MEMORANDUM

In this appeal arising out of a Chapter 13 Bankruptcy, Patricia Gray challenges a Bankruptcy Court order that granted Ap-pellee PennyMac Corp. (“PennyMac”) relief from the automatic stay in bankruptcy and permitted PennyMac to proceed in rem against real property in which Gray holds an ownership interest and on which PennyMac holds a mortgage. For the following reasons, we affirm the bankruptcy court order.

I. BACKGROUND

On January 30, 1981, Appellant Patricia Gray and her sister, Gwendolyn Jackson, entered into a thirty-year mortgage in the amount of $52,000.00 (the “Mortgage”), which was secured by property at 2276-78 North 51st Street in Philadelphia (the “Property”). In September 1996, the then-Mortgage holder, Mellon Bank, N.A. (“Mellon”), instituted a foreclosure action in the Court of Common Pleas of Philadelphia County, alleging that Gray and Jackson were in default on the Mortgage. See Mellon Bank N.A. v. Jackson, Sept. Term 1996, No. 1265 (C.C.P. Philadelphia Cnty.).

Many years passed, during which little progress was made in the litigation. (See R12,1 Ex. A at 6-16.) On August 23, 2004, almost eight years after commencing the foreclosure action, Mellon assigned the Mortgage to Credit Based Asset Servicing and Securitization (“Credit Based”), which assumed the role of the plaintiff in the action. (RIO, Ex. C at 4; R12, Ex. A at 21.) In the course of the litigation, Jackson failed to respond to Credit Based’s requests for production of documents and, as a result, the trial court precluded Jackson from presenting any defense to Credit Based’s claims. (RIO, Ex. E at 2.) Credit Based and Jackson thereafter stipulated to a judgment order, which entered summary judgment in favor of Credit Based and against Jackson. (Id.) Credit Based’s claim against Gray, however, remained outstanding. Gray asserted, in defense of the foreclosure action, that she did not receive Act 6 or Act 91 notices, which advise homeowners facing foreclosure of their legal rights. (Id. at 1-2 and n. 1); see 41 Pa. Stat. Ann. § 403; 35 Pa. Stat. Ann. § 1680.403c. Credit Based’s claim against Gray was eventually resolved on January 31, 2006, with a verdict in Gray’s favor following a non-jury trial. (R12, Ex. A at 27.)

Twenty-one months later, on November 2, 2007, Credit Based filed a “Praecipe to *457Discontinue the Mortgage Foreclosure Action without Prejudice.” (RIO, Ex. E at 4.) In response, Gray filed a Petition to Strike off the Praecipe, which the trial court denied in an Order dated June 4, 2008. (RIO, Ex. D.) The court stated in its Order that Credit Based could proceed with filing a new foreclosure action in accordance with Pennsylvania Rules of Civil Procedure 1141-1150, which pertain to actions of mortgage foreclosure, but added that Credit Based was “specifically precluded from pursuing an in personam action against” Gray in light of the non-jury verdict in her favor. (Id.)

Gray appealed the June 4, 2008 Order to the Pennsylvania Superior Court, arguing, inter alia, that the trial court had erred in refusing to strike Credit Based’s Praecipe to Discontinue, because the Praecipe had been filed after the non-jury trial had concluded, in violation of Pennsylvania Rule of Civil Procedure 229(a). See Pa. R. Civ. P. 229(a) (permitting a discontinuance “by the plaintiff before commencement of the trial” (emphasis added)). The Superior Court ruled in Gray’s favor on this issue in a September 9, 2010 Memorandum and Order,2 noting that it could “find no authority, and cannot conceive of any, that would countenance discontinuance of a case after a non-jury trial has concluded and the trial court has rendered its decision.” (R10, Ex. E at 7.) The Superior Court also specifically rejected Credit Based’s argument that the discontinuance was justified because the trial court had not ruled on whether Gray and Jackson were in default on the Mortgage, observing that the very factual premise of this argument was in error, because the trial court had clearly concluded that the Mortgage was in default. (Id. at 8.) Based on its analysis, the Superior Court reversed the trial court order and remanded the case, with instructions that the trial court enter judgment on the January 31, 2006 verdict. (Id. at 10.) The trial court entered judgment in Gray’s favor and against Credit Based in an Order dated May 11, 2011. (R12, Ex. B.)

