This case arises out of a dispute over a business partnership that fell apart shortly after it began, leading to a fight over the pieces. Both parties initiated litigation in Pennsylvania state court, and then seemingly reached an agreement resolving the matter in the form of a memorandum of understanding. A dispute quickly broke out as to whether the agreement was self-executing. This led one partner to amend his complaint in his state case, and the other partner to file a separate action in federal court in New York, which included trademark claims based upon rights allegedly conferred by the parties' agreement. The first partner promptly amended his state court action again to assert trademark claims there as well, and the case was then removed to this Court.1 With litigation now pending in two federal district courts-here and in the Southern District of New York-I have before me a motion to dismiss, stay, or transfer this case to New York under the "first-filed rule" and 28 U.S.C. § 1404(a), and to dismiss on several related grounds. For practical purposes, the controlling issue is whether the date an action was commenced in state court is properly considered in determining which action was first-filed, as opposed to a rule that only federal filings count. Because I am persuaded that state filings should be considered, and because these cases arise from an integrated dispute, I will deny the motion in its entirety.

I. Background: The Disagreement and Litigation

Plaintiff Carl Monzo, a Pennsylvanian, and Defendant Andrew Bazos, a resident of Connecticut, both run businesses that provide medical services for professional sporting events, music festivals, and other large events. Monzo's businesses are Pennsylvania-based while Bazos's operate in the *629New York City region. In 2015, the two entered a Shareholders' Agreement to merge their respective medical services businesses to form "CrowdRx, Inc., a Pennsylvania Corporation" [hereinafter "CrowdRx-Pa"]. Under the agreement, Monzo and Bazos wholly owned the corporation in equal shares.

The partnership soon faltered, and by early 2016 Monzo and Bazos had filed complaints against each other in Pennsylvania state court-the Delaware County Court of Common Pleas-asserting various state and common law claims based on their Shareholders' Agreement and seeking emergency injunctive relief. Monzo's allegations included that Bazos "failed to forward revenues generated by New York events [Bazos] controlled to [CrowdRx-Pa]," removed information related to Monzo from the CrowdRx-Pa website, and locked Monzo out of the company's Google Docs account. See Pl.'s Compl. ¶¶ 15, 28-30, Monzo v. Bazos , No. 16-3179 (Del. Cnty. Ct. Comm. Pl. 2016). To resolve Monzo's emergency motion, the parties stipulated on May 10, 2016 "not to unilaterally change the content of the website" or to access the Google Docs account unless the parties agreed in advance by email. Stip. 55, ECF No. 6-2.

On November 10, 2016, with both state cases still pending, Monzo and Bazos signed a Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) setting out a division of CrowdRx-Pa's assets and clients "as of the Effective Date"-a phrase that has turned out to be crucial. See id. at 58. If and when the MOU went into effect, Bazos would own the CrowdRx trademark, website, and exclusive rights to several clients, including Mysteryland and Electric Zoo (two music festivals). Monzo, in turn, would have exclusive rights to his own roster of clients but would no longer own CrowdRx-Pa.

Bazos proceeded as though the MOU had already taken effect. In December 2016, he blocked Monzo and his employees from accessing the CrowdRx-Pa email server and removed all mention of Monzo from its website. In response, Monzo filed an Amended Complaint in his Delaware County case, again seeking emergency relief. He alleged that Bazos's actions violated the Shareholders' Agreement, the Stipulation, the MOU, and common law duties. Two weeks later, Bazos filed in the Southern District of New York ("S.D.N.Y.") alleging trademark and unfair competition claims under federal and New York laws. S.D.N.Y. Compl., ECF No. 6-1. Monzo later amended his complaint in the Delaware County case (the "Second Amended Complaint") to include his own trademark claims and to seek declaratory judgment and indemnification.2 Most recently, after filing his own case in New York, Bazos removed Monzo's Delaware County case to this Court.

Disagreement over the meaning of at least two paragraphs in the MOU-"Termination of Relationship"3 and "Definitive *630Documents"4 -forms the central dispute in this and the S.D.N.Y case. Monzo asserts that the MOU was not self-executing because it would take effect only if and when the definitive documents were signed, which they were not. Bazos argues that the MOU was self-executing such that CrowdRx-Pa had already "ceased operationally and financially" and that he owned the trademark.

