This case concerns allegations of multiple acts of sexual assault and related misconduct committed by a former police officer, and allegations that the officer's employer, a local municipality, had policies or practices that enabled the officer to inflict the harm over a period of two years.

The plaintiffs in this case, Carla Kirksey, Joanna Williams, Saabirah Ferguson, Jacquelyn Witherspoon, and Deborah Montgomery, allege that Albert Ross sexually assaulted them at different times between 2015 and 2017. During this period, Ross was employed as a police officer by the City of Chester. In each alleged instance of sexual assault, Ross was in uniform, and in some cases he and the victim were at the police station.

The City moved dismiss the Second Amended Complaint. The Court finds that Plaintiffs have made sufficient pleadings to state legally cognizable claims, and therefore the Court will deny the motion to dismiss.

*259Contents

I. BACKGROUND...259

A. Procedural History...259

B. Factual Allegations...259

C. Pending Claims...260

II. LEGAL STANDARDS FOR A MOTION TO DISMISS...261

III. DISCUSSION...261

A. Statute of Limitations (Witherspoon and Kirksey)...261

B. Color of Law (Witherspoon, Kirksey, Montgomery)...263

C. Municipal Liability (All Plaintiffs)...264

IV. CONCLUSION...266

I. BACKGROUND

A. Procedural History

Plaintiffs filed a Complaint on August 27, 2018, ECF No. 1, and then a First Amended Complaint on September 10, 2018. ECF No. 6. The City of Chester and Ross filed separate motions to dismiss, ECF Nos. 9 and 18, which the Court granted with leave to amend. ECF No. 22. In its ruling, the Court barred certain claims from being repleaded due to the statute of limitations having run on those claims. Id. Plaintiffs then moved for expedited discovery in regard to other claims, but were denied. ECF Nos. 23 and 25.

Plaintiffs filed a Second Amended Complaint on February 6, 2019. ECF No. 29. The City of Chester filed a motion to dismiss on February 19, 2019. ECF No. 30. Ross filed an Answer on February 26, 2019. ECF No. 31. Plaintiffs responded to the motion to dismiss. ECF Nos. 36 and 37. The City has moved for leave to file a reply brief. ECF No. 39. Pending before the Court are the City's Motion to Dismiss the Second Amended Complaint, and the Motion for Leave to File a Reply Brief.

B. Factual Allegations

This brief overview is based on the averments in the Second Amended Complaint, viewing the allegations in the light most favorable to Plaintiffs. Ross was a police officer for the City of Chester, Pennsylvania, between 2013 and 2017. ECF No. 29 ¶ 3. Four of the plaintiffs reside in Chester (Kirksey, Williams, Ferguson, and Montgomery); one plaintiff resides in Marion, South Carolina (Witherspoon). Id. ¶¶ 10-14. At all times discussed below, Ross was on duty and in uniform.

1. Witherspoon

Witherspoon was an anger management instructor. In April 2015, she went to the Chester City Police Department to inquire whether Officer Anita Amaro had any potential clients. After concluding the meeting, she went to the elevator and Ross followed her in. Witherspoon did not know Ross.

While in the elevator, Witherspoon was embraced by Ross without her permission. Ross prevented her from exiting and when the doors closed, he grabbed her and forcibly kissed her, "leaving his saliva dripping from her face." Id. ¶¶ 87-91.

2. Kirksey

Kirksey went to the Chester City Police Department to pay a traffic fine in August 2015. Kirksey entered an elevator in which Ross was already present. Kirksey did not know Ross.

When Kirksey tried to leave the elevator, Ross pulled her back in. After the doors closed, Ross lifted her shirt, grabbed her breast and sucked on it, and then put his tongue in her mouth. Kirksey reported the incident, but no charges were filed. Id. ¶¶ 119-129.

3. Ferguson

In May 2017, Ross was investigating a disturbance at Ferguson's residence. Ferguson did not know Ross.

*260While in the kitchen, Ross placed the butt of his flashlight down Ferguson's shirt and shoved the flashlight between her breasts then pulled the flashlight toward him exposing her breasts, stating "let me see." She reported the incident, but no action was taken. Id. ¶¶ 156-167.

4. Williams

In August 2017, Ross was sent to investigate the activation of a home alarm at Williams's residence. Williams did not know Ross.

Williams met Ross at the door and explained the alarm had gone off by accident. Ross attempted to the enter the residence, but Williams stopped him. The two had a brief conversation before Ross grasped Williams's left breast. Id. ¶¶ 210-17.

