delivered the following opinion.

This is an action of debt, and the plaintiff declares on a judgment of March term 1775, of the county of Litchfield in the state of Connecticut, and states the consideration of the judgment to be a book debt, and the costs and charges of the suit, whereof the testator was in his life time convicted, as by the records of the same court, See., which judgment remained in full force and effect not satisfied or reversed, wherefore action, &c. To this the defendants plead nul tiel record ; to which there is the replication habetur tale recordum and issue. On the 22d April 1802, on trial of this issue to the court, the plaintiff produced in evidence, in support of his declaration, a certain paper, purporting to be an exemplification of the record of the judgment obtained in the Court of Common Pleas of the county of Litchfield aforesaid, in the suit of George Frey v. Benjamin Harvey, the testator, prout patet the exemplification of the record of the judgment obtained in the Court of Common Pleas of the county of Litchfield aforesaid ; which paper was overruled by the court, and which is here transmitted, and purports to be an exemplification of the judgment of the court of Connecticut, and of the proceedings of the said court on which the judgment has been entered, and purports to be under the seal of the.said court of Connecticut, and certified by Frederick Wolcott, clerk of the said court, to be a true copy, on the 2d February 1797; and also purports to be attested by the chief judge of the said court, and witnessed under his hand on the 15th November 1799.

By the 4th article of the constitution of the United States, sec. 1, “full faith and credit shall be given in each state, to the “ public acts, records and judicial proceedings of every other *501‘ state, and the congress may by general laws, prescribe the “ manner in which such acts, records and proceedings may be “proved and the effect thereof.” The question here arises, whether the judgment of the colony became a record of the state on the chaqge of government, and within the provision of this article. It is within the same reason ; and I take it to have been with a view to the inconvenience that had before existed, that the provision has been introduced. The record of a foreign court was not evidence to the court, and must go to the jury proveable by testimony. In the nature of the case, it could not be otherwise ; because the judge could not be supposed to know the seal or attestation of the foreign court, so as to .try upon inspection. For this, or for other reasons, it was a principle that a foreign judgment could not be declared upon as a record and *md tiel record was not pleadable. Nor indeed was a foreign judgment on an issue to the jury, considered as ^ 5 02 conclusive evidence of the subject of it, but “impeachable by “ shewing the injustice thereof, or that it has bee'n irregularly “ or unduly obtained.” In Walter v. Wittar, Doug. 4, the doctrine, as it would seem, is carried further, that the original merits of the controversy are examinable. For Lord Kenyon would seem to have understood it in this point of view, from what he is made to say in a case reported in the note, where he is represented entertaining serious doubts concerning the doctrine laid down in Walker v. Wittar, that foreign judgments are not binding, and that the discussion of those rights could be opened, which had been finally and lawfully settled; against which he enters his protest, and quotes Lord Mansfield in Moses v. M‘Farland, that “ the merits of a judgment can never be over- “ hauled by an original suit, either at law or in equity; but till “ the judgment is set aside or reversed, it is conclusive as to the “subject matter of it, to all intents and purposes.” 5 East 475, note.

Judgments in the courts of the colonies, even though in the particular colony courts of record, yet were not put upon the footing of courts of record in the mother country of Great Britain; and even with respect to each other among themselves, the same principle of jurisprudence was introduced; and the record of one colony was not considered as a record in the other, or pleadable as such, but must be proved on an issue to the jury; and as to the effect of such a foreign judgment when proved, it would follow most probably the determinations of the country from whence we drew our jurisprudence, whether they were that the consideration of the judgment should be traversed again, or that it should be impeachable only by shewing irregularity, and that it was unduly obtained. For I see a great difference between the admitting such a plea as will avoid the judgment on the score of fraud or irregularity, and such as will let in a consideration of the original matter in issue. In the one case the judgment remains prima facie evidence; in the other, it is a *502nullity. It was a consideration of those difficulties, most proba bly, that introduced the provision of the 4th article of the con stitution. By this a record of the judicial proceedings of the one state must in a sister state be considered as a record ; but the manner of proving, and the effect when proved, shall be prescribed by congress. By an act of the 26th May 1790, the congress have prescribed, that the records and judicial proceedings of the courts of any state, shall be proved or admitted in any other court within the United States, by the attestation of the clerk and the seal of the said court annexed, if there be a seal, together with a certificate of the judge, chief justice, or pre-w 1 siding ^magistrate, as the case may be, that the said attestation is in due form. And the said records and judicial proceedings authenticated as aforesaid, shall have such faith and credit given to them in every court of the United States, as they have by law or usage in the courts of the state, from whence the said records are or shall be taken.