Shortly before the trial court entered judgment, on April 25, 2011, Gray filed a Petition under Chapter 13 of the Bankruptcy Code. (R3.) The Bankruptcy Court confirmed Gray’s Chapter 13 Plan on April 18, 2012. (Id. at 10.) The Plan, however, provided for no payments on the Mortgage, which had matured on February 1, 2011. On July 12, 2012, all rights and remedies under the Mortgage were assigned to Appellee PennyMac. On September 7, 2012, PennyMac filed a Motion for Relief from the Automatic Stay that had been imposed in connection with the filing of Gray’s bankruptcy petition. (R7.) The Motion averred that Gray had failed to make timely monthly post-petition mortgage payments in late 2011 and 2012, that the total amount necessary to reinstate the loan post-petition was $16,559.12, and that PennyMac therefore sought leave to proceed against Gray in a mortgage foreclosure action to recover the amount owed. (Id. ¶¶ 7-10.). The Bankruptcy Court, however, denied that Motion without prejudice on October 3, 2012, noting at a hearing on the Motion that PennyMac could not proceed against Gray personally on the Mortgage in light of the outcomes of the non-jury trial in state court and the Superior Court appeal. (See Audio Recording of Oct. 3, 2012 Hr’g, Docket No. 9.3)

On January 16, 2013, PennyMac filed a Motion for In Rem Relief from the Auto*458matic Stay. (RIO.) The Motion was filed pursuant to 11 U.S.C. § 362(d)(4)(B), which permits a creditor whose claim is secured by an interest in real property to obtain relief from a stay prohibiting acts against the real property, provided that the court finds that the filing of the bankruptcy petition was part of a scheme to delay, hinder, or defraud creditors, which involved multiple bankruptcy filings affecting the real property.4 PennyMac argued in the Motion that its interest in the Property was not adequately protected, that the fair market value of the Property was declining, that PennyMac’s interest against that decline was not protected because no mortgage payments were being made, and that Gray’s multiple bankruptcy filings pri- or to that time had not been made in good faith and were, in fact, filed to forestall creditors. (See RIO at ¶¶ 19-22, 25.)

On February 6, 2013, the Bankruptcy Court held a hearing on the Motion, during which it noted that Gray had filed numerous bankruptcies involving the Property, and that those bankruptcies, “by any measure,” constituted an “abuse of the system.” (Audio Recording of Feb. 6, 2013 Hr’g, Docket No. 9.) In an Order dated February 6, 2013, but entered the following day (the “February 7, 2013 Order”), the Bankruptcy Court granted Pen-nyMac’s Motion, thereby permitting Pen-nyMac to proceed in rem against the premises at 2276-78 North 51st Street insofar as such action was necessary for PennyMac to enforce its right to possession of, or title to, the Property. (R1 at 3.) Gray filed a Motion for Reconsideration of the February 7, 2013 Order, but she withdrew that Motion on February 22, 2013. Gray filed her appeal to this Court on April 17, 2013.

II. LEGAL STANDARD

“[I]n bankruptcy cases[,] the district court sits as an appellate court,” In re Cohn, 54 F.3d 1108, 1113 (3d Cir. 1995) (citing Brown v. Pennsylvania State Employees Credit Union, 851 F.2d 81, 84 (3d Cir. 1988)), and “may affirm, modify, or reverse [the] bankruptcy judge’s judgment, order, or decree or remand with instructions for further proceedings.” Fed. R. Bankr.P. 8013. District courts and circuit courts review bankruptcy orders under the same standard. See Fell-heimer, Eichen & Braverman, P.C. v. Charter Techs., Inc., 57 F.3d 1215, 1223 (3d Cir. 1995) (citation omitted). We review a bankruptcy court’s “ ‘findings of fact for clear error and its legal conclusions de novo.’" In re Jersey Tractor Trailer Training Inc., 580 F.3d 147, 153 *459(3d Cir. 2009) (quoting In re Pransky, 318 F.3d 536, 542 (3d Cir. 2003)). At the same time, we review a bankruptcy court order lifting an automatic stay for abuse of discretion. In re Myers, 491 F.3d 120, 128 (3d Cir. 2007) (citations omitted). Similarly, “[a] determination of bad faith is ‘a fact intensive determination better left to the discretion of the bankruptcy court.’ ” Id. at 125 (quoting In re Lilley, 91 F.3d 491, 496 (3d Cir. 1996)). “An abuse of discretion arises when the [bankruptcy] court’s decision ‘rests upon a clearly erroneous finding of fact, an errant conclusion of law or an improper application of law to fact.’ ” Oddi v. Ford Motor Co., 234 F.3d 136, 146 (3d Cir. 2000) (quoting Hanover Potato Prods., Inc. v. Shalala, 989 F.2d 123, 127 (3d Cir. 1993)).