5. Montgomery

In August 2017, Ross was driving by Montgomery's residence because he was on patrol in that area. Montgomery and Ross were acquaintances from a previous workplace. ECF No. 10 at 5.

Ross stopped his car at Montgomery's residence and spoke with her. He then asked for a hug. As she raised her arms, Ross "grabbed her breasts and squeezed and fondled them." Montgomery reported the incident. Ross was investigated and charged with stalking, indecent assault, and official oppression and harassment. ECF No. 29 ¶¶ 262-69.

6. Ross's employment

In 2013, Ross applied to be a City of Chester police officer. During Officer Ross's application and interview to be a police officer in the City of Chester Police Department, the City learned that Ross had been previously accused of sexual harassment while working at three different law enforcement employers (Chester Housing Authority, George Hill Correctional Facility, and Darby Borough Police Department). Id. ¶¶ 27-28, 33. Both the Mayor and the Police Commissioner warned against hiring Ross because of his history, and they refused to sign paperwork for his application because Ross had omitted documentation from his employment at Darby. Id. ¶¶ 28-35.

After he was hired by the City, Ross was cited for insubordination on two occasions, and his employment was terminated in 2013. Id. ¶ 44. Both instances related to misconduct in which women were involved or appear to have been involved: Ross stopped a female motorist by using illegal police lights installed on Ross's civilian vehicle; Ross returned to his home following a domestic incident, despite being told not to do so. Id. ¶¶ 45-47.

Nevertheless, Ross was re-hired in November 2013. Id. ¶ 44. Plaintiffs allege that the City Council, in particular Portia West, insisted Ross was rehired. Id. ¶ 51. Plaintiffs allege that the City was deliberately indifferent to Ross's past and pertinent misconduct and the City's affirmative acts of employing and rehiring Ross, and failures to act to prevent the numerous sexual assaults, created the dangers to Plaintiffs. Plaintiffs also allege that other officers knew about Ross's character and misconduct, but were unable to raise their concerns because the Council protected Ross and would have retaliated against a reporting officer. Id. ¶¶ 76-79.

C. Pending Claims

1. City

Plaintiffs have alleged Monell liability against the City, via 42 U.S.C. § 1983, for failure to screen during hiring and rehiring (Counts I.A, II.A, III.B, IV.B, V.B), and for failure to discipline (Counts I.B, II.B, III.C, IV.C, V.C). Plaintiffs withdrew claims of state created danger during briefing. ECF No. 37 at 1.

*2612. Ross

Ferguson, Williams, and Montgomery have alleged against Ross, via § 1983, violations of substantive due process rights to be free from intrusions into bodily integrity (Counts III.A, IV.A, V.A). The same three plaintiffs also allege state law claims for assault and battery (Counts VI.A, VI.B, VI.C) and intentional infliction of emotional distress Counts VII.A, VII.B, VII.C).

II. LEGAL STANDARDS FOR A MOTION TO DISMISS

A party may move to dismiss a complaint for failure to state a claim upon which relief can be granted. Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(b)(6). When considering such a motion, the Court must "accept as true all allegations in the complaint and all reasonable inferences that can be drawn therefrom, and view them in the light most favorable to the non-moving party." DeBenedictis v. Merrill Lynch & Co., 492 F.3d 209, 215 (3d Cir. 2007) (quoting Rocks v. City of Phila., 868 F.2d 644, 645 (3d Cir. 1989) ). To withstand a motion to dismiss, a complaint's "[f]actual allegations must be enough to raise a right to relief above the speculative level." Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 555, 127 S.Ct. 1955, 167 L.Ed.2d 929 (2007). This "requires more than labels and conclusions, and a formulaic recitation of the elements of a cause of action will not do." Id.

To survive a motion to dismiss, the pleadings must contain sufficient factual allegations to state a facially plausible claim for relief. See Gelman v. State Farm Mut. Auto. Ins. Co., 583 F.3d 187, 190 (3d Cir. 2009). "A claim has facial plausibility when the plaintiff pleads factual content that allows the court to draw the reasonable inference that the defendant is liable for the misconduct alleged." Id. (quoting Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678, 129 S.Ct. 1937, 173 L.Ed.2d 868 (2009) ).

