I respectfully dissent. None of the decisions referenced by the majority suggest that, after the outright rejection of a party's entire request for declaratory relief by a court of original jurisdiction, the pendency of an adverse party's counterclaim nevertheless serves to defeat the entitlement to an interlocutory appeal as of right under Nationwide Mutual Insurance Co. v. Wickett, 563 Pa. 595 , 763 A.2d 813 (2000). Indeed -- and while I have not been a supporter of the Wickett doctrine other than by way of adherence to precedent -- I question what may be left of Wickett under the majority's present approach, which suggests that the decision does not apply merely when something remains pending in the court of original jurisdiction.

Respectfully, from my point of view, if Wickett is to be overruled, it would be preferable to do so directly. Under the presently prevailing law, it is my considered judgment that Appellant is entitled to appeal as of right per Wickett 's special rule of appealability for declaratory judgment actions.

Justice Todd joins this dissenting statement.

The Court orders as follows:

Appellant Pennsylvania Manufacturers' Association Insurance Company ("Insurer") is attempting to appeal a Commonwealth Court order that denied Insurer's motion for summary relief. For the reasons that follow, we conclude that the order is interlocutory and unappealable at this time. Consequently, we quash the appeal.

By way of background, Insurer filed a petition for review in the Commonwealth Court's original jurisdiction, naming as respondents Appellees Johnson Matthey, Inc. ("JMI") and the Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection ("DEP"). In its petition, Insurer brought a claim pursuant to the Declaratory Judgments Act ("DJA"), 42 Pa.C.S. §§ 7531 - 7541. Specifically, Insurer requested that the court enter an order declaring that Insurer has no obligation to defend or indemnify JMI in connection with a lawsuit filed by the DEP against JMI in the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania. 1 In the underlying action, the DEP is seeking costs for the remediation of environmental damage caused at a site where JMI and its predecessors manufactured metal alloy tubing.

In response to Insurer's petition, JMI filed, inter alia , a counterclaim seeking a declaration that Insurer has a duty to pay all defense and indemnity costs related to the site, subject to the liability limits of the unexhausted policies, and that all remedial investigation costs incurred by JMI were properly payable under the policies as defense costs. JMI also advanced a breach of contract claim. 2

Insurer filed a motion for summary relief, which it styled as a motion for summary judgment. 3 In moving for summary relief, Insurer argued that it was entitled to the declaratory relief it sought in its petition for review. The Commonwealth Court issued an order denying the motion and offered a published opinion in support of its order. Pennsylvania Manufacturers' Ass'n Ins. Co. v. Johnson Matthey, Inc. , 160 A.3d 285 (Pa. Cmwlth. 2017). In its opinion, the court stated, in relevant part, that Insurer "is not entitled to a declaratory judgment that it has no duty to defend or indemnify JMI." Id. at 294 . Notably, in disposing of Insurer's motion for summary relief, the Commonwealth Court did not address JMI's counterclaims, including its declaratory judgment claim related to the scope of Insurer's duty to defend and indemnify JMI in the underlying action.

Insurer timely filed a notice of appeal and a jurisdictional statement. This Court subsequently issued an order directing the parties to address whether this Court has jurisdiction over the appeal and deferring a determination concerning jurisdiction to consideration of the parties' briefs. The parties have complied with this directive. Accordingly, the matter is ripe for disposition.

Whether this Court has jurisdiction to entertain this appeal presents a threshold issue. Burger v. School Bd. of McGuffey School Dist. , 592 Pa. 194 , 923 A.2d 1155 , 1161 (2007). Such an issue raises a question of law; accordingly, our standard of review is de novo , and our scope of review is plenary. See Com., Dep't of Envtl. Prot. v. Cromwell Twp., Huntingdon Cty. , 613 Pa. 1 , 32 A.3d 639 , 646 (2011) ("The question whether a court has jurisdiction is de novo , and the scope of review is plenary.").

Generally speaking, appellate courts have jurisdiction to entertain appeals from final orders entered at the trial court level. Commonwealth v. Scarborough , 619 Pa. 353 , 64 A.3d 602 , 608 (2013). Ordinarily, a final order disposes of all claims and of all parties. Pa.R.A.P. 341(b)(1). However, Pa.R.A.P. 311(a)(8) states that an "appeal may be taken as of right and without reference to Pa.R.A.P. 341(c) from ... [a]n order that is made final or appealable by statute or general rule, even though the order does not dispose of all claims and of all parties." Importantly, Section 7532 of the DJA provides that courts of record have the power to declare the rights, status, and other legal relations and that "such declarations shall have the force and effect of a final judgment or decree." 42 Pa.C.S. § 7532.

In Nationwide Mutual Insurance Co. v. Wickett , 563 Pa. 595 , 763 A.2d 813 (2000), a trial court order declared the rights of the plaintiffs relative to some, but not all, of the defendants. Although the order did not dispose of all claims and of all parties, this Court nonetheless held that the order was final and appealable pursuant to Pa.R.A.P. 341 (b)(2) (rescinded), which was the predecessor to Pa.R.A.P. 311(a)(8), 4 and Section 7532 of the DJA.

Regarding this Court's jurisdiction over this appeal, the crux of Insurer's argument is that Wickett dictates that the Court has jurisdiction to entertain the merits of its claim that the Commonwealth Court erred by denying its motion for summary relief. 5 JMI, on the other hand, contends that this Court's more recent decisions addressing the appealability of an order declaring the rights of parties suggest that the Commonwealth Court's order is interlocutory and unappealable because the order only partially declared the rights of the parties. We agree with JMI.

This Court last expounded upon the appealability of an order declaring the rights of parties in United States Organizations for Bankruptcy Alternatives, Inc. v. Department of Banking (" USOBA "), 611 Pa. 370 , 26 A.3d 474 (2011). In that decision, the Court provided a rather straightforward two-part test for appellate courts to apply when considering whether an order declaring the rights of parties is final and appealable: (1) what is the effect of the lower court's decision on the scope of the litigation; and (2) what practical effect does the court's decision have on the ultimate outcome of the case. USOBA , 26 A.3d at 479 ("The prevailing considerations in [

Pennsylvania Bankers Ass'n v. Pennsylvania Dep't of Banking (" Pennsylvania Bankers "), 597 Pa. 1 , 948 A.2d 790 (2008),] were the effect of the lower court's decision on the scope of the litigation and the practical effect on the ultimate decision in the case."). If the order in question merely narrows the scope of the litigation and does not resolve the entirety of the parties' eligibility for declaratory relief, then the order is interlocutory and not immediately appealable. See id. at 480 ("Here, however, the constitutionality of multiple provisions remains in dispute and, even though the Commonwealth Court granted USOBA relief as to two provisions, the dispute has not been resolved but merely narrowed. Therefore, the Pennsylvania Bankers decision is relevant and dispositive.").

In this matter, the Commonwealth Court has entered an order that effectively denied Insurer's claim for declaratory relief. However, JMI's related, but broader, counterclaim for declaratory relief finally resolving Insurer's obligations to defend and indemnify JMI remains pending in the Commonwealth Court. Consequently, the court's order does not resolve the parties' competing claims for declaratory relief; rather, it merely narrows the dispute. Thus, consistent with Pennsylvania Bankers and USOBA , the order is not appealable at this time. This outcome comports with this Court's long-standing and well-founded policy against piecemeal litigation. Pennsylvania Bankers , 948 A.2d at 798-99 . For these reasons, we quash this appeal.

Chief Justice Saylor files a dissenting statement in which Justice Todd joins.