Defendant Bazos moves to dismiss, stay, or transfer this case to the S.D.N.Y.5 based on the first-filed rule, which holds that, when two cases are pending in federal courts, the first-filed case should generally be the one to proceed. Alternatively, Bazos seeks a transfer under 28 U.S.C. Section 1404(a). He also seeks dismissal on several other grounds, many of them contingent on the assertion that CrowdRx-Pa no longer exists:

• under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(7) for failure to join an indispensable party (CrowdRx-NY) pursuant to Rule 19;

• under Rule 12(b)(6) for failure to state a claim;

• under Rule 12(e) for lack of factual specificity;

• under 28 U.S.C. § 2201 for failure to state a claim for declaratory judgment;

• under Rule 23.1 for failure to state a claim for a derivative action;

• under 28 U.S.C. § 1406(a) for improper venue.

The parties' briefing focuses primarily on the first-filed rule and I will do the same.

II. Bazos's Motion to Transfer/Stay/Dismiss under the First-Filed Rule

The first-filed rule holds that "[i]n all cases of federal concurrent jurisdiction, the court which first has possession of the subject must decide it." E.E.O.C. v. Univ. of Pa. , 850 F.2d 969, 971 (3d Cir. 1988), aff'd , 493 U.S. 182, 110 S.Ct. 577, 107 L.Ed.2d 571 (1990) (quoting Crosley Corp. v. Hazeltine Corp. , 122 F.2d 925, 929 (3d Cir. 1941) ). The rule "encourages sound judicial administration and promotes comity among federal courts of equal rank" by giving courts discretion to enjoin a later-filed case if it "involve[s] the same parties and the same issues already before another district court." Id. at 971. The first-filed rule thus aids in the "prompt and efficient administration of justice" and avoids the economic waste and risk of conflicting judgments inherent in duplicative litigation. Crosley , 122 F.2d at 930 ; see also E.E.O.C. , 850 F.2d at 971 (explaining that "the letter and spirit of the first-filed rule ... are grounded in equitable principles" and its "primary purpose is to avoid burdening the federal judiciary and ... the judicial embarrassment of conflicting judgments.").

If a court determines that the first-filed rule applies to a pair of cases, "there is a presumption that the later-filed action should be dismissed, transferred, or stayed." Landau v. Viridian Energy PA , 274 F.Supp.3d 329, 333 (E.D. Pa. 2017) (citing Koresko v. Nationwide Life Ins. Co. , 403 F.Supp.2d 394, 403 (E.D. Pa. 2005) ). But a judge's authority to enjoin a second-filed case "is not a mandate directing *631wooden application of the rule." E.E.O.C. , 850 F.2d at 972. Rather, it is a flexible standard motivated by equitable principles and practical considerations-"[d]istrict courts have always had discretion to retain jurisdiction given appropriate circumstances justifying departure from the first-filed rule." Id. Courts in this Circuit have recognized several such exceptions, including when the second-filed action has developed further than the first, and when there is evidence of anticipatory filing, improper forum shopping, gamesmanship, or other bad faith by the first filer. Id. at 976-77.

The scope of the first-filed rule-exactly how related the cases must be for the rule to apply-has mostly developed in the district courts, without a definitive ruling from the Third Circuit. As I recently discussed in Landau , two interpretations have emerged:

Some courts take a narrow view of the first-filed rule and apply it only when the parties and claims in the later-filed suit are a 'mirror image' of the first. Others have embraced a broader, close-enough-for-government-work approach to the rule and applied it to 'disputes involving similar, concurrent actions.' According to proponents of the broader approach, the 'substantive touchstone of the first-to-file inquiry is subject matter,' rather than identity of legal claims or parties.

274 F.Supp.3d at 333 (citations omitted). I attempted to reconcile these interpretations as follows:

[T]here are two distinct scenarios where the [first-filed] rule has been applied. The first-filed rule started with cases ... where earlier- and later-filed actions involved the same parties and arose out of the same transaction, agreement, or encounter. Only later was it extended to cases that were not truly related but raised similar issues. In cases where two actions arise out of an integrated dispute, transfer, stay, or dismissal of the later-filed action should be required in the absence of exceptional circumstances.... Such cases are genuinely related, in the technical sense, making transfer (where it is sought) an obvious remedy. As a matter of simple logic, however, the rule does not carry the same force when (1) different parties are involved, (2) the underlying dispute involves similar but not identical issues, and (3) the controlling law is from different jurisdictions. Any relationship between such cases is necessarily more attenuated. Faced with that scenario, courts import § 1404 [governing Change of Venue] into the analysis, implicitly recognizing the weakness of the relationship between cases.

