petitioner’s claims were waived under Commonwealth v. Spence,
B. Initial Federal Review
In his habeas petition, Petitioner again raised a Batson challenge to the prosecutor’s exercise of preemptory strikes in his second trial. The Court referred the Petition to the Honorable Thomas J. Reuter for a Report and Recommendation (“R & R”) pursuant to Local Civil Rule 72.1 and 28 U.S.C. § 636(b)(1)(B). Applying the deferential standard of review set forth in the Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act of 1996 (“AEDPA”),
C. Third Circuit. Opinion
The Third Circuit held in a precedential opinion that “when, although properly preserved by the defendant, the state court has not reached the merits of a claim thereafter presented to a federal habeas
Supreme Court precedent requires that a trial judge engage in a three-step analysis when a Batson challenge is raised:
“First, the defendant must make out a prima facie case ‘by showing that the totality of the relevant facts gives rise to an inference of discriminatory purpose.’ Second, once the defendant has made out a prima facie case, the ‘burden shifts to the State to explain adequately the racial exclusion’ by offering permissible race-neutral justifications for the strikes. Third, ‘if a race-neutral explanation is tendered, the trial court must then decide ... whether the opponent of the strike has proved purposeful racial discrimination.’ ”28
In Petitioner’s case, the Third Circuit held that “the trial court failed to conduct a full and complete Batson step three analysis ... by unreasonably limiting the defendant’s opportunity to prove that the prosecutor’s proffered reasons for striking Black jurors were pretextual, thereby improperly restricting the defendant’s ability to provide discriminatory intent.”
The Third Circuit was most “trouble[ed]” by the trial court’s failure to examine “the prosecutor’s statements that he struck Juror No. 1 because he ‘just didn’t like’ the juror and because'the juror was giving him ‘bad looks.’ ”
Like anyone else, trial attorneys possess those human frailties that make each of us far too susceptible to social conditioning and the subliminal bias that may result. Thus, although we do not suggest this happened here, we are reminded of Justice Marshall’s observation in Batson that “[an attorney’s] own conscious or unconscious’ racism may lead him easily to the conclusion that a prospective black juror is ‘sullen,’ or ‘distant,’ a characterization" that would not have coime to his mind if a white juror had acted identically.” Accordingly, “outright prevarication by [attorneys is not] the only danger ____ It is even possible that an attorney may lie to himself in an effort to convince himself that his motives are legal.” Although we again stress that we are not suggesting what this prosecutor’s motivation was, trial court’s [sic] must be particularly vigilant when Black jurors are struck because an attorney is acting on a “hunch.”
This means that a trial court must be exceedingly careful about rejecting a Batson challenge merely because the prosecutor explains that s/he did not like*235 the way a juror looked at her/him. Although counsel’s discomfort with real or perceived “looks” from a prospective juror may arise from factors that would readily survive a Batson challenge after an appropriate inquiry,- Justice Marshall’s admonition in Batson cautions that such discomfort may not similarly arise if a White juror looks at counsel the same way. Therefore, courts should not allow nebulous expressions of discomfort to justify striking a juror. Bat-son requires an appropriately tailored inquiry, an opportunity for opposing counsel to argue that the proffered reasons are pretextual, and a finding by the trial court. If it were otherwise — and an unexamined explanation were allowed to survive a Batson challenge, Batson inquires would quickly be reduced to a meaningless procedural ritual.
We realize that it may be uncomfortable and unpleasant for a trial judge to undertake such a difficult and subtle inquiry with the precision and persistence that may be required to determine .counsel’s true reasons for striking a juror. No judge wants to be in the position of suggesting that a fellow professional — whom the judge may have known for years — is exercising peremptory challenges based on forbidden racial considerations. However, we also realize that if Batson is to be given its full effect, trial courts must make precise and difficult inquiries to determine if- the proffered reasons for a peremptory strike are the race-neutral reasons they purport to be, or if they are merely a pretext for that which Batson forbids.
