This case appears to have been very warmly contested in the Court of Common Pleas. The opinion of the court was asked on no less than eleven points on the part of the plaintiff, and on four on the part of the defendant. However, as the opinions delivered on most of these points, have been acquiesced in, it is unnecessary to decide on any other questions than those which have been argued in this court.

The plaintiff claims under a location entered by Philip Harding, the 3d of April 1769, No. 657. A survey of 301 acres was made on this location the 15th of May 1772, which was returned to the surveyor-general’s office, the 3d of July 1772. On the 27th February 1800, the purchase money was paid to the commonwealth, and a warrant of acceptance issued; and on the 28th of February 1800, a patent was granted to the plaintiff, to whom the title of Harding was deduced by a regular chain of conveyances. The plaintiff’s location, is not applicable to the land in dispute, but is what is called a shifted location.

The defendants derive their title from a location entered by John Blair the 3d of April 1769, No. 2732, sufficiently descriptive of the land in dispute. On this location a survey was made bj Charles Lukens, (deputy surveyor) of 278 acres the 4th of July 1774. This survey was returned the 16th of August 1774, and the purchase money having been paid to the late proprietaries, a patent issued the 17th of August 1774.

Thus it appears, that although the plaintiff’s location was preferable in its number, yet the defendants had the right of laying their survey on the land'in dispute, because their location called for the land, and the plaintiff’s did not. In order to remove this objection to the plaintiff’s title, he gave evidence that on the 11th of October 1769, a survey was made, but not returned, on Blair's location, by Jonathan *147Lodge, an assistant of William Scull, at that time deputy surveyor of the district, excluding the land in controversy. This opened the way for the plaintiff’s survey, which being made and returned two years before the survey under which the defendants claim, it became a question before the court below, whether the plaintiff had not forfeited all right to the benefit of his location, by his neglect to have his survey returned and the patent taken out in due time. The court were of opinion, that a forfeiture had been incurred, and that the late proprietaries possessed and exercised the right of granting the land included in the plaintiff’s survey, on the ground of his not having complied with the terms on which his location was entered. It would have given me great pain, if in considering this question, I had found any room for doubt, because I am sensible that the peace of the country would have been disturbed by it. But I am well satisfied, that the vast mass of property, depending on location and survey, without payment of purchase money, rests on foundations too firm to be shaken by any principle of forfeiture. It is true, that the proprietaries, who at different.times disposed of their lands- on different terms and in different manners, were owners of the soil, and might sell how they pleased. But their sales are not to be compared to the sales of private persons. The great extent of their possessions, and the multiplicity of their contracts, made it necessary to establish public offices, in which certain customs prevailed, which in the course of time acquired strength enough to be binding on both parties, and which being known both to seller and purchaser, may be fairly considered as tacitly embodied in the contract. On the opening of the land office the 3d of April 1769, for the sale of the lands purchased of the Indians at Fort Stanwix in November 1768, the mode of selling was by location, survey and patent. A location was a short written application for a certain quantity of land, not exceeding 300 acres in a certain place; and the.defendants’ counsel are right in saying that the title acquired by a location must be construed according to the terms published by the secretary of the land office in February 1769. These terms were, that unless the survey was made and returned in six months, and the purchase money paid in twelve months, the contract should be void. I will not say what would have been the *148consequence, if the proprietaries had thought proper to insist on these terms, because it is notorious that they did not insist on them. We need not trouble ourselves with the consideration of conditions precedent and conditions subsequent; because be they what they may, those who imposed them, had a right to dispense with them, and they did dispense with them. In the first place they received so many locations on the very day of opening the office, (the 3d of April 1769,) that the making of surveys in six months was impossible, considering the small number of surveyors appointed by the proprietaries; and no others could make surveys. In the next place, they continued to receive and accept surveys on locations of the 3d of April 1769, down to the closing of their offices at the time of the revolution; nor do I believe, that a single instance can be produced of a survey being refused because not made in six months, or a patent denied because the money was not paid in twelve. Where there were conflicting claims, the board of property decided between the parties according to justice and equity; but the idea of excluding one party because he had not strictly complied with the terms of the contract, and granting to the other because it was the will and pleasure of the proprietaries to do,so, was never entertained. And if it had been 'entertained, the courts of law would have interposed, because the proprietaries by their uniform conduct, had given just grounds for supposing that they had relaxed the original terms of purchase, and :were willing to confirm, the title on receiving compensation, that is to say, their principal with interest from the end of six months after entry of the location. I will not enter into the question whether the proprietaries formerly, or the commonwealth now, might not re-grant the land after public notice to the purchasers to come forward and pay their money at a fixed and reasonable time; or whether having parted with the possession in consequence of a survey, they would be put to their action of ejectment to regain it. No step of this kind has been taken by one or the other, and until it is taken, the purchaser has a right to insist on the confirmation of his title, paying principal and interest and the fees of office for issuing a patent.