In my view, clarity is served by explicitly recognizing a two-tiered approach to the first-filed rule. In truly related cases, transfer to the jurisdiction with the first-filed case should be presumed. Otherwise, the existence of an earlier-filed case that is similar, but not identical, should be a relevant, but not controlling, factor to consider as part of § 1404 transfer analysis.

Id. at 333-34.

This case raises an additional threshold question under the first-filed rule: in deciding which case was filed first, should courts credit the date a case was filed in state court, or the date it was removed to federal court? The Third Circuit has not ruled on this issue and district courts in the circuits are split. For reasons set out below, I conclude that it is the date of filing in state court, rather than the subsequent removal date, that matters for purposes of the first-filed rule.

Many courts in this district and around the country credit the filing date of a state *632action rather than its date of removal for purposes of the first-filed rule. See, e.g. , Unlimited Tech., Inc. v. Leighton , 266 F.Supp.3d 787, 793-94 (E.D. Pa. 2017) (Savage, J.); Law Sch. Admission Council, Inc. v. Tatro , 153 F.Supp.3d 714, 723 (E.D. Pa. 2015) (Kearney, J.); PhotoMedex, Inc. v. St. Paul Fire & Marine Ins. Co. , No. CIV.A 09-00896, 2009 WL 2326750, at *4 n.5, *7-8 (E.D. Pa. July 28, 2009) ; Country Home Prod., Inc. v. Schiller-Pfeiffer, Inc. , 350 F.Supp.2d 561, 570 (D. Vt. 2004) ; Igloo Prod. Corp. v. The Mounties, Inc. , 735 F.Supp. 214, 217 (S.D. Tex. 1990) ; Diversified Metal Prod., Inc. v. Odom Indus., Inc. , No. 1:12-CV-00162-BLW, 2012 WL 2872772, at *3 (D. Idaho July 12, 2012) (reciting a list of California and other district courts that have held the same); see also Owens v. Ohio Cent. R. Co. , 20 F. 10, 15 (C.C.D.W. Va. 1884) (predating the first-filed rule as it is called today, but adhering to the same principles and deeming the state court filing the start date of a later-removed case); Merrill Lynch, Pierce, Fenner & Smith, Inc. v. Haydu , 675 F.2d 1169, 1173 (11th Cir. 1982) (not only crediting the state filing date, but relinquishing jurisdiction under the first-filed rule to a state court where the case was never removed to federal court). Notably, Bazos's chosen forum, the Southern District of New York, would also credit the state filing had he filed this motion there. See Mfrs. Hanover Tr. Co. v. Palmer Corp. , 798 F.Supp. 161, 166 (S.D.N.Y. 1992).

Not only does the weight of authority support crediting the state filing date, but I find the reasoning behind those decisions highly persuasive. As Judge Savage succinctly stated:

How a case is treated after removal warrants relying on the state filing date. Once a case is removed, the federal court takes it as it is. The case proceeds as if it originally had been brought in the federal court. It does not start anew. The district court gives effect to state court rulings made prior to removal.

The removal petition relates back to the date the state court action was filed. Repleading is not necessary. The time within which the removing defendant must answer the complaint is calculated from the date the initial pleading in state court was served. See Fed. R. Civ. P. 81(c)(2). Likewise, the statute of limitations is tolled upon filing the state court action even if the action was removed after the limitations period had expired.

... The better approach is to relate the removal date back to the state court filing date.

Unlimited Tech. , 266 F.Supp.3d at 792-93 (citations omitted). The Southern District of New York likewise reasoned that "[t]he principles underlying removal also weigh in favor of the state filing date" in that "after removal, ... [t]he removed case proceeds ... as though it had been commenced originally in the federal court." Mfrs. Hanover Tr. Co. , 798 F.Supp. at 166 (citing 14A Wright, Miller & Cooper, Federal Practice and Procedure § 3738 at 556-57 (1985) ). It strikes me as anomalous that the federal court system would follow procedural continuity in removed cases in all other contexts except for the first-filed rule.