Nor is it relevant that the prosecutor appears to have offered race-neutral explanations for all but one peremptory challenge. “[A] prosecutor’s purposeful discrimination in excluding even a single juror on account of race cannot be tolerated as consistent with the guarantee of equal protection under the law.” Although we aré not suggesting that the district court should only consider the prosecutor’s strike of Juror No. 1 on remand, we do note that if Juror No. 1, and only Juror No. 1, was struck because of his race, then the Batson challenge should have been sustained.32
The Third Circuit remanded the case to this Court to conduct a hearing consistent with the Opinion, explaining that this Court’s fact-finding should include consideration of the evidence concerning the alleged conversations between the prosecutor and defense counsel during which the prosecutor was alleged to have revealed knowledge of what occurred during jury deliberations for the first trial.
D. Evidentiary Hearing
Upon remand from the Third Circuit, this Court referred the case to Magistrate Judge Reuter to conduct an evidentiary hearing and to prepare a revised R & .R. On April 26, 2011, an evidentiary hearing was held. Defendant’s trial counsél, Mr. Mallon, and the prosecutor, Mr. Kramer, testified. The evidentiary hearing produced little new evidence. The prosecutor had no independent recollection of his reasons for using his preemptory strikes, and while he asserted that review of state trial court transcript “refreshed” his recollection, he was unable to remember anything beyond the content of such transcripts and was unable to expand upon the explanation he provided therein. At the hearing, however, Petitioner produced additional evidence about defense counsel’s two conversations with the prosecutor regarding jury
1. Conversations between Defense Counsel and the Prosecutor. .
Consistent with the Affidavit -submitted after Petitioner’s sentencing, defense counsel testified that he had two conversations with the prosecutor about the jury deliberations in the first trial. The first conversation occurred between Petitioner’s first and second trial. During this conversation, the prosecutor' informed defense counsel that he hád been contacted by a juror from the first trial and that the juror had informed the prosecutor that most of the “votes” for the robbery counts had been 11 to 1 for conviction with the holdout juror being a Black woman.
The prosecutor could not recall the conversations with defense counsel and initially stated that he did not recall whether he had a conversation with a juror from the first trial; however, after additional questioning, he’ specifically denied having a conversation with a juror from the first trial.
Counsel for Petitioner introduced the prosecutor’s notes taken at some point after the first trial. These notes, which were authenticated by the prosecutor, list the way the jury voted as to four different robberies tried during the first trial, and contain other short phrases such as “L or R -hand with gun,” “color of jacket,” and “foreperson Anti-police.”
2. Composition of the Jury Panel and Final Jury
The jury panel from which the jury in Petitioner’s second trial was selected consisted of 27 individuals, nine of whom were Black' ’(33%) and 18 of whom were White
E. The R & R-and Petitioner’s Objections
After holding a hearing, Magistrate Judge Reuter issued an. R & R containing detailed findings of fact and recommending that the Petition for writ of habeas corpus be denied.
Petitioner has filed counseled Objections to the R & R. He does not object to the conclusion with respect to the prosecutor’s motive for striking Jurors Nos. 4, 14, 19 and 22,
II. Standard of Review
As stated above, the Third Circuit has instructed that because the state court did not reach the merits of Petitioner’s Batson claim, this Court should review the claim de novo.
III. Discussion
As stated, Batson challenges are evaluated pursuant to a three-step framework.
At step three it is the petitioner’s burden to show that “it is more likely than not that the prosecutor struck at least one juror because of race.”
A. The Findings Contained in the R & R
The R & R relied heavily on his assessment of the credibility of the prosecutor in his step three analysis, finding the prosecutor credible based on his observation of the prosecutor’s demeanor, “the fervency with which [he] testified,” and the prosecutor’s statements about the 17 years he has practiced law, during which time he has never been “accused of doing anything remotely unethical.”