A question'here arises, whether a record so proved shall go to the court on a verification ?

Before the union of Great Britain and Ireland, a record of the Irish court was not pleadable as a record ; and even since the union, it cannot be offered to the court of England with a verification, but with a conclusion to the country. For though since the union such judgments may be records, yet they are only provable by an annexed copy on oath, the veracity of which is only triable by a jury. There is no method of bringing the original record into court, and consequently no way of trying its existence, but by an examined copy, and that verified on oath, of which a jury can only judge and not the court, by whom the question of the identity of their own records is properly determinable, or if pleadable at all, must conclude to the country and not with a verification. 5 East 473. It would seem to me, that it was an object of the act of congress in pursuance of the constitution, to relieve against the like difficulty in these states, where the distance of places renders it so much more inconvenient in the adducing testimony, on an issue to the jury to prove the existence of a record ; and if after this provision of the act, “record or no record,” must go to the jury, and the seal proved, and the handwriting of the attesting clerk and the certifying, what is there that would seem to”have been done to facilitate the proof of the existence of the record ? Proof therefore in the manner prescribed by the act, would seem to me to go to the court, provided it has been the law or usage of the court from whence the record has been taken. In the case now before us we have no plea, which admitting the record, goes to avoid it by impeaching its justice or regularity; nor is there any averment of the law or usage of Connecticut, which would take issue to the country ; but the matter stands simply on the question, record or no record; and all the court would seem to have had to inquire was, as to the existence of the record on the proof *503offered. This proof would seem to have been according to the act of congress of the 26th May 1790, prescribing the manner of proof. But by a subsequent act of the 6th July 1797, a stamp is required to any exemplification of what nature soever, that shall pass the seal of any court; and by sec. 13, no such deed, instrument or writing, shall be pleaded, or given in evidence in any court, or admitted in any court as available in law or equity, *until it shall be stamped; which act, by a supplement r,K thereto, was to take place after the 30th June 1798, and L 5 4 continued in force until the 30th June 1802. The exemplification in this case was made out and certified before the stamp act, but not before it was offered in evidence, on which ground it is presumable it was overruled, that is, considered as incompetent, in which the court would seem to have erred. For the act requiring a stamp would seem to have respect to such exemplifications or writings, as should pass the seal of any court after the date of the said act. The words are, “ any exemplification “ of what nature soever that shall pass the seal of any court; ” and it is a deed or instrument of writing charged with the payment of a duty, that shall, contrary to the true intent and meaning thereof, be written or printed, which is rendered incompetent to be given in evidence. But the writing in this case offered, had passed the seal of the court before the existence of the act, and might be given in evidence on the same principle that we admit in evidence a paper not under seal, from an office which had not a seal at the time the document had been obtained and was certified, though the office has since obtained a seal, and the annexing of it becomes necessary to all the official papers that shall be certified, for the purpose of being offered in evidence. For I do not conceive the exemplification as taking date from the certifying of the judge, which was after the act requiring a stamp was in operation. For it was not until it had passed the seal of the court that it would come to the judge to be certified; and without which certificate, it would have been an exemplification and evidence before' a court in the state where it issued ; and it was only to the proof that it passed the seal of a court, and to make it evidence before a court out of the state, that the certificate became necessary.

But in limine, in the order of argument in this case, though at the conclusion as it was offered by the counsel for the defendant in error, the objection occurs, that though a paper purporting to be an exemplification, has come up on the return on the writ of error, yet it does not appear to be a part of the pleadings ; and non constat, that it is the paper which was offered as an exemplification and overruled by the court below.

It is regularly true, that a bill of exceptions ought to be upon some point of law, either in admitting or denying of evidence, or some matter of law arising upon fact not denied, in which either party is overruled by the court. Bul. Ni. Pri. 316. Tidd 5 76-7-8. Whence it would seem, that the tielrecord must appear *504in the allegations, and that the overruling may be made a subject of a bill of exceptions.

A bill of exceptions is founded upon some objection in point * cl *of law to the opinion and direction of the court, either 5 as to the competency of witnesses, the admissibility of evidence, or the legal effect of it.