Defendant Bazos is correct that several courts have held originally filed federal actions take precedence over subsequently removed actions even though the removed state court case was filed earlier-specifically, Just Born, Inc. v. Summit Foods Enterprises , No. CV 13-7313, 2015 WL 996380, at *2 (E.D. Pa. Mar. 6, 2015) ; Schulmerich Bells, LLC v. Jeffers Handbell Supply, Inc. , No. CV 17-0275, 2017 WL 697913, at *2 (E.D. Pa. Feb. 21, 2017) ;

*633and North American Communications, Inc. v. Homeowners Loan Corp. , No. CV 3; 2006-147, 2007 WL 184776, at *3, n.1 (W.D. Pa. Jan. 22, 2007). Each holds that the first-filed rule credits the date on which a state case was removed to federal court rather than the date it was originally filed in state court.6 But a closer look at these cases gives scant support to the idea that the first-filed rule should ignore state filing dates.

The Eastern District cases relied on a single footnote in Homeowners , a Western District case. That Western District case, in turn, relied on the Third Circuit's opinion in E.E.O.C. , which did not in any respect address the treatment of state cases under the first-filed rule. See Homeowners , 2007 WL 184776, at *3 n.1 (citing E.E.O.C. , 850 F.2d 969, which applied the first-filed rule to two cases originally filed in federal court). The Court in Homeowners seemingly attached significance to general language in E.E.O.C. about the rule's purpose: "The first-filed rule encourages sound judicial administration and promotes comity among federal courts of equal rank." See E.E.O.C. , 850 F.2d at 971. I find nothing in this general language that bears on whether a state filing date may be considered, and that issue was not before the Court.

I also disagree with the rationale of those cases insofar as they would disregard the plaintiff's choice of forum. The Homeowners Court acknowledged that, under its interpretation of the rule, "for all practical purposes, the onus is upon the competing parties to file their respective civil actions first in a federal district court." 2007 WL 184776, at *3. The court in Just Born suggested that "the plaintiff in a state civil action can avoid being the second-filed matter by simply filing a complaint in a federal district court, not a state trial court at the outset." 2015 WL 996380, at *2. I am persuaded by Judge Savage's caution that "[t]his suggestion supposes that the plaintiff in the state court action anticipates that the defendant will be filing a federal action in another district. It ignores the plaintiff's choice of forum and assumes that a defendant will always be looking to file its own federal action." See Unlimited Tech. , 266 F.Supp.3d at 793. Given that the first-filed rule is procedural in nature-dealing with efficient judicial administration-rather than substantive, it should not be applied in a way that undermines the plaintiff's traditional prerogative to choose the forum.7

A. The first-filed rule applies because this case and the S.D.N.Y. case are truly related.

Because both parties assumed state filing dates are irrelevant, my contrary holding has the practical effect of rendering their briefs patently unhelpful to their respective positions.8 Bazos, invoking the few cases that credit removal dates over state filing dates, bases his motion on the assumption that his S.D.N.Y. case was first-filed and spends pages explaining how the cases are "substantially related" so *634that the first-filed rule should apply.9 Mot. Dismiss 7-8. Monzo counters that Bazos effectively waived his right to request a transfer when he failed to object to venue in the state case, and argues that "despite some subject matter overlap," the cases are "not substantially identical" so as to trigger the first-filed rule.10 Pl.'s Resp. 1, 6, ECF No. 9. In reaching my decision, however, I rely not on these unintended admissions, but on the substance of the cases themselves.

These two cases are "truly related" because the central issue in both is the interpretation of the parties' MOU. In short, two men are suing each other in different states over the same business dispute. Nearly all of the claims here and in the S.D.N.Y. case hinge on the same substantive questions of contract interpretation: did (and do) either party's actions relating to CrowdRx-Pa violate the MOU or the Shareholders' Agreement? If the MOU was self-executing, it supersedes all previous written agreements, including the Shareholders' Agreement, and Bazos is now the sole owner of the CrowdRx trademark, website, and certain assets.11 See MOU 2. If the MOU was not self-executing, but was instead a "non-binding term sheet" effective only "upon execution of a Separation and Release Agreement," then the Shareholders' Agreement continues to bind the parties and determine the legality of their respective conduct. See id.

The MOU forms the foundation for all of Bazos's claims: declaration of ownership of the trademark (Count I), trademark infringement under Sections 32 and 43(a) of the Lanham Act (Counts II and III), violations of New York's business law (Counts IV and V), and his common law infringement and unfair competition claim (Count VI). See S.D.N.Y. Compl. ¶¶ 38-105. The MOU interpretation likewise determines nearly all of Monzo's claims: misappropriation of trade dress (Count I), trademark infringement under Section 43(a) of the Lanham Act (Count II), misappropriation of assets (Count III), request for declaratory judgment relating to Mysteryland and Electric Zoo (Count IV),12 breach of duty of loyalty by pirating trade dress (Count VI), breach of implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing (Count VII), unfair competition (Count VIII), and conversion of the CrowdRx-Pa trade dress, website, email, Facebook page, and Google Docs account (Count IX). See Am. Compl. ¶¶ 100-169, ECF No. 4. Between both suits, the only claim that may not turn on *635interpretation of the MOU is Monzo's claim for indemnification ("Count X").13 See id. ¶¶ 136-139.

