Commonwealth v. Dzvonick
Commonwealth v. Dzvonick
Opinion of the Court
Opinion by
At 6:00 a.m., on April 15, 1969, Officer Uziel of the Borough of Glassport Police Department, droye up to the Borough Police Station. Appellant, Darrell Dzvonick, immediately came out of the station toward Officer Uziel’s car with a knife held at arm’s length. He lunged at the officer with the knife through the open car window, but did not “cut, stab, or wound” the officer. Appellant was immediately arrested and subsequently charged with both attempt with intent to kill
On September 29, 1969, the jury returned verdicts of not guilty of attempt with intent to kill and guilty on the second charge of assault with intent to maim. Appellant filed no post-trial motions. However, after a change of counsel, and appeal to the Superior Court, he was permitted to file motions for a new trial and in arrest of judgment “nunc pro tunc”. The motion for a new trial was later withdrawn, and the motion in arrest of judgment was denied.
Appellant cites three principal errors as the basis for relief on this appeal. He asserts that the verdict of guilty of assault with intent to maim as returned by the jury and recorded by the court is unsupported by the evidence and therefore his motion in arrest of judgment should have been granted. The Commonwealth concedes that the jury’s verdict was not supported by the evidence,
The Commonwealth claims that after the jury returned a verdict of guilty of assault with intent to maim (the completed offense), the court molded the verdict to guilty of attempted assault with intent to maiin. However, the Commonwealth’s claim of such molding is nowhere supported in the record. The following excerpt from the record establishes that the only “molding” which occurred was the court’s insertion of the date, which the jury had inadvertently
The record discloses no other molding of the verdict whatsoever by the trial judge, either before or after the jury was excused. Moreover, once the jury has been discharged and has dispersed, the verdict can no longer be molded by the trial judge. Commonwealth v. Martin, 379 Pa. 587, 109 A. 2d 325 (1954); Commonwealth v. Johnson, 359 Pa. 287, 59 A. 2d 128 (1948); cf. Commonwealth v. Corbin, 215 Pa. Superior Ct. 63, 257 A. 2d 356 (1969).
Accordingly, the order of the Superior Court is reversed and the motion in arrest of judgment is granted.
Act of June 24, 1939, P. L. 872, §711, 18 P.S. §4711.
Act of June 24, 1939, P. L. 872, §712, 18 P.S. §4712.
“Whoever . . . stabs, cuts or wounds any person, with intent to maim, disfigure or disable such person, is guilty of felony. . . .” Act of .Tune 2-1, 1939, P. L. 872, §712, 18 P.S. §4712. At trial Officer Uziel testified that although he might have been touched with the knife he definitely was not cut, wounded or stabbed in any way. Thus there was no evidence to support the charge of the completed offense.
The situations in which molding is permissible are severely circumscribed. They fall into two principal categories—molding prior to recording the verdict and discharge of the jury, and molding after such recording and discharge.
Prior to recording the verdict there are two accepted methods of verdict molding. See Laub, Pennsylvania Trial Guide, §244, at 416 (1959). If the jury’s error is defective in form only, as here where the date was omitted, then the judge may correct it in open court with the acquiescence of the jury. Commonvwealth v. Minoff, 363 Pa. 287, 69 A. 2d 145 (1949) ; see also Newsom v. Smyth, 261 E. 2d 452 (4th Cir. 1958), cert. denied, 359 U.S. 969, 79 S. Ct. 883
After the verdict has been recorded and the jury discharged, only in “extremely exceptional cases” may the verdict be molded and even then “only unless to make the corrected verdict conform to the obvious intention of the jury, i.e., to conform to a verdict actually rendered, but informally or improperly stated in writing.” Laub, supra, at 415. After the jury has been discharged the verdict as recorded may not be molded by the trial court. See Commonwealth v. Martin, 379 Pa. 587, 109 A. 2d 325 (1954).
The Commonwealth’s theory that the court molded the verdict is an assumption that is directly contradicted by the record. Even had molding occurred it would not have constituted a permissible molding of the jury verdict; it would instead be a substitution of an entirely new verdict never found by the jury for the verdict it did in fact return.
Concurring Opinion
Concurring Opinion by
I concur with the result reached by the majority but not with the reasons they offer to support their conclu
The true issue presented in this appeal is whether attempted assault with the intent to maim is a crime cognizable under the laws of this Commonwealth.