In these cases, it is enacted by stat. Westm. 2, 13 Ed. 1, c. 31, that if the party write the exception, &c., the justices shall put their seals, &c. It is either tacked to the record or not. And the statute extends not only to all pleas dilatory and peremptory, See., and to prayers to be received, oyer of any record or deed, or the like, but also to all .challenges to any jurors, and any material evidence given to any jury, which is overruled by the court. 2 Inst. 426, 427.

I have not found, nor was there produced by the counsel, any entry or form of a bill of exceptions, or case, where it was taken to the judgment of the court, on a plea of nul tiel record; because it is the record itself that is produced and not an exemplification. But with us, under the constitution of our courts, and making an exemplification evidence, the reason ceases, and the bill of exceptions ought to have place and will have place; and if it has not been in precedent heretofore it will hereafter. It seems to be expressly noticed by the above words of Lord Coke, and absolutely necessary, unless the exception has been set forth in the pleadings ; and by this means the paper offered had been tacked to the record. This might be done by the plaintiff under a profert. Records of the same court need not be proffered to the court. Bull. 252. This would imply, that a record not of the same court must be proffered to the court. In an action of debt, profert is matter of substance; and wherever the plaintiff is bound to make a profert, the defendant is by law intitled to oyer. Ibid. But if the plaintiff has not declared with a profert and brought the writing into court, and tacked it to his declaration, as he might do, the defendant may pray oyer and tack it to his plea if he chooses, but he is not bound to do it.

In the Weaver’s company, qui tam v. Forrest et al., 2 Stra. 1241, the plaintiffs set out their charter, with a profert. The defendants demanded oyer and had a copy of the charter delivered to them ; after which they put in the general issue of nil debet, taking no notice of the oyer. The plaintiffs made up the issue, and inserted the prayer and oyer at the head of the pleas, and demanded to be paid for it. The defendants moved to expunge it; for though the .defendants had a right to see, whether the plaintiffs may sue, yet they are not bound to insert the oyer, but may plead to the merits. On the other side, it was insisted, that the demand and giving oyer is the act of the court, whose acts either party has a right to record. But the court held, that if the plaintiffs would avail themselves of the letters patent, they ought to do it, by praying them to be enrolled at the head-of their replication, and ought not to do it at the defendants’ ex-*506*pence. ■ When defendant prays oyer of the bond and condition, and it is recited in hcec verba, the condition becomes parcel of the declaration. The defendant after oyer given, may either set forth the oyer in his plea or not, at his election. If he set it forth, the court must adjudge upon it as parcel of the record. - But the defendant is not bound to set it forth in his plea; and if he do not, the plaintiff may pray an enrolment, and so make it part of his replication. Tidd.

If the defendant prays oyer, and afterwards delivers the plea, without making the oyer part of it, the plaintiff may make up the issue with oyer; for the pleadings are supposed to be ore tenus at the bar, and a record is to be made of what is done there. 2 Barnes 266. Weaver’s company v. Ware.

If a bond is brought into court, oyer is grantable only the first term; for afterwards it is adjudged to be in the possession of the party. The same law of a recognizance, which is a pocket record. 1 Crompt. 134. 1 Ld. Raym. 84. Hence it appears, that it does not follow, that on oyer, the writing necessarily remains in court.

From these dicta, and the like to be found in the books, and from the nature and general rules of pleading and making up records, it is clear, that in England, a paper could not be known judicially, but as coming up under a bill of exceptions or tacked to the record on a proferí, to the plea after oyer, or to the replication before issue joined; and even where the pleadings are ore tenus, as with us in a great measure on every case, yet it would seem necessary, that it may appear to be the identical paper that was overruled, by other evidence than what is dehors the record. It has been returned with the writ of error, as a paper connected with the judgment; and it has been argued upon by the parties represented by their counsel, as the identical paper that was overruled. And I feel it to be an objection to defect of form and am willing to assist to get at the substance, and real fact of the case; but it seems impossible, otherwise than by the court undertaking to know, what does not directly appear on the record. A jury may presume and infer from the probable; but a court is confined to what is on the record, and makes parcel of it. I can see no way to get at this paper in strictness, but by giving leave to discontinue the writ of error, and getting this paper attached before another writ of error is brought, final judgment not having been yet rendered in the inferior court. In that case, the judgment would be reversed, and the same thing attained, which is done by reversing the judgment now. But as the court, myself excepted, think themselves warranted in considering the paper as before them, or for other reasons warrant*ed in reversing the judgment, the same justice is at- p* tained and without delay; with which I am satisfied. L 5 7

Judgment of the Court of Common Pleas of Luzerne county reversed, and the record remitted.