Stevenson v. Pennsylvania Sports & Enterprises, Inc.
Stevenson v. Pennsylvania Sports & Enterprises, Inc.
Dissenting Opinion
Dissenting Opinion by
The only pertinent negligence pleaded is that the defendant “failed to furnish adequate and sufficient light for the use of plaintiff”. Plaintiff was walking along an aisleway with open boxes and a rail on his left which he testified admitted “ample” light for him to see. Most of the confusion in this case arises from the testimony that in the areaway at the bottom of the steps there was a solid press wall and this wall darkened or shut out the light in this areaway. This is irrelevant since plaintiff failed to prove that it caused his fall or affected the light in the aisleway.
It is not negligence per se to have one floor at a lower level than another floor or to have steps leading from one floor to another: Haddon v. Snellenburg, 293 Pa. 333, 143 A. 8; Strawhacker v. Whitman, 147 Pa. Superior Ct. 33, 23 A. 2d 349. The crucial question is: Did plaintiff prove that the aisleway on which he was walking was not sufficiently lighted to enable him to see the commencement of the steps down which he fell?
Plaintiff testified as follows: “Q. So you were really going on down looking for chairs until something hap-happened; is that correct? A. Well, that’s possibly correct. . . . Q. And your attention was mainly directed, then, to what might be in the boxes in the way of chairs; isn’t that correct? A. Yes, sir. Q. And as you were doing that you were walking along and, as I assume, you probably had your head turned to the boxes; is that correct? A. That wouldn’t be permanently. Q, No, but I mean generally as you walked down
Where conflicts in testimony exist, it is ordinarily for the jury to reconcile such conflicts, but the law is equally well settled that where the burden of proof is upon the plaintiff to establish negligence or any other facts before a recovery can be had, and his testimony on the question is so uncertain or inadequate or contradictory or ambiguous as to present to the jury no basis for a finding except a mere conjecture, he cannot recover: Musleva v. Patton Clay M. Co., 338 Pa. 249, 12 A. 2d 554; Natvig v. P. R. T. Co., 293 Pa. 355, 143 A. 18; Lithgow v. Lithgow, 334 Pa. 262, 5 A. 2d 573; Goater v. Klotz, 279 Pa. 392, 124 A. 83.
I would grant judgment non obstante veredicto because plaintiff’s testimony was inadequate and insufficient to prove negligence, and his admissions convicted him of contributory negligence.
If judgment n.o.v. is not granted, I would grant a new trial for the following reason. Plaintiff’s employer paid him his regular salary throughout his five months’ convalescence, during which time plaintiff performed substantial services for his employer. Plaintiff considered these payments were a gift and the jury was permitted to so find. The testimony on this point was as follows: “Mr. Evans: Q. As I understand, then, Mr. Stevenson, you did no work for profit or wages from the time you were hurt until you went back in July of 1949? A. That’s correct. The Court: Q. Is that your answer, that you weren’t paid for this period of time that you were off? Mr. Burns: He didn’t say that. The Court: That’s what I wanted to find out. If he
As this Court said in Pensak v. Peerless Oil Co., 311 Pa. 207, 210, 166 A. 792: “Characterizing as a gift the money paid to him does not make it so. To permit a recovery of money under the guise of wages lost would, [under these facts], open a wide door to misrepresentation and fraud in this class of cases.”
Italics ours.
While no additional evidence is necessary, defendant’s picture (Exhibit B), which the plaintiff did not deny was a true representation of the light at the scene at the time he fell, clearly shows ample light.
Opinion of the Court
Opinion by
Plaintiff obtained a verdict for $12,000 for injuries sustained when he fell down a flight of four steps located in the balcony of defendant’s sports amphitheater, called The Gardens, located at Fifth Avenue and Craig Street, Pittsburgh. Defendant filed motions for a new trial and judgment non obstante veredicto. The lower court denied the motion for judgment non obstante veredicto and refused the motion for a new trial provided the plaintiff filed a remittitur of all of the verdict in excess of $9,000, which was done. Defendant now appeals, asking for (a) judgment non obstante veredicto-, (b) a further reduction in the verdict; (c) a new trial.
On January 27, 1949, plaintiff, a manager for a chair rental concern, together with two assistants, drove to defendant’s amphitheater to pick up some chairs owned by the concern which had been rented to the defendant for use the preceding evening. The west end of the amphitheater faces Craig Street while the south end runs along Fifth Avenue. After parking their truck on Fifth Avenue, the three men proceeded to load the chairs. Upon investigation plaintiff found that seven or eight of the chairs were missing. Thereupon he went to the office of the manager of the amphitheater and was told by him to look around for the chairs. (It is not disputed here that the plaintiff was a business invitee.) The amphitheater had the customary tiers of seats with a balcony, surrounding an, arena. A search of the lower levels did not reveal the missing chairs, so plaintiff went to the balcony in his effort to find them. To the rear of the last seats in the balcony there was a walkway or aisle about three feet wide. Plaintiff was on the north side of the building and was walking from east to west. Consequently on his right was the wall of the building and on his
It developed that this flight of steps, about 40 inches in height, led down to a platform which ran for a distance of approximately 16 feet along and behind the press box and then another flight of steps would bring a person walking in the direction that plaintiff was going, up to the same level as before. A bannister or railing ran along the left side of the aisle behind the boxes. The back of the press box was six feet high (measured from the platform floor), and was of solid wood. The floor of the platform was concrete and was painted dark red.