I have spoken of the general custom of the land office. Let us now examine the conduct of the proprietary officers *149in the particular case before us. The first thing that strikes us, is that the surveyor-general received the survey of the plaintiff, although not made till upwards of two years after the entry of the location, and the survey of the defendants, although not made till after more than five years delay. When the defendants’ patent issued, does any thing appear from which it may be inferred that it was grounded on the principle of forfeiture? I see nothing like it. The facts stand thus: Charles Lukens the deputy surveyor did not act properly; He and all other surveyors had standing instructions not to survey lands which had been surveyed before. It appears that he knew of the survey for Philip Harding, because he called for it in a survey made by him for Joshua Virgin in November 1772. It was his duty therefore when he returned the survey on Blair's location, to note the interference with Harding's survey. This would have given notice to the land officers, in consequence of which they would have called the parties before them and decided after a fair hearing. But the survey for Blair being returned without any note of interference, a patent issued of course. It seems then that the forfeiture on which the defendants rest their claim, never entered into the heads of the proprietaries from whom they derive title. And as little has it entered into the contemplation of the commonwealth, for the title of the plaintiff has been confirmed by patent in the year 1800. The former proprietaries were indulgent to their debtors. Their system was liberal, and the people of Pennsylvania prospered under it. The commonwealth who succeeded, was sensible of this; and far from insisting on a rigid compliance with the terms of sale, the very act by which she invested herself with the proprietary estate, confirmed those imperfect titles which rested on warrants, locations and surveys. It would be tedious and useless to enumerate the many acts by which these titles have been recognised. Suffice it to say, that time after time the day of payment has been prolonged for those immense arrears, which still remain on lands sold in the time of the late proprietaries. It appears very clearly, then, that the title of the plaintiff cannot be impugned on the ground of forfeiture. Neither do I think, that it can be impeached on the principle of a supposed abandonment. The survey being returned, all that remained to complete the title, *150was the payment of the purchase money; and that béing a matter between the purchaser and the owner of the soil, no third person can take advantage of it, or has any thing to do with, it. The plaintiff might have made an actual entry immediately after the survey; but if he did not enter, no inference is to be drawn to his prejudice, because we know very well that great quantities of land were taken up by persons who expected no present profit, but meant to keep them unimproved as a provision for their children, or with a view of selling at a distant period. There may indeed in all cases be circumstances in the conduct of the parties, which may impeach the legal title, on equitable considerations. If such circumstances exist in the present case, they are pnknown to me, because the parol evidence alluded to in the judge’s charge, is not.placed on thd record. From every thing that appears, the case ought to have been submitted to the jury in the same situation that it would have stood before the board of property, if a caveat had been entered by James Biddle, on the return of Blair’s survey in the year 1774. The parties are all purchasers for valuable consideration, without imputation of fraud, and therefore on a footing. I am very clear that the opinion of the Court.of Common Pleas on the point of forfeiture was erroneous; therefore the judgment should be reversed, and a venire de novo awarded.

The court in their charge to the jury on the trial of this cause declared their opinion, that under the conditions contained in the advertisement of the secretary of the land office on the 23d of February 1769, the survey made for Philip Harding became forfeited; that it was competent to the late proprietaries to exact that forfeiture and grant the lands surveyed to other persons; and that the 68 acres of land in question legally passed to John Blair by their patent of 17th of August 1774.

The written papers given in evidence are fully expressed in the charge of the court, and have already been detailed. It remains for us to decide on their legal operation.

A variety of judicial decisions has established certain general principles as to the titles of lands accruing Under contracts made with the agents of the late lords of the soil. As owners of the great mass of the landed property'within, *151the province, they had an undoubted right to grant portions thereof in such manner as they thought proper. But when certain settled usages prevailed in their land office, they were as much bound by them, as.those who had contracted for their lands, and were as strongly subjected to them as to their concessions made to the first adventurers.

