delivered the Court’s opinion.

It was not till the year 1818 that the subject of fees received by-persons out of office attracted the notice of the legislature, as it Was not till then that a particular law was passed subjecting them to the tax that had before been laid On fees generally. These outstanding fees were then first discovered to be of such magnitude aS to require particular provision. Thus it would seem that in 1814 When the act was passed on which the question before us turns; the legislature had hot adverted to the fact, that retired or displaced officers have usually a large amount of fees to be collected for them by their Successors or á justice of the peace; and having been suffered to pá'ss without provision in a law imposing a táx on particular officers and by a legislature presumed to be as careful of the interests of the public as of individuals, it is fair to infer that these fees were not intended to be embraced by any general regulation on the subject. This inference acquires force also from a provision in this same act of 1814, by which the officer was commanded to set up in a conspicuous part of his office, as a further guard against extortions, a table of the fees demandablé by him; Which could not be done by one who keeps no office; and in all other respects, both the spirit and the letter which speaks of officers ánd not persons throughout, is inapplicable to the act of one who was not an- officer at the time. Taking by ah officer is certainly not predicable of the act of one who merely had been án officer; and there is good reason, beside, why it should not be subjected to the same penalty. The facility which office affords to Oppression, is too apparent to require remark, especially an executive office the power of which extends to the seizure of person and property. The exaction of dues by means of such a power may require it to be guarded by penalties that are wholly unnecessary in the enforcement of a demand that has Been reduced to the ordinary condition of a simple contract debt recoverable before a justice of the peace. Indeed if a claimant of the latter class were exposed to the panalty at all, he would incur it by recovering, even through the process of the law, more than was justly demand-able, the words of the act being sufficiently comprehensive to embrace every sort of taking. These considerations in connection with the phraseology of the enacting clause, lead to an inference that the penalty was hot provided for a caáe like the present. *185Undoubtedly it does not stand in the same degree of mischief as a taking by virtue of the power and influence of oifiee; and had there been an intent to decláre it criminal, it is reasonable to suppose, it would have been subjected to a milder punishment. But whatever we might suspect the design of the legislature to have been, the law, being penal in its consequents, must be strictly construed, and the case is1, therefore not within its purview.

Judgment aifirmed.