III. DISCUSSION

A. PennyMac’s Standing

Gray argues that PennyMac did not have standing to move for relief from the automatic stay and, thus, the Bankruptcy Court did not have jurisdiction to enter an order on PennyMac’s Motion. Specifically, she argues that PennyMac lacked standing because it was assigned the Mortgage after Gray’s liability under the Mortgage had been fully litigated in state court and, therefore, it was not entitled to be “a creditor or person of interest in” Gray’s bankruptcy. (Appellant’s Br. at 8.)

However, a party with a legal interest in a property has standing under the Bankruptcy Code to move to lift an automatic stay that is preventing that party from enforcing its legal interest. See In re Alcide, 450 B.R. 526, 535-36 (Bankr.E.D.Pa. 2011) (explaining that a mortgage holder seeking to foreclose on a property has standing to move for relief from an automatic stay because it has a legal interest in the property). Here, the Mortgage, along “with all interest, all liens, any rights due or to be come due thereon,” was assigned to PennyMac on July 30, 2012, and Gray does not challenge the validity of that assignment. (RIO, Ex. C at 13.) Accordingly, to the extent that there are any rights and remedies existing under that Mortgage, they belong to PennyMac, and PennyMac has standing to enforce them. We therefore reject Gray’s argument to the contrary.5

B. The Rooker-Feldman Doctrine

Gray argues that the Bankruptcy Court Order violated the Rooker-Feldman Doctrine by permitting PennyMac to proceed in rem against the Property, because the Mortgage had already been fully adjudicated in state court, and Grey was found to not be liable under the Mortgage. Under the Rooker-Feldman doctrine, a party who loses in state court may not bring an *460action in federal court, complaining of injuries caused by the state court judgment. Exxon Mobil Corp. v. Saudi Basic Indus. Corp., 544 U.S. 280, 284, 125 S.Ct. 1517, 161 L.Ed.2d 454 (2005); Rooker v. Fidelity Trust Co., 263 U.S. 413, 44 S.Ct. 149, 68 L.Ed. 362 (1923); D.C. Court of Appeals v. Feldman, 460 U.S. 462, 103 S.Ct. 1303, 75 L.Ed.2d 206 (1983). The United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit has stated:

[TJhere are four requirements that must be met for the Rooker-Feldman doctrine to apply: (1) the federal plaintiff lost in state court; (2) the plaintiff ‘complaints] of injuries caused by [the] state-court judgments’; (3) those judgments were rendered before the federal suit was filed; and (4) the plaintiff is inviting the district court to review and reject the state judgments.

Great W. Mining & Mineral Co. v. Fox Rothschild LLP, 615 F.3d 159, 166 (3d Cir. 2010) (alterations in original) (quoting Exxon Mobil, 544 U.S. at 284, 125 S.Ct. 1517). The “critical question” thus becomes whether the plaintiff is a “ ‘state court loser[ ] complaining of injuries caused by state-court judgments rendered before the district court proceedings commenced and inviting district court review and rejection of those judgments.’ ” Id. at 170-71 (alteration in original) (quoting Exxon Mobil, 544 U.S. at 284, 125 S.Ct. 1517).