Although the parties named their claims differently and invoked the laws of different states, the cases' substantive overlap reveals that they do more than "raise[ ] similar issues"-they raise a single, identical issue. See Landau , 274 F.Supp.3d at 333 ; Consol. Rail Corp. v. Grand Trunk W. R. Co. , 592 F.Supp. 562, 569 (E.D. Pa. 1984) ("[T]he complaints appear at first glance to raise different issues for adjudication. However, when one pierces the pleadings and views the complaints in light of the surrounding circumstances, it is clear that both cases present the same issues for resolution."). Nearly all of the parties' claims turn on the narrow question of whether the MOU was self-executing. It is clear, then, that both cases involve the "same issues," E.E.O.C. , 850 F.2d at 971, and "arose out of the same transaction, [or] agreement" and are thus "genuinely related," Landau , 274 F.Supp.3d at 333. To allow two federal courts to expend time and resources resolving this single question would be wasteful and inefficient, and create the possibility of conflicting results. Moreover, because resolution of this case will resolve all claims in the S.D.N.Y. case, this first-filed action should be the sole case to proceed. See id. (dismissing an action in this District because "the entire controversy [could] be decided" by concurrent litigation in the first-filed forum); Catlin Specialty Ins. Co. v. Plato Const. Corp. , No. 10-5722, 2012 WL 924850, at *5 (D.N.J. Mar. 19, 2012) ("[T]he decision rendered in this Court would determine the outcome in the New York litigation, and the opposite is true as well.... [T]his is precisely the result that the first-filed rule is intended to avoid.").

Any assertion that the first-filed rule does not apply because the cases "do not involve the same parties" rings hollow.14 In D & L Distribution, LLC v. Agxplore International, LLC , another trademark infringement case, the court held that a company's former employee was sufficiently similar to the company itself to meet the first-filed rule's identity-of-parties requirement because they had a "symbiotic relationship." 959 F.Supp.2d 757, 769 (E.D. Pa. 2013). Here, Monzo, on behalf of himself and "CrowdRx, Inc.," sued Bazos as an individual. In the S.D.N.Y. action, Bazos brings claims as "CrowdRx, Inc., a New York Corporation" against Monzo and three entities wholly under Monzo's control. If a former employee can stand in for a company for purposes of the first-filed rule, surely the current, sole owner of a company can stand in for the company and vice versa. See D & L Distrib. , 959 F.Supp.2d at 769. The argument is further belied by the MOU, which describes Monzo and the companies he owns (the same three Bazos names in the S.D.N.Y. action) as "the Monzo Parties," and refers to Bazos and "CrowdRx NY" as the "Bazos Parties." MOU at 1. There is no dispute *636over this portion of the MOU, which reinforces the obvious-that these cases are, at base, the same two men (Monzo and Bazos) suing each other. To distinguish the cases based on party names would be unsupported by case law, and would place form over substance in contravention of the goals of the first-filed rule.

B. Under the rule, this action is the first-filed.

As explained above, I hold that Monzo's prior filing in state court, rather than the date on which Bazos removed it to this Court, is relevant for the first-filed rule analysis. Perhaps anticipating such a ruling, Bazos correctly points out that Monzo did not add his trademark claims to the state action until after Bazos filed the S.D.N.Y. action. Mot. Dismiss 5, 7 n.6. Bazos seems to imply that, when Monzo's case was initially filed, it was not substantially similar to Bazos's (later-filed) S.D.N.Y. case. While it is true that Monzo's most recent amendment created greater overlap between the claims made in the two cases, it did not mark the moment at which the two cases became related. Rather, by January 25, 2017-after the MOU was signed and well before Bazos filed in New York-Monzo had placed the MOU (and its interpretation) squarely at issue in the state case. See Pl.'s Del. Cnty. (First) Am. Compl. ¶¶ 34-42 and accompanying Second Motion for Emergency Equitable Relief ¶¶ 32-40.