The crime of assault with the intent to maim was not a distinct common law crime
The legislature having already provided punishment for simple assault,
Further support for the conclusion that the crime described by Section 712 is an attempt to commit mayhem is furnished by the design of the statute itself. Section 712 and the two immediately succeeding sections (713 and 714) punish specific acts where there is an intent to maim followed by Section 715 which pro
Having concluded that the crime announced in Section 712 is itself an attempt I am obliged to find that there cannot be a legally cognizable crime of attempting to violate Section 712. It is basic law that there cannot be an attempt to commit an attempt. By definition an attempt “is an overt act done in pursuance of an intent to do a specific thing, tending to the end but falling short of complete accomplishment of it. In law, the definition must have this further qualification, that the overt act must be sufficiently proximate to the intended crime to form one of the natural series of acts which the intent requires for its full execution. So
Finally, I must also reject the argument that although the acts charged fell short of the conduct proscribed by Section 712 it nevertheless amounted to an attempt to commit the completed offense of mayhem. Here the appellant was accused of attempting to stab a police officer with a knife through an open car window with the intent to maim. While it is arguable that the act of lunging with the knife may be sufficient to remove these acts from the realm of intent and constitute common law attempt to commit mayhem it is clear that the legislature has preempted the area and ousted the court of common law jurisdiction. In an analogous situation a majority of this court stated in Commonwealth v. Clopton, 447 Pa. 1, 8, 289 A. 2d 455 (1972) : “Turning to our consideration of legislative intent, we must determine why the legislature would define, with such specificity, the most aggravated form of the crime, this extreme being the most obvious to discern and
I, therefore, would reverse the Superior Court and grant the motion in arrest of judgment on the theory that the instant charge is not a crime punishable under the laws of this Commonwealth.
“The so-called ‘aggravated assaults’ were not recognized as distinct offenses at common law. Any criminal assault was a misdemeanor and circumstances of aggravation, if present, could be taken into consideration in fixing the penalty.” Perkins, Criminal Law 500 (1957).
Act of June 24, 1939, P. L. 872, §708, 18 P.S. §4708.
Id.
Act of June 24, 1939, P. L. 872, §709, 18 P.S. §4709.
“Whoever playfully or wautonly points or discharges a gun, pistol or other firearm at any other person. . . .” Act of June 24, 1939, P. L. 872, §716, 18 P.S. §4716.
Bishop quoting Hawkins (Hawk. P.C. Curw. ed. p. 107, §1) defines “mayhem at the common law as ‘a hurt of any part of a man’s body whereby he is rendered less able, in fighting, either to defend himself or to annoy his adversary.’ ” 2 Bishop On Oetm. Haw §1001 (9th ed. 1923).
Section 713 provides in part: “Whoever unlawfully, wilfully and maliciously, by the explosion of gunpowder, or other explosive substance, burns, maims, disfigures, disables, or does grievous bodily harm to any person, is guilty of felony. . . .” 18 P.S. §4713.
Section 714 provides in part: “Whoever unlawfully and maliciously causes any gunpowder, or other explosive substance, to explode, or sends or delivers to, or causes to be taken and received by any person, any explosive substance, or any other dangerous or noxious thing, or casts or throws at or upon, or otherwise applies to any person, any corrosive fluid, or other destructive or explosive substance, with intent to burn, maim, disfigure or disable any person, or to do some grievous bodily harm to such person, is guilty of felony. . . .” 18 P.S. §4714.
Dissenting Opinion
Dissenting Opinion by
I am compelled to dissent.
The error appealed from in this case is not the product of any event which occurred before, during or after trial which was prejudicial to the rights of the appellant. The error in this case has its genesis in the trial court’s misapplication of the somewhat confusing language of Section 712 of The Penal Code.
Two facts emerged from the evidence produced at trial: first, the appellant lunged at Officer Uziel in an apparent attempt to stab him; second, the intended victim was able to avoid the thrust and was never actually stabbed. Unquestionably the appellant’s conduct was sufficient for the jury to find him guilty of some crime; the sole question on this appeal is whether the jury found the appellant guilty of the proper crime.
The record reveals that the verdict slip which was sent out with the jury listed the charges against Darrell Dzvonick as:
“2nd Count—Assault with intent to Maim.”
The verdict returned by the jury was:
“1st Count not guilty.
“2nd Count Guilty.”
Thus, on the face of the verdict slip it appears that the appellant stands convicted of the completed offense of assault with intent to maim. It is correctly pointed out by the majority and agreed to by all that the appellant cannot be convicted of the completed offense because under the language of the statute, the offense of “assault with intent to maim” requires that there be an actual stabbing, cutting or wounding of another person. Here, where there was admittedly no cutting, conviction for the completed offense was unwarranted.