The Magistrate also heard testimony regarding the conversations between the prosecutor and defense counsel, and considered the prosecutor’s notes regarding jury deliberations in the first trial. He found that based on the limited information the notes provided the prosecutor “would have no basis to assume that in a second trial [Black] jurors would be incapable of rendering a fair and impartial verdict,” and therefore concluded that the notes do not substantiate the suggestion that the prosecutor thought race was relevant in selecting the jury.
Finally, the Magistrate Judge explored side-by-side comparisons of Black venire persons who were struck and White venire persons who were allowed to serve.
B. This Court’s Analysis
While the Court recognizes that the credibility and demeanor of the prosecutor may be the “best evidence” of discriminatory intent,
When the trial judge gave the prosecutor the opportunity to explain his reasons for striking Juror No. 1, the prosecutor stated; “I just don’t like him, Your Honor, I don’t really have a sound reason.... I don’t know, just the way he was looking at me.... I mean I just didn’t like him and he didn’t check off many boxes, but I went
Given the prosecutor’s understandable inability to remember additional details from a trial held years earlier, the Court must analyze the reason stated at the time. Although “the way a juror looks” may in some circumstances be a sufficient, race-neutral reason for exercising a preemptory strike, it is not sufficient here. In each relevant case cited in the R & R, there are subtle explanations about the way a juror looked or was looking at the prosecutor that supported a finding that “the way the juror looked” was a race-neutral explanation for striking the juror. For example, the juror looked as if she “did not want to be here,”
The record contains further evidence of pretext. The Court agrees with the R & R that based on the limited information contained in the prosecutor’s. notes about deliberations in the first trial, the prosecutor “would have no basis to assume that in a second trial [Black] jurors would be incapable of rendering a fair and impartial verdict.”
Further, the Court disagrees with the finding in the R & R that statistical analysis supports the conclusion that the prosecutor’s decision was race-neutral. To the contrary, the prosecutor exercised five of his six strikes to exclude Black venire persons. Even though-the final composition of the jury was.-25% Black (from a panel which was 33% Black), .this 83% strike rate is suggestive of discriminatory intent.
Finally, considering White venire. comparators whom the prosecutor did not strike supports a finding of discriminatory intent. The prosecutor suggested that a juror’s failure to answer yes to any questions may support the exercise of a strike against him.
The prosecutor’s reasons are simply insufficient in light of the totality of the circumstances in this ease, even accepting the credibility determination of the Magistrate Judge. -
IV. Conclusion
For the foregoing reasons, the Court finds that Petitioner has proven that it is more likely than not that the prosecutor struck Juror No. 1 because of' race. The Court does not reach this conclusion lightly, but it is the only conclusion that can be drawn after conducting the “difficult and subtle inquiry” mandated by the Third Circuit. Any other conclusion would render Batson’s protection meaningless in this case.
Accordingly, the Court will sustain Petitioner’s Objections to the R & R and grant the Petition. Petitioner’s conviction and sentence for robbery and possessing an instrument of crime will be vacated and set aside and the Court will issue a conditional writ of habeas corpus directing the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania either to release or retry Petitioner within 180 days.
An appropriate Order follows.
ORDER
AND NOW, this 14th day of December 2012, after careful and independent review of the Report and Recommendation (Doc.
1. Petitioner Wayne Coombs’s Objections to the Report and Recommendation are SUSTAINED.
2. The Report and Recommendation is APPROVED and ADOPTED in part but the Court declines to adopt the recommendation that the Petition be denied.
3. The Petition for Writ of Habeas Corpus pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 2254 is GRANTED.
4. Petitioner’s conviction and sentence are VACATED and SET ASIDE.
5. Petitioner is to be released from custody UNLESS within 180 days from the date of this Order the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania affords Petitioner a new trial.
The Clerk of Court is directed to CLOSE this case.
It is so ORDERED.
. 476 U.S. 79, 106 S.Ct. 1712, 90 L.Ed.2d 69 (1986).