Here, there is no dispute that Pen-nyMac’s predecessor, Credit Based, lost in its state court foreclosure action against Gray, and that the state court judgment in Gray’s favor was rendered before Penny-Mac sought in rem relief from the automatic stay relief in the Bankruptcy Court. However, PennyMac is not complaining of injuries caused by the state court judgment; it is complaining of injuries sustained as a result of Gray’s and Jackson’s adjudicated default on the Mortgage.6 Moreover, PennyMac is not seeking review and rejection of the state court judgment, which merely prohibits it (as Credit Based’s assignee) from recovering a money judgment from Gray personally. Rather, PennyMac is asking for leave to pursue alternative, in rem relief, i.e., seizure of the property at 2276-78 North 51st Street, which is the collateral securing the defaulted Mortgage. We therefore conclude that PennyMac is not complaining of injuries caused by a state court judgment and is not inviting us to review and reject any such judgment. Accordingly, the Rooker-Feldman Doctrine does not deprive us of jurisdiction over this action and we reject Gray’s assertion to the contrary.

C. Bad Faith

Gray argues that the Bankruptcy Court erred in determining at the February 6, 2013 hearing that she had filed bad faith bankruptcies, which interfered with Pen-nyMac’s ability to foreclose on the real property at 2276-78 N. 51st Street in Philadelphia. Significantly, Gray does not dispute that she filed multiple bankruptcies that involved the Property,7 but rather *461argues only that those bankruptcies did not interfere with PennyMac’s rights, because PennyMac was not her creditor when the bankruptcies were commenced. It is, however, inconsequential that Penny-Mac w as not Gray’s creditor at the time she filed her bankruptcies.

As noted above, in granting Penny-Mac relief from the automatic stay, the Bankruptcy Court relied on 11 U.S.C. § 362(d)(4). See n. 4 supra. Contrary to Gray’s suggestion, this statutory provision, by its terms, does not require the Bankruptcy Court to find that the creditor whose claim is secured by an interest in real property has itself been stymied in its efforts to enforce its claim. Rather, it requires only that the Bankruptcy Court find that the debtor’s “multiple bankruptcy filings affecting [the] real property” at issue “was part of a scheme to delay, hinder or defraud creditors” in general. Id. Thus, we reject Gray’s contention that the Bankruptcy Court erred in finding that she had engaged in bad faith sufficient to warrant relief from the automatic stay because it failed to find that her bankruptcy filings had occurred when PennyMac was itself her creditor.

D. Federal Rules of Bankruptcy Procedure 3002.1(b), 3002.1(c), and mi (a) (3)

In a separate heading in her appellate brief, Gray argues that the Bankruptcy Court erred in relying on Federal Rules of Bankruptcy Procedure 3002.1(b), 3002.1(c) and 4001(a)(3) in granting the in rem relief that PennyMac sought. (Appellant’s Br. at 29.) Under that heading, however, Gray does not develop any coherent argument regarding these rules, which concern notices that must be provided to the debt- or in connection with claims secured by security interests in the debtor’s principal residence, Fed. R. Bankr.P. 3002.1(b), (c), and provide for a fourteen-day period in which an order granting relief from an automatic stay may not be enforced, Fed. R. Bank. P. 4001(a)(3). Instead, Gray merely quotes the three rules and then asserts that “[t]he mortgage set forth by PennyMac makes [it] neither a creditor or interested party in the Debtor’s bankruptcy, therefore, the Bankruptcy Court should not have granted their motion for relief from the stay.” (Appellant’s Br. at 29-30.) As this argument has no discernible connection to the Bankruptcy Rules to which Gray refers, we conclude that Gray’s arguments based on these Federal Rules of Bankruptcy Procedure are meritless.

E. Doctrine of Merger of Judgments

Gray argues that the Bankruptcy Court Order violated the doctrine of merger of judgments in mortgage foreclosure actions. Specifically, Gray maintains that, pursuant to the merger of judgments doctrine, the judgment in her favor in the state court foreclosure action functioned to extinguish the Mortgage. She therefore contends that it was error for the Bankruptcy Court to subsequently grant PennyMac relief from the automatic stay to pursue in rem relief under the extinguished Mortgage.