A plaintiff is entitled to all reasonable inferences from the facts alleged. See Papasan v. Allain, 478 U.S. 265, 286, 106 S.Ct. 2932, 92 L.Ed.2d 209 (1986) (cited with approval by Twombly, 550 U.S. at 555, 127 S.Ct. 1955 ). Legal conclusions, however, are not entitled to deference, and a court is "not bound to accept as true a legal conclusion couched as a factual allegation." Id. In deciding a Rule 12(b)(6) motion, a court limits its inquiry to the facts alleged in the complaint and its attachments, matters of public record, and undisputedly authentic documents, insofar as any claims are based upon these documents. See Jordan v. Fox, Rothschild, O'Brien & Frankel, 20 F.3d 1250, 1261 (3d Cir. 1994) ; Pension Benefit Guar. Corp. v. White Consol. Indus., Inc., 998 F.2d 1192, 1196 (3d Cir. 1993).

III. DISCUSSION

The Court views the allegations by Plaintiffs in the light most favorable to them.

A. Statute of Limitations (Witherspoon and Kirksey)

The parties dispute whether Witherspoon's and Kirksey's claims are barred by the statute of limitations. Witherspoon and Kirksey allege Ross assaulted them on separate occasions in 2015. See ECF No. 30 at 8-10; ECF No. 37 at 7-29. (No time-bar challenge has been made to the claims brought by Ferguson, Williams, or Montgomery.)

1. Law

Whether the statute of limitations has run turns on two issues: 1) the length of the period to commence legal action and 2) the date on which the claim began to accrue. See Kach v. Hose, 589 F.3d 626, 634 (3d Cir. 2009). The length of *262the statute of limitations for claims brought under § 1983"is governed by the personal injury tort law of the state where the cause of action arose." Id. (citing Wallace v. Kato, 549 U.S. 384, 387, 127 S.Ct. 1091, 166 L.Ed.2d 973 (2007) ). In Pennsylvania, the length of the statute of limitations for a § 1983 claim is two years. Id.; 42 Pa. Cons. Stat. § 5524.

"State law, unless inconsistent with federal law, also governs the concomitant issue of whether a limitations period should be tolled." Dique v. N.J. State Police, 603 F.3d 181, 185 (3d Cir. 2010). In Pennsylvania, the discovery rule operates to delay the running of the statute of limitations. Fine v. Checcio, 582 Pa. 253, 870 A.2d 850, 858 (2005). "As the discovery rule has developed, the salient point giving rise to its application is the inability of the injured, despite the exercise of reasonable diligence, to know that he is injured and by what cause." Id. (emphasis added).

Whether or not Pennsylvania's discovery rule applies in a given case is a question of fact. Gleason v. Borough of Moosic, 609 Pa. 353, 15 A.3d 479, 485 (2011). As such, it is properly a question for the jury unless no reasonable juror could find otherwise:

Since this question involves a factual determination as to whether a party was able, in the exercise of reasonable diligence, to know of his injury and its cause, ordinarily, a jury is to decide it. Where, however, reasonable minds would not differ in finding that a party knew or should have known on the exercise of reasonable diligence of his injury and its cause, the court determines that the discovery rule does not apply as a matter of law.

Fine, 870 A.2d at 858-59 (emphasis added) (citations omitted).

"A complaint is subject to dismissal for failure to state a claim on statute of limitations grounds only when the statute of limitations defense is apparent on the face of the complaint." Wisniewski v. Fisher, 857 F.3d 152, 157 (3d Cir. 2017).

Here, the Court must consider the differences between discrete and continuous violations, and accrual and discovery doctrines as they pertain to municipal customs or policies.1 ECF No. 22.

The Third Circuit has held that the discovery rule tolled the statute of limitations on a "selective-enforcement" claim based upon racial profiling. Dique, 603 F.3d at 188. In Dique, the plaintiff could not have known "that he might have a basis for an actionable claim" until "extensive documents describing the State's pervasive selective-enforcement practices" were released to the public. Id.

*263As in Dique, the claims at issue here are policy- or custom-based claims, in that the City had policies/customs that resulted in a failure-to-screen and a failure-to-discipline.

In a related type of Monell case, a court in this District has held that a plaintiff alleging failure to train or supervise had to plead facts of a "pattern of constitutional violations demonstrating such a failure" in order to show the "deliberate indifference" required for liability. Tate v. City of Phila., No. CIV.A. 13-5404, 2015 WL 437432, at *3 (E.D. Pa. Feb. 3, 2015).

