The opinion of the court was delivered by

An executor de son tort is liable to the action of the lawful executor or administrator or to that of a creditor. If there be a lawful executor, they may be joined in an action by a creditor, or sued severally. The executor de son tort is liable only to the amount of the assets which come to his hand. In general he may be treated by the creditor, as if he were the rightful executor, and this is the mode of declaring against him, as well in the case of a scire facias on a judgment, as in an original action. If he expose himself to any inconvenience, in consequence of intermeddling with the estate of another, without rightful authority, he has no' person to blame for it but himself. He may, however, protect himself as the rightful executor, by a proper plea, when he will be answerable only to those who are entitled to the *131assets, and to the extent only, as they have come to his hands. Toller's Law of Executors.

This is admitted to be the law of England, and no satisfactory ¡reason has been given, nor has any authority been produced, which shows that the law either is, or ought to be, different in Pennsylpania. It is said that letters of administration should be taken .out by the creditor before suit; but why should the creditor be exposed to this trouble and expense, against- a person who has, without right, intermeddled with the estate?

The case of Lee v. Wright, 1 Rawle, 150, bears but little analogy to the present. In Lee v. Wright the court decided, that when a person dies intestate, leaving a debt or debts unpaid, the children of such intestate cannot maintain a suit for any part of his .estate, or the proceeds thereof, against one having the property of such intestate, or holding it as their trustee; but administration must be taken out, and the debts first paid. And that if a person inter-meddle with the goods of an intestate, or the proceeds thereof, and act as executor de-son tort, no administration being taken out, no trust can be raised in favor of children, as to such property, or the proceeds thereof, or any part of the same, so as to enable them to .sue for such property, while the creditors of the estate remain unpaid. The distinction is taken between a creditor and the children. Justice Tod, in delivering the opinion of the court, says: That in nineteen eases out of twenty, a creditor wil-1 very wisely prefer to fose his debt rather than take in hand to administer on the estate of a stranger. And as to there being no danger of mischief to arise from want of a legal administrato.r, because whoever intermeddles, is answerable to creditors, as executor de son tort, it may be observed, that.sueh remedy must always be doubtful and contentious.

The court charged the-jury, that if Stockton had obtained possession of the property from Shriver, by delivery in his life time, under colorable and fair pretence of title, although defective in point of law, he will not be liable in this action. Eut if the transaction was fraudulent, and intended merely to cover the same from Shriver's creditors, it will be void, and the defendant, taking the property and holding it, might be liable as executor in his own wrong. Of this the plaintiff in error complains; but in this we perceive no error. When the assignment is tainted, with either moral or legal fraud, the property does not pass, but remains in the debtor, as was decided in Lecky v. M'Clurg,* a case not yet reported. It still remains the property of the assignor, which the assignee has no power to appropriate to his own use, without subjecting himself to the hazard of an action, as executor in his own wrong. The injury is precisely the same to the creditor, whether the property was delivered in the life-time of the deceased, if done fraudulently, or was taken by the defendant, after his death; nor does it strike *132me, that the defendant can better his situation, by being guilty of fraud, in holding goods by a conveyance from the deceased. The injury consists'in his appropriating property to his own use, in which he hag nq title, or. pretence, pr colorable title. And in this situation is Sfockton placed, by the verdict of the jury. He has intermeddled with property belonging to the estate of the deceased; and as he would have had to account for it, as part of- the assets, if he had been rightful executor, so he renders himself liable to suit as executor de son tqrt, either by the rightful administrator, or a creditor. The policy of the several states has varied in regard toan executor de son tort. In Pennsylvania, as in South Carolina, he is considered as a trespasser, and is chargeable as far as assets come to his hands, and is in every respect liable as an executor in his own wrong at common law. ' It will’be seen, that we differ from the court, in Green v. Dewit, 1 Rut. R. 183, where it Was held, that the intermeddling with goods, which are held by a conveyance from the deceased, although it be fraudulent, will not. make an executor in his own wrong. We conceive this decision to be a departure from the principles of the common law, and of no binding authority ip this state.'

Judgment affirmed,