. A defendant’s claim that a prosecutor violated the Equal Protection Clause by exercising a preemptory strike to exclude an individual from jury service on account of the individual’s race is commonly referred to as a “Batson challenge,” so named for the case in which such claims were first recognized by the Supreme Court, Batson v. Kentucky, 476 U.S. 79, 106 S.Ct. 1712, 90 L.Ed.2d 69 (1986). Bat-son challenges historically concern the use of preemptory strikes by the prosecutor; where a challenge is made based on defense counsel’s exclusion of venire persons such claims are commonly referred to as "reverse Batson” challenges.
. 11/26/2001 Trial Tr. (Pet'r's Ex. 1) 55.
. 11/26/2001 Trial Tr. 56-59.
. 11/26/2001 Trial Tr. 60.
. 11/26/2001 Trial Tr. 60-61.
. 11/26/2001 Trial Tr. 62.
. 11/27/2001 Trial Tr. (Petr's Ex. 2) 72.
. 11/27/2001 Trial Tr. 73.
. 11/27/2001 Trial Tr. 73-74.
. 11/27/2001 Trial Tr. 74.
. 11/27/2001 Trial Tr. 75.
. Id.
. Id.
. Id.
. See R & R at n. 1; Pet'r’s Ex. 6.
. 2/13/2002 Sentencing Tr. (Pet’r’s Ex. 3) 3.
. 2/13/2002 Sentencing Tr. 7.
. 2/13/2002 Sentencing Tr. 7-8.
. 2/13/2002 Sentencing Tr. 8-9.
. Mallon Aff. (Pet'r's Ex. 4); see also Coombs v. Diguglielmo, 616 F.3d 255, 259 (3d Cir. 2010).
. Commonwealth v. Coombs, No. 954 EDA 2001, slip op. at 4 (Pa.Super.Ct. July 21, 2003).
. 534 Pa. 233, 627 A.2d 1176 (1993). As the Third Circuit explained, "[t]he Spence rule requires an appellant raising a Batson challenge 'to make a record identifying the race of venirepersons stricken by the Commonwealth, the race of prospective jurors acceptable to the Commonwealth but stricken by the defense, and the racial composition of the final jury selected.’ ” Coombs v. Diguglielmo, 616 F.3d 255, 260 n. 2 (3d Cir. 2010) (quoting Commonwealth v. Holloway, 559 Pa. 258, 739 A.2d 1039, 1045 (1999) (internal quotations omitted)). Petitioner was, in effect, foreclosed from creating such a record in this case because the trial judge prevented him from introducing evidence or argument on the issue. See, e.g., 2/13/2002 Sentencing Tr. 8-9.
. Petitioner did not seek state collateral review before filing the Petition. However, exhaustion was not an issue on appeal because Petitioner’s claims were deemed procedurally defaulted under state law, which is an exception to exhaustion under 28 U.S.C. 3 2254(b)(1). See Whitney v. Horn. 280 F.3d 240, 250 (3d Cir. 2002) (citing 28 U.S.C. § 2254(b)(1) for the proposition that exhaustion of state remedies requires that Petitioner fairly present all federal claims to the highest state court, but that where the claims are procedurally barred, exhaustion is waived in the federal habeas court).
. 28 U.S.C. § 2254(d).
. R & R (Doc. No. 16) at 4.
. Coombs, 616 F.3d at 260 (internal quotations omitted).
. United States v. Rodriguez, 178 Fed.Appx. 152, 155 (3d Cir. 2006) (quoting Johnson v. California, 545 U.S. 162, 168, 125 S.Ct. 2410, 162 L.Ed.2d 129 (2005)) (internal citations and quotation marks omitted) (alteration in original).
. Coombs, 616 F.3d at 263.
. Id.
. Id.
. Coombs, 616 F.3d at 264-65 (internal citations omitted).
. Id. at 265.
. 4/26/2011 Hr’gTr. 16.
. 4/26/2011 Hr’gTr. 17.
. 4/26/2011 Hr’gTr. 25.