As in Tate, "[a] failure-to-screen claim typically requires [the plaintiff to allege] the same two elements as a failure-to-train claim: deliberate indifference and causation." Does v. Se. Delco Sch. Dist., 272 F.Supp.3d 656, 679 (E.D. Pa. 2017). Likewise, failure-to-discipline claims require a pattern: "a city may be liable for its failure to discipline an officer after multiple complaints against him, particularly where the prior conduct which the officer engaged in is similar to the conduct which forms the basis for the suit." McDaniels v. City of Phila., 234 F.Supp.3d 637, 645 (E.D. Pa. 2017) (quoting Wnek v. City of Phila., No. CIV.A. 05-CV-3065, 2007 WL 1410361, at *3 (E.D. Pa. May 10, 2007) ).

2. Analysis

Witherspoon's and Kirksey's claims survive the motion to dismiss because it is not apparent on the face of the complaint that their claims are time-barred.

The custom or policy is a fact that goes to the causation of their injuries. Given that a pattern of violations is typically required, these plaintiffs cannot have been expected to know the facts that would inform them that they had Monell claims based on customs and policies until there was a colorable pattern of violations evidencing that such customs or policies were in place.

The City argues that the plaintiffs should have known at the time they were injured by Ross that they had Monell claims. But that asks too much of these individual plaintiffs who knew nothing of each other, Ross's other assaults, Ross's prior employment history, employment conduct while with the City, or Ross's relationship with the City Council. On the facts and circumstances alleged in this case, these plaintiffs could not be expected to be aware of or suspect that there was a custom or policy that would give rise to Monell claims at the time Ross assaulted them.

Given that the application of the discovery rule turns on a factual inquiry, the answer to which is not apparent on the face of the complaint, this case should proceed to discovery, and the City can explore when these plaintiffs learned or should have learned of the predicate facts necessary to know that they had a cause of action against the City.

B. Color of Law (Witherspoon, Kirksey, Montgomery)

In one whole paragraph spanning a full page and a quarter, the City of Chester challenges liability by arguing that because Ross was not on official business and his contacts were not pursuant to any police business, he was not acting under color of law. ECF No. 30, Memorandum at 10-11.

In support of its argument that Ross did not act under color of law, the City cites Washington-Pope v. City of Philadelphia, 979 F.Supp.2d 544 (E.D. Pa. 2013). But the City's attempt to deny liability under this *264theory founders at its launch.2

The Court need not decide whether Ross was acting under color of law because the City may be liable even if Ross did not act under color of law.3 In brief, "after Monell [,] a municipality can be found liable under § 1983 only where the municipality itself causes the constitutional violation at issue, such as through a policy or custom." Id. at 573 (quoting City of Canton v. Harris, 489 U.S. 378, 385, 109 S.Ct. 1197, 103 L.Ed.2d 412 (1989) ) (quotation marks omitted). And in the Third Circuit, "[i]t is possible for a municipality to be held independently liable for a substantive due process violation even in situations where none of its employees are liable." Id. at 573-74 (quoting Brown v. Commw. of Pa. Dep't of Health Emergency Med. Servs. Training Inst., 318 F.3d 473, 482 (3d Cir. 2003) ) (quotation marks omitted). In the situation where a police officer does not act under color of law, the officer's acts may still be found to be a "causal conduit for the constitutional violation committed by the City." Id. at 575 (quoting Fagan v. City of Vineland, 22 F.3d 1283, 1292 (3d Cir. 1994) ) (quotation marks omitted). Accordingly, even if Ross was not acting under the color of law, his acts may still be found to be a causal conduit for the alleged constitutional violations by the City of Chester.

C. Municipal Liability (All Plaintiffs)

Plaintiffs contend that the City is liable in two ways because its customs or policies resulted in: 1) failure to screen during hiring/retention, and 2) failure to discipline. The City argues that the Second Amended Complaint fails to state viable causes of action under Monell because Plaintiffs "must demonstrate an affirmative link between the policy and the particular constitutional violation alleged," and "must demonstrate how it actually caused the constitutional violation." ECF No. 30, Memorandum at 12.

The City's argument veers from whether Plaintiffs have alleged sufficient facts "to raise a right to relief above the speculative level," Twombly, 550 U.S. at 555, 127 S.Ct. 1955, to arguing the merits of the causes of action based on the facts that have been alleged. See ECF No. 30, Memorandum at 12-16. But the proper inquiry is whether given the allegations, considered in the light most favorable to Plaintiffs, give rise to the plausible inference that the City of Chester is liable for its practices of screening during hiring/retention or practices of disciplining wayward officers. The factual allegations in support of each of these theories are analyzed in turn below.