Like the current Complaint, Monzo's January 2017 Complaint alleged that Bazos had locked Monzo out of CrowdRx-Pa's website, email, and Google Docs account-all in contravention of the Shareholders' Agreement, the parties' May 10, 2016 stipulation, and the MOU, which incorporated both. See id. Then, as now, the issue of whether the MOU was self-executing was central to the case.15 Monzo's subsequent addition of trademark claims merely added another issue to be resolved by interpretation of the MOU.

C. No exception to the first-filed rule applies.

Although "appropriate circumstances justify departure from the first-filed rule," there is no evidence or even argument here that "such extraordinary circumstances exist." See D & L Distrib. , 959 F.Supp.2d at 766. The burden of showing that an exception applies falls to the party opposing application of the rule. Id. It is not surprising that Bazos has not argued for an exception, since he insists that the rule does apply-relying, of course, on his assumption that the S.D.N.Y. case would be deemed the first-filed, which I reject. But looking beyond the arguments to the facts alleged and evidence presented, I see no suggestion of gamesmanship, forum shopping, or bad faith by Monzo. See E.E.O.C. , 850 F.2d at 976-77. Thus, no exceptional circumstances warrant a departure from the rule.

Analyzing the substance and evolution of the parties' respective cases, I find that they are related and the first-filed rule thus applies. And, in light of the weight of authority and policy considerations, I consider Monzo's state filing date and hold that his case was the first-filed so that neither dismissal nor transfer to New York is appropriate.

*637III. Bazos's Remaining Grounds for Dismissal/Transfer

Bazos moves to dismiss or transfer this case on several additional, related grounds.

A. Several of Bazos's grounds for transfer and dismissal fail because they assume that the case's central issue has already been decided in his favor.

Most of Bazos's remaining requests for dismissal or transfer rely on his assertion that CrowdRx-Pa has ceased to operate pursuant to the MOU. See, e.g. , Mot. Dismiss 15-16 ("Monzo has also agreed that CrowdRx-Pa ceased to operate as of March 31, 2016 and that it no longer has any customers since the customers have been divvied up between the principals."). Monzo, of course, disputes this. See Pl.'s Resp. 5-6 ("[CrowdRx-Pa] continues as an operating entity in order to service [its] contractual obligations."). As discussed above, the status and ownership of CrowdRx-Pa, as determined by the interpretation of the MOU, is the crux of both pending cases. Bazos thus asks the Court to dismiss Monzo's Complaint by assuming the key issue has already been decided in Bazos's favor. I must decline to do so16 and accordingly deny Bazos's request for transfer under Section 1404, and his motion to dismiss for failure to state a claim, lack of factual specificity, and improper venue.

B. Bazos has not shown that CrowdRx-NY is a required party under Rule 19.

I am likewise not persuaded that, in choosing to name Bazos as a defendant, and not Bazos's company, CrowdRx-NY, Monzo has failed to name a required party under Rule 19(a). See Mot. Dismiss 14. Rule 12(b)(7) provides for dismissal for failure to join a "required party," as outlined Rule 19(a). As the party advocating for joinder of CrowdRx-NY, Bazos has the burden of showing that it is a required party. See Feuerstein v. Simpson , 582 F. App'x 93, 99 (3d Cir. 2014). Bazos has not met that burden; he does not specify which part of Rule 19(a) he is invoking, nor does he cite any case law. It appears that subparagraph (a)(1)(A) might be relevant-it requires joinder, where feasible, of any party without whom "the court cannot accord complete relief among existing parties." But "the Rule 19(a)(1) inquiry is limited to whether the district court can grant complete relief to the persons already parties to the action" and "[t]he effect a decision may have on the absent party is not material." Janney Montgomery Scott, Inc. v. Shepard Niles, Inc. , 11 F.3d 399, 405 (3d Cir. 1993). I see no reason that CrowdRx-NY's absence would limit my ability to afford complete relief to Monzo and Bazos, and Bazos has articulated none.

C. Monzo may amend his outdated caption.

Bazos points out that Monzo's current Complaint purports to bring an action "on behalf of CrowdRx-Pa," yet does not comport with the Rule 23.1 pleading requirements for derivative actions. Mot. Dismiss 19. Monzo responds that the caption is merely a "carryover" from the Delaware County case, and that this case is now a direct action. He seeks leave to amend the *638caption, which I now grant. I will deny this portion of Bazos's motion as moot.