Applications for vacant lands, after the death of William Penn, and his sons arriving at full age, began on the 1st of August 1716. They were the inceptions of right; but of themselves merely conferred no title to any defined tract. They have been called “ the expressions of wishes to hold lands at or near a certain spot;” but not being followed up with due diligence, all pretensions of title under them cease, and abandonment of claim is presumed. A close precise location, (as it is now called) or one where the lands are sufficiently described, has always been preferred to an undescriptive location though prior in date, if it has not been reduced to certainty by a survey. The right on a descriptive location commences from the time of making the survey; on a shifted location, from the time of its acceptance into the surveyor-general’s office. After the occurrence of these facts, the contract between the late proprietaries and the applicants became fully completed, and such portions of land were subtracted from the general mass of property. The former might have maintained a suit for the purchase money; the latter might on tender of the purchase mohey, interest-and fees of office, have 'compelled the proprietaries in a court of equity to convey to them "by patent. These are settled principles, from which it would be highly dangerous now to depart. The interests of the proprietary family and of the inhabitants were happily blended. The former never hunted for forfeitures, nor would such a practice have been beneficial to them; because as they sold their lands at the same prices, they must necessarily have lost the interest accruing on sales already made. The lands thus contracted for, remained chargeable to their justl demands into whose hands soever they came.

Why is it to be presumed, that the proprietaries insisted on the literal expressions contained in the advertisement of 23d of February 1769? We well know they were liberal landlords, and did not press for escheats for defect of natu*152ralization of aliens, to whom they had granted their lands. They gave every encouragement to the cultivators of the soil, and extended their credits; and in these particulars their example has been wisely followed by the legislature in several successive laws. For above forty years past, ejectments have been maintained on locations and surveys, without any part of the purchase money being paid; which clearly evinces the sense of the courts of justice, that such rights were not avoided by defect of payment of the stipulated sums; and there can be little doubt, that if the proprietaries had brought suits to recover the possession, the proceedings would be staid on the defendant’s bringing into court the purchase money, interest, fees of patenting and costs of suit. In this manner full compensation would be made for breach of the condition.

The case of the Lessee of John Ross and John Vaughan v. Robert Eason and James Morrow is a solitary instance, wherein the governor for the time being refused to complete a contract made with the officers of colonel Turbutt Francis’s regiment, so far as it operated in favour of ensign Morrow, on the ground of his being charged with the rescue of Stump and Ironcutter, who had been committed to the gaol of Cumberland county for the murder of certain friendly Indians on Middle Creek. The plaintiff however failed in that action, upon a demurrer to evidence argued fully in this court, though the lessors claimed under a patent granted to captain Jacob Kern, another officer of the regiment, which had passed into their hands as bona fide purchasers without notice. There the express direction of the governor to annul the special licence so far as it respected the survey drawn for Morrow, appeared clearly in evidence. But here no such intention appears. On the contrary, I am fully persuaded from the known practice of the land office, that if Charles Lukens the deputy surveyor, had returned on the survey made for John Blair on the 4th of July 1774, that it comprehended 68 acres of land previously surveyed for Philip Harding on the 15th of May 1772, which had been returned on the 3d of July following into the surveyor-general’s office, no such patent would have issued to John Blair. At all events, it would not have issued, until Mr. James Biddle had an opportunity *153of being heard before the board of property; when it would have been in his power to shew that Blair was concluded by the marked boundaries of his survey made on the 11th of October 1769, and which he had acquiesced in until the 4th of July 1774, nearly four and a half years.

Besides, if by rigid rules of law, not applicable to the usages of the land office, a forfeiture was worked by non execution of the order of survey of Harding within three years, that forfeiture must be considered as waived by the surveyor-general’s acceptance of the return of survey into his office on the 3d of July 1772. And if a loss was incurred, ®and an abandonment presumed as to the sixty-eight acres of land in question, it must necessarily pervade the whole survey and not a portion of it; but this cannot be pretended.

I view an adherence to the general principles of decision which ought to govern the present case, as essentially necessary to the security of landed property, resting originally on applications. A deviation from settled established rules is at all times attended with danger, and peculiarly so when many titles depend on them. Under the circumstances of this case disclosed by the written evidence, I am clearly of opinion that Philip Harding’s survey was not forfeited; that ho advantage was meant to be conferred on John Blair for any supposed laches or delay or the part of Harding, and that the patent granted to Blair was neither intended nor could possibly have the operation of destroying the right of Harding, by way of exacting a forfeiture.

I therefore concur in opinion that the judgment of the Court of Common Pleas be reversed, and that a venire facias ele novo be awarded.

Judgment reversed.