1. Framework for liability based on policy, custom, or deliberate indifference

"There is no respondeat superior theory of municipal liability, so a city may not be held vicariously liable under § 1983 for the actions of its agents. Rather, a municipality may be held liable only if its *265policy or custom is the moving force behind a constitutional violation." Sanford v. Stiles, 456 F.3d 298, 314 (3d Cir. 2006) (citations and quotations omitted).

"If the policy or custom does not facially violate federal law, causation can be established by demonstrating that the municipal action was taken with 'deliberate indifference' as to its known or obvious consequences." Tarapchak v. Cnty. of Lackawanna, 739 F. App'x 172, 178 (3d Cir. 2018) (alterations omitted) (quoting Bd. of Cnty. Comm'rs of Bryan Cnty. v. Brown, 520 U.S. 397, 407, 117 S.Ct. 1382, 137 L.Ed.2d 626 (1997) ).

The plaintiff must also allege conduct by a municipal decisionmaker. McTernan v. City of York, Pa., 564 F.3d 636, 658-59 (3d Cir. 2009).

2. Screening during hiring/retention

"A plaintiff can demonstrate municipal responsibility by establishing that 'the alleged constitutional transgression implements or executes a policy, regulation or decision officially adopted by the governing body or informally adopted by custom.' " Dress v. Twp., No. CV 16-4918, 2017 WL 480410, at *3 (E.D. Pa. Feb. 6, 2017) (quoting Beck v. City of Pittsburgh, 89 F.3d 966, 971 (3d Cir. 1996) ).

"Under limited circumstances, courts have recognized claims for Monell liability based on a municipality's hiring decisions-in particular 'where adequate scrutiny of an applicant's background would lead a reasonable policymaker to conclude that the plainly obvious consequence of the decision to hire the applicant would be the deprivation of a third party's federally protected right[s].' " Robinson v. Fair Acres Geriatric Ctr., 722 F. App'x 194, 199 (3d Cir. 2018) (quoting Bryan Cnty., 520 U.S. at 411, 117 S.Ct. 1382 ). A plaintiff must allege a particular employee's "background was so obviously inadequate as to put [the employer] on notice of the likelihood that [a violation or] injury would result." Id.

Plaintiffs allege that the City of Chester and decisionmakers knew about Ross's previous employment, the allegations of sexual harassment and sexual assault that were levelled against Ross, and that Ross was separated from those previous positions. See supra I.B.6. Plaintiffs further allege the City was put on notice of at least one allegation that Ross assaulted Kirksey during Ross's employment with the City, and that Ross had been disciplined for insubordination related to misconduct involving women. Id.

Plaintiffs made factual allegations that are sufficient to raise above the speculative level that Plaintiffs have a right to relief for the customs or policies that resulted in a failure to screen during the hiring and retention of Ross.

3. Disciplinary practices

The City did not raise much of an argument challenging the allegations of failure to discipline. ECF No. 30, Memorandum at 15-16.

Failure-to-discipline claims, like failure-to-train claims, are "generally considered a subcategory of municipal policy or practice liability." Buonadonna v. Se. Delco Sch. Dist., No. CIV.A. 14-02708, 2015 WL 2365629, at *7 (E.D. Pa. May 18, 2015) (citing Barkes v. First Corr. Med., Inc., 766 F.3d 307, 316 (3d Cir. 2014)rev'd on other grounds, --- U.S. ----, 135 S.Ct. 2042, 192 L.Ed.2d 78 (2015) ). As such, a plaintiff must ultimately establish that the harm suffered was caused by a municipality's custom or policy. Id. at *8 (quoting Santiago v. Warminster Twp., 629 F.3d 121, 135 (3d Cir. 2010) ). To prevail, a plaintiff must show "both contemporaneous *266knowledge of the offending incident or knowledge of a prior pattern of similar incidents and circumstances under which the supervisor's actions or inaction could be found to have communicated a message of approval to the offending subordinate." Montgomery v. De Simone, 159 F.3d 120, 127 (3d Cir. 1998) (citing Bonenberger v. Plymouth Twp., 132 F.3d 20, 25 (3d Cir. 1997) ).

As discussed above, Plaintiffs alleged that the City and policymakers knew of Ross's past run-ins for alleged sexual misconduct and knew of at least Kirksey's allegations and other instances of misconduct involving women. Plaintiffs also alleged Ross assaulted other women after Kirksey's allegations had been made. Plaintiffs have alleged sufficient facts to raise above the speculative level a claim for relief based on a failure to discipline.

IV. CONCLUSION

For the foregoing reasons, the Court denies the City's motion to dismiss.