. 4/26/2011 Hr’g Tr. 78-79, 84.
. 4/26/2011 Hr’g Tr. 99-100.
. 4/26/2011 Hr’gTr. 36.
. 4/26/2011 Hr’gTr. 36.
. Pet’r’s Ex. 5.
. Id.
. 4/26/2011 Hr’gTr. 100.
. Pet’r's Exs. 6, 7.
. Doc. No. 46.
. The Court approves and adopts the R & R with respect to the conclusions regarding these Jurors.
. Doc. No. 49.
. 28 U.S.C. § 636(b)(1)(C).
. Although the Court limits its analysis to a discussion of the prosecutor's reasons for striking Juror No. 1, the Court has considered all evidence as it relates to the prosecutor's striking of the other four Black venire persons and agrees with Magistrate Judge Reuter that Petitioner has failed to prove that the reasons given for striking these jurors was pretextual. However, the Court considers these strikes as relevant in determining whether the reason given for striking Juror No. 1 was a pretext.
. Hill v. Beyer, 62 F.3d 474, 482 (3d Cir. 1995).
. Rodriguez, 178 Fed.Appx. at 155-56.
. See Coombs v. Diguglielmo, 616 F.3d 255 (3d Cir. 2010); see also Respondent’s Post Hearing Response to Petition for Writ of Ha
. Rodriguez, 178 Fed.Appx. at 155-56.
. Hernandez, 500 U.S. at 359-60, 111 S.Ct. 1859 (quoting Arlington Heights v. Metro. Hous. Dev. Corp., 429 U.S. 252, 264-65, 97 S.Ct. 555, 50 L.Ed.2d 450 (1977)).
. Id. at 360, 111 S.Ct. 1859 (quoting Personnel Adm’r of Mass. v. Feeney, 442 U.S. 256, 279, 99 S.Ct. 2282, 60 L.Ed.2d 870 (1979)).
. Williams v. Beard, 637 F.3d 195, 215 (3d Cir. 2011) (quoting Bond v. Beard, 539 F.3d 256, 264 (3d Cir. 2008)).
. Id. at 215-16 (internal quotation marks and citations omitted).
. R & R ¶¶ 22-23.
. Id.
. 4/26/2011 Hr’g Tr. 55-56.
. 4/26/2011 Hr'gTr. 31.
. 4/26/2011 Hr’gTr. 32.
. 4/26/2011 Hr'g Tr. 55; 11/27/2001 Trial Tr. 75.
. R & R ¶ 31.
. R & R ¶¶ 32-33.
. R&RH34.
. R & R ¶¶ 35-39.
. Id. at 216
. Hill, 62 F.3d at 482.
. 11/27/2001 Trial Tr. 75.
. 4/26/2011 Hr’gTr. 55.
. 4/26/2011 Hr’gTr. 56.
. Bond, 539 F.3d at 265.'
. United States v. Alston, 380 Fed.Appx. 217, 220 (3d Cir. 2010).
. Bond, 539 F.3d at 263-65.
. Coombs, 616 F.3d at 264.
. R & R ¶ 31.
. R & R ¶ 27
. Pet’r's Ex. 5.
. Coombs, 616 F.3d at 264.
. 4/26/2011 Hr’g Tr. at 56; 11/27/2001 Trial Tr. 75.
. Pet’r’s Ex. 7.
. The Court makes no decision regarding a Certificate of Appealability because Petitioner has not challenged the R & R’s finding with respect to the strikes exercised against Juror Nos. 4, 14, 19, and 22, and Respondent does not need a COA to challenge the Court’s finding with respect to Juror No. 1. See Wilson v. Beard, 589 F.3d 651, 657 (3d Cir. 2009); see generally 28 U.S.C. 2253; Slack v. McDaniel, 529 U.S. 473, 120 S.Ct. 1595, 146 L.Ed.2d 542 (2000).
Reference
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- Wayne COOMBS v. David DIGUGLIELMO
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