— The sum in controversy is small; but the principle of the decision is of great and general importance. What is the law, the justice and the usage, upon the subject ? It appears from two cases *136that have been cited (1 Dall. 261; 2 Ibid. 100), to be the settled law, that where a bill of exchange is not paid and received, in satisfaction of a debt, due from a merchant to his correspondent, it goes at the risk of the debtor ; and the creditor who l’emits it for acceptance- and payment, stands on the footing of an agent only, until the bill is actually paid. Then, in point of justice, it seems but fair, to allow every incidental or casual profit and emolument, to the party who is exposed to all the hazard and inconvenience of the remittance. As to the usage, the jury axe best able to ascertain it from personal experience ; but so far as I have been able to collect information, there appears to be only one opinion among commercial men ; to wit, that he is entitled to the damages, on whose account and risk the bill of exchange is remitted. To disturb this usage, would, obviously, operate very injuriously to the American merchant, in favor of foreign merchants ; but if the usage were not established, or if it were an unreasonable one, oxxr decision would not depend upon considerations of that nature : we should say, fiat Justitia, ruat caelum,!

Let us, then, consider the facts of the present case, under this general view of the law, justice and usage of merchants. The debt was due and payable in London : the cx-editor refused to accept payment here, on account of the rate of exchange : the immediate loss and expense of the remittance fell, therefore, on the debtor, as well as the contingent risk of the bill. The creditor also refused to take the hazard of the remittance to himself; and, in effect, agreed to act as the agent of the debtor, in all that related to the bill of exchange. There is not, in short, the least doubt on this important fact, that the bill was remitted on account of Keppele & Zantzinger, though *ls81 indorsed by them *to Carr & Sons. When the bill returned protested, the debtor demanded it, tendering the amount of principal and interest; but this overture to a payment was peremptorily rejected by Carr; and he assumed the sole management of settling the business with Swan wick. Whether it was settled by a cash payment, or by a promissory note, is not material; the bill being delivered up without the authority or consent of Keppele & Zantzinger; and Carr & Sons becoming, consequently, responsible to them for the full value of their interest in the bill. That interest was the amount of the damages, on the principles which have been suggested ; particularly, because Keppele & Zantzinger defrayed the whole expense, and ran the whole risk of the remittance. Suppose, px'oduee had been shipped to Can & Sons, to be sold on accouixt of the shippers, but the proceeds were to be applied to the payment of their debt, could it be pretended, that the consignees would be entitled to any piofit on the sale ; or that, in case of a loss, it must be borne by them ? No, in that instance, and I think, with a parity of reason, in the instance before the court, Carr & Sons are neither to know profit or loss, in the transaction. It is surely enough for the British merchant to enjoy the fair profit charged upon the goods, which he sells and transmits to his American customers ; without being allowed to specixlate upon the damages on bills of exchange, the usual medium for paying his account, in a way, that enables him to pocket all the gain, and to cast upon them all the loss.

In justice to Carr & Sons, however, it is proper to take notice of another ground, on which their cause has been placed ; the only ground, indeed, that has created any doubt or difference in the minds of the judges. On the 5th *137of November 1796, when they refused to accept a tender of principal and interest, Keppele & Zantzinger made a declaration, which, at the first view, looked as if they relinquished every pretension to the bill of exchange : “ We shah consider the bill as at your risk, from this day.” This expression, however, cannot, in law, be regarded as constituting a new contract or agreement; for, certainly, there was no mutuality of bargain; no coincidence of proposition and assent. But it may, in point of fact, be regarded as an extinguishment of the conditional terms of the remittance ; as an abandon - ment of all claim upon the bill of exchange ; a fact which the jury must decide. It appears to me, however, that if law, justice and usage had previously vested the right to damages in Keppele & Zantzinger, it is too light, too equivocal, an expression, to be construed into a waiver of that right; particularly, when it may with, at least, equal propriety, be construed to mean, that they should consider Carr & Sons responsible, if Swanwick failed in payment.

On the action by Carr & Sons, against Keppele & Zantzinger, it is unnecessary to detain the jury with any explanatory ^remarks. The account was settled ; and, by the conduct of the plaintiffs, it has been completely paid, in law and justice. [*159

— I concur in the opinion of my venerable brother, as to the second action ; and subscribe, indeed, to all the general principles, which he has stated, in reference to the first. But it is my misfortune to view in a different manner from him, the important transaction of the 5th of November 1796: for whatever may have been the antecedent rights of Keppele & Zantzinger, the conversation of that day, does, in my opinion, essentially change the situation of the parties. The bill was thenceforth entirely at the risk of Carr & Sons ; and if Swanwick had failed, the very next day, before any arrangement for payment, or before any laches in the endeavor to obtain payment, Carr & Sons could never have recovered from Keppele & Zantzinger, either on the original account, or on the indorsement of the bill. The risk of Keppele & Zantzinger being thus at end, all their legal and equitable claim to the damages, on account of risk, must also be extinct.

In an early stage of the transaction, too, I think, there is some fallacy in treating Carr & Sons merely as the agents of their debtor, in relation to the bill of exchange. If they had lost or destroyed it; if, on the protest, the drawer’s friend had paid it in London, for his honor ; or, if Carr & Sons, after an acceptance, had released the acceptor, with or without a consideration ; surely, in none of these instances, could a claim to twenty per cent, damages arise ; and all that Keppele & Zantzinger could insist upon, in law, justice or usage, would be, that the bill, under such circumstances, should be deemed a payment of their debt, notwithstanding the conditional terms of the remittance.

In these sentiments, I am uninfluenced by any consideration of attachment to the American merchant, or of enmity to the British merchant; and I think, they will be found to conform best to the honor of all merchants, which, like the chastity of a female, should be free from suspicion, as well as free from taint.

— Upon the refusal of the tender, in November 1796, Zantzinger declared, that the bill of exchange should be at the risk of *138Carr & Sons for the future. The meaning of this declaration, I understand to be (at least, it is a reasonable interpretation), that Carr & Sons themselves should be answerable to Keppele & Zantzinger, for the principal, interest and damages, even if Swanwick should become insolvent. Under the view of the case, I concur with my brother Shippen, in all his remarks which he has delivered to the jury.

Verdict for Keppele & Zantzinger in both actions.