Under Pennsylvania law, the doctrine of merger of judgments provides that “after the entry of a foreclosure, the terms of the mortgage are merged into the foreclosure judgment and the mortgage no longer provides a basis for determining the respective rights and obligations of the *462parties.” In re Smith, 463 B.R. 756, 761 (Bankr.E.D.Pa. 2012) (citing In re Stendardo, 991 F.2d 1089 (3d Cir. 1993)). In essence, “the foreclosure judgment constitutes a ‘new and higher’ obligation,” that replaces the obligations set forth in the mortgage. Id. (quoting Stendardo, 991 F.2d at 1098).

In the instant case, unlike the cases in which the merger of judgments doctrine has been applied, the state court action did not result in an entry of foreclosure in favor of the then-mortgagee, i.e., Credit Based. Rather, it resulted in a judgment in Gray’s favor. Moreover, the scope of that action was limited insofar as it only involved and resolved Gray’s personal liability on the mortgage and did not in any way address the continued validity of the Mortgage or Credit Based’s right to in rem relief under the Mortgage. Accordingly, we find this case distinguishable from the cases on which Gray relies, which applied the doctrine of merger of judgments to extinguish a mortgage after a judgment of foreclosure, and we conclude that the merger of judgments doctrine is inapplicable under the circumstances of this case. We therefore reject Gray’s argument that the Bankruptcy Court order violated this doctrine by granting Penny-Mac limited relief from the automatic stay.

F. Res Judicata and Collateral Estop-pel

Finally, Gray argues that the doctrines of res judicata and collateral estoppel barred the bankruptcy court from granting in rem relief to PennyMac, because the state court judgment in her favor established that PennyMac had no rights under the Mortgage. Again, however, Gray’s argument rests on a misinterpretation of the state court judgment as reflected in the record before us and, thus, fails to establish any right to appellate relief.

Under Pennsylvania law, res judicata, also called claim preclusion, precludes claims that either were actually litigated or could have been litigated during a prior proceeding, provided that the two actions “share the following four conditions: (1) the thing sued upon or for; (2) the cause of action; (3) the persons and parties to the action; and (4) the capacity of the parties to sue or be sued.” R & J Holding Co. v. Redevelopment Auth. of Cnty. of Montgomery, 670 F.3d 420, 427 (3d Cir. 2011) (citing Bearoff v. Bearoff Bros., Inc., 458 Pa. 494, 327 A.2d 72, 74 (1974)). While claim preclusion bars re-litigation of an entire case, collateral estop-pel, also called issue preclusion, “bars re-litigation of discrete issues, even in a case based on an entirely different claim.” Id. at 429. “The fundamental question is whether the issue has been actually decided by a court in a prior action.” Id. (citing McNeil v. Owens—Corning Fiberglas Corp., 545 Pa. 209, 680 A.2d 1145, 1147-48 (1996)).

Here, the record does not establish that the state court foreclosure action in any way resolved the issue of whether PennyMac was entitled to move against the property by seeking in rem relief. Rather, the record indicates that the action only addressed whether the Mortgage was in default (which it was) and whether Credit Based was entitled to collect money judgments, i.e., in personam relief, from Gray and Jackson as a result of that default (which it was as to Jackson, but was not as to Gray). Therefore, we can only conclude that the proceeding in the Bankruptcy Court, which granted Pen-nyMac relief from the automatic stay in order to proceed in rem against the property in state court, did not re-litigate any issue that was actually decided in the state court action. Moreover, we can find nothing in the record before us that suggests that Credit Based could have moved for in *463rem relief in the state court action, such that we could conclude that res judicata might apply.8 Consequently, we conclude that Gray has failed to establish that the state court judgment had a preclusive effect that prevented the Bankruptcy Court from granting relief from the automatic stay in order to pursue in rem relief.

IV. CONCLUSION

For the foregoing reasons, we affirm the Order of the Bankruptcy Court. An appropriate Order follows.

ORDER

AND NOW, this 17th day of September, 2013, upon consideration of the Bankruptcy Court Order dated February 6, 2013, the Brief of Appellant (Docket No. 3), the Brief of Appellee (Docket No. 6), the Reply Brief of Appellant (Docket No. 7), and the designated record for appeal, and for the reasons set forth in the accompanying Memorandum, IT IS HEREBY ORDERED that the Bankruptcy Court’s February 6, 2013 Order is AFFIRMED.