The lighting-in the área became the crucial issue in the case. It was variously described by the witnesses but all agreed that the only lights which were on were the lights over the center of the building where a hockey team was practicing in the arena. Plaintiff testified that “The general appearance was that the aisleway continued on straight through.” and “The areaway there, due to the press box interference created a shadow in that particular section.”. He also testified: “Q. As you walked towards that area going in the direction of Craig Street, what was the general appearance of the aisle as you reached that place? A. The general appearance was a continuation of the aisle as I walked through. . . . Q. Any shadoAv or any darkness that there was as you walked along was not noticed by you until after you fell; isn’t that correct? „A. I can only answer that as I did before, to me it led up as a straight areaAvay, the same as that in which I had been walking. . . . Q. Will you answer that? And then you can make any explanation you want. A. I Avill have to answer that the same as I have answered the last tAvo or three, that it all looked like a continuation of that floor.” He said there was no natural light inside the arena. Exhibits showing various vieAvs of the
We now turn to the contentions of counsel for the appellant. He argues in support of his motion for judgment non obstante veredicto that there was no showing of negligence and that the plaintiff was guilty of contributory negligence as a matter of law.
In order to relieve the defendant of any negligence, counsel points out that the press box which plaintiff claims cast a shadow over the area where he fell was not in front of the steps that led down to the east end of the lower level. However this may be, the press box was so close to this area that the jury could well have found that it cast a shadow and made the area look as though it continued on the level. The testimony is replete with evidence of inadequate lighting in the area. The maintenance man at The Gardens, Mr. Mark, testified that none of the lights available in the area were turned on. The plaintiff testified that there were lights in the area and that immediately after the accident they were turned on and gave sufficient illumination. While difference in floor levels does not in itself consist of negligence (Strawhacker v. Stephen F. Whitman & Son, 147 Pa. Superior Ct. 33, 23 A. 2d 349), it is negligence to fail to provide an area where there is a great difference in levels with adequate light so that a person who is properly in the area is warned: Cathcart v. Sears, Roebuck and, Company, 120 Pa. Superior Ct. 531, 183 A. 113; Kmiotek v. Anast, 350 Pa. 593, 39 A. 2d 923.
The testimony of the plaintiff quoted in the statement of facts makes it clear that the question of contributory negligence was for the jury. Counsel for the defendant relies upon other testimony of the plaintiff which he contends indicates that the area was so dark that plaintiff should not have proceeded or that the plaintiff was not looking where he was going. As
The next contention of appellant is that it is entitled to a further reduction in the verdict. Plaintiff suffered a comminuted fracture of the right os calcis or heel bone. He remained in the hospital about ten days during which time a cast was put on, extending above his knee. This cast remained on for about two and a half months. Plaintiff did not return to work until July 1, 1949. At that time he still had difficulty with his foot and had previous to that time been given physiotherapy treatments. Dr. Faix stated that there was considerable damage to the soft tissue and that after the cast was removed plaintiff had severe swelling for several months. Dr. Epstein examined the plaintiff two months before trial (the trial was in February, 1952) and testified that at that time plaintiff had a partial disability “. . . estimated at 20 per cent, for the type of work which he was doing at the time he was hurt.”. He further said that the condition was “Possibly permanent.”.
The second contention is that it was error for the court to permit the jury to include in its verdict plaintiffs claim for future disability. No exception was taken to the charge which on this question was as follows: . . Now, Dr. Faix did not testify that this thing is all cleared up at the present time but he didn’t give us any idea that this was a permanent injury. As I recollect his testimony, he said that he believes the foot will gradually improve. So you have it, according to Dr. Faix’s testimony, that there is inconvenience and difficulty in that foot now and it will continue but inasmuch as Dr. Faix did not give us an idea of any time in the future, you cannot consider that as a permanent injury and' you cannot consider it as existing any great length of time after the day of this trial.”.
The trial judge’s discussion of Dr. Epstein’s testimony was: “. . . Then he was asked the question of the future and Dr. Epstein, as I recall, said, ‘Possibly it is permanent and possibly he will get better within a year. I don’t have a definite opinion.’ Well, if he doesn’t have a definite opinion as a doctor, then you cannot decide as a question of fact that he has a permanent injury. Dr. Epstein wouldn’t express it as a definite opinion and he used the word ‘possibly’. He said, ‘Possibly he will get better within a year.’ Then he was asked what he meant by this 20 per cent disability and he said, as I recall, ‘That’s inability to do his work because of pain.’ Now, he didn’t say that he could not do the work, in other words, that his efforts are 20 per cent reduced, but he said, as I recollect, that he would have this inability because of the
The case of Mudano v. Phila. Rapid Transit Co., 289 Pa. 51, 137 A. 101, relied upon by the appellant, is completely inapposite. In that case the problem was one of causation, i.e., whether the injury came from the accident or was the result of another cause. Thus in that case the Court required unanimity of opinion by plaintiff’s medical experts that the injury resulted from the accident. The problem here involved is one of prognosis on which a doctor cannot be required to express his opinion with the definiteness required in a causation question. In many cases of personal injury the honest opinion of a doctor may well be that a plaintiff will “gradually improve” or that the injury may “possibly be permanent or may possibly get better within a year.”. This uncertainty of honest medical opinion should not be the basis for any finding by the jury of permanent injury but is sufficient, on the other hand, for the jury to find some future disability. This the trial judge made clear in his charge and if he did not do so to the complete satisfaction of the defendant’s counsel, an exception should have been taken.
There remains the contention of counsel for the appellant that counsel for the appellee made an unfair argument in his closing speech to the jury. After the arguments of counsel to the jury, the following colloquy ensued: “Mr. Burns: . . . And as to Exhibit 11, which counsel argued shows that there wasn’t the light last Friday that we claim was there yesterday morning, that was only offered for the purpose of showing changes that were made at that point and was never
Judgment affirmed.
A more extensive discussion of this testimony follows.
Also see infra for a more extensive discussion.
Reference
- Full Case Name
- Stevenson v. Pennsylvania Sports and Enterprises, Inc., Appellant
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- Published