However, examination of the entire record reveals that the indictment returned against the appellant actually charged him with attempted assault with intent to maim. Furthermore, the evidence presented at the trial, the judge’s initial charge to the jury, and a supplemental charge given during the course of the jury’s deliberation all show that the appellant was tried for the crime of attempted assault with intent to maim. In short, with the exception of the verdict slip, every reference to the crime committed by the appellant refers to an attempt rather than a completed offense.
As a result of the attempted stabbing, a two-count indictment was returned agaist the appellant by the grand jury. The first count, which is not in dispute, charged that the appellant “did attempt to cut, stab and wound with intent... to murder.” The second count of the indictment charged that the appellant “did make and assault, and . . . did attempt to stab, cut and wound, with intent . . . then and there to maim, disfigure and disable. . . .” The words “attempt to” are emphasized not only because they clearly show that the indictment charged the appellant with attempted as
The testimony presented at the trial by both the prosecution and the defense is further proof that at the time of trial there was no ambiguity on either side concerning the subject of the trial. It is clear that neither side considered an actual cutting necessary for conviction of an attempted assault with intent to maim.
Any doubt that the appellant was tried for attempted assault with intent to maim is dispelled by the trial judge’s charge to the jury delivered at the close of testimony. Even the majority opinion recognizes that the judge “specifically limited the jury’s consideration to the offense of ‘assault by attempting to stab, wound or cut with the intent to maim’,” in which case the judge instructed the jury to find the appellant “guilty of the second count.”
During the course of this deliberation, the jury sent a note to the judge asking for a definition of “maim.” In the presence of counsel the trial judge explained the term and went on to explain that: “The crux of the second count of the indictment is that an assault or putting in fear by force or threat of force
Thus the only logical inference which can be drawn from the jury’s verdict of “2nd Count—Guilty” is that they had determined that the evidence established an attempt to maim, notwithstanding that on the verdict slip the second count had been listed as “Assault with intent to maim”, the completed offense. The majority is correct in maintaining that: “A jury is without authority to find a defendant guilty of a more serious offense than that submitted to it by the court.” However, in this case the jury did no such thing. Where the indictment, the evidence produced at trial and the charge of the trial judge all maintain that the “second count” is the offense of attempted assault with intent to maim, and the jury returns a verdict of guilty of the second count, there is no basis for a holding that the jury found the defendant guilty of the completed offense.
The only remaining issue to be decided was not reached by the majority, i.e., whether there is such an offense as “attempted assault with intent to maim.” The appellant argues that there can be no such crime as “attempted assault” since an assault is by definition an attempt to commit a battery. However, as noted before, the crime of “assault with intent to maim” requires a touching, i.e., a cutting, stabbing or wounding and is thus more akin to a battery. Disregarding the section heading,
Although The Penal Code does not contain a specific section proscribing “attempted assault with intent to maim,” the crime is clearly punishable under the general section which punishes attempts to commit crime. Section 1107, Act of June 24, 1939, P. L. 872, 18 P.S. §5107, provides: “If, on the trial of any person charged with felony or misdemeanor, it shall appear to the jury upon the evidence, that the defendant did not complete the offense charged, but was guilty only of an attempt to commit the crime, he shall not by reason thereof be entitled to be acquitted, but the jury may return, as their verdict, that the defendant is not guilty of the felony or misdemeanor charged but is guilty of an attempt to commit the same.” The section also provides that the punishment for conviction of an attempt to commit a crime shall be exactly the same as if the conviction had been for the completed offense. As a result of his conviction in the instant case, the appellant was sentenced to from nine months to three years’ imprisonment, which is within the limits allowed by Section 712 of The Penal Code, “Assault with intent to maim.”
It is impossible to find any prejudice to the appellant in this case. The indictment charged him with “attempting to assault with intent to maim”; the evidence at trial was sufficient to prove an attempt; the
I would affirm the judgment of the lower court.
Act of June 24, 1939, P. D. 872, §712, 18 P.S. §4712.
The use of the printed form indictment, while convenient in most cases, is probably one reason for the mixup in this case. Although the language in the body of the indictment was changed to reflect “attempted assault with intent to maim” as the second count, the heading of the indictment was not changed and read:
“1st Count—Attempts with intent to kill
“2nd Count—Assault with intent to maim.”
Coincidentally, that is precisely the language which appeared on the verdict slip which went out with the jury.
It is interesting to note Uiat the section heading “Assault with intent to maim” was added to the offense when it was re
Reference
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- Commonwealth v. Dzvonick, Appellant
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