AND NOW, this 21st day of August, 2018, the appeal is DISMISSED as having been improvidently granted.

Justice Wecht files a concurring statement.

While I agree with my colleagues that we granted review improvidently in this case, I nonetheless believe that the concerns that originally prompted us to take the case warrant comment. Because they bear some relation, I discuss both topics below.

Dominic Burno has challenged the sufficiency of the evidence to support his conviction for the crime of criminal trespass, which is defined in relevant part as follows:

(a) Buildings and occupied structures.--

(1) A person commits an offense if, knowing that he is not licensed or privileged to do so, he:

(i) enters, gains entry by subterfuge or surreptitiously remains in any building or occupied structure or separately secured or occupied portion thereof; or

(ii) breaks into any building or occupied structure or separately secured or occupied portion thereof.

18 Pa.C.S. § 3503.

Burno contends that he and several others were parties to an oral lease with Donna Rayson-Hutchinson, which established his legal tenancy in the residential property as to which he was convicted of trespass. As a tenant, he argues, he was licensed and/or privileged to occupy the property, precluding the jury from concluding that he knew that he had no such license or privilege. Put simply, if Burno had license or privilege, then, as a matter of both law and common sense, no jury could convict him of trespass. Cf. Commonwealth v. Burford , 225 Pa. 93 , 73 A. 1064 (1909) (holding that a conviction for trespass cannot stand where the landowner has entered into any contract with the other person giving him the right of entry or occupancy). Accordingly, Burno could not be convicted of criminal trespass, and could be removed from the property only pursuant to the protections of the Landlord and Tenant Act of 1951, 68 P.S. §§ 250.101, et seq. ("LTA"), 1 which prescribes a rigorous and exclusive procedure for the eviction of a tenant. 2

Burno's Petition for Allowance of Appeal reflected this understanding of his argument. As presented, Burno's issue presupposes his legal tenancy in the property. Specifically, he sought, and this Court granted, allowance of appeal as to the following question, taken verbatim from his Petition for Allowance of Appeal:

Whether the Superior Court erred in concluding that the evidence was sufficient to convict [Burno] of criminal trespass, where the evidence showed that [Burno] was a tenant of the residence at issue and had not been properly evicted pursuant to the [LTA] prior to the criminal action having been filed against him?

Commonwealth v. Burno , --- Pa. ----, 170 A.3d 1028 (2017) ( per curiam ) (emphasis added).

Only a barebones account of the facts, which we must view in the light most favorable to the Commonwealth, need be recited. 3 Brenda Hoffman engaged in discussions with Hutchinson concerning a living arrangement in a home owned by Hutchinson. Specifically, in exchange for her tenancy in the home, Hoffman agreed to cover a certain number of Hutchinson's mortgage payments and perform certain repairs on the property. The discussions in question occurred solely between Hutchinson and Hoffman. Moreover, when the agreement soured, Hutchinson dealt solely with Hoffman, and Hoffman characterized the obligations in lieu of rent as her own. However, several other people were present for the property walk-through and when the oral agreement was struck following Hutchinson's and Hoffman's negotiation, including Burno (Hoffman's boyfriend at the time) and Chris Hodges. Hutchinson undisputedly understood that they and others intended to live in the home with Hoffman.

The difficulty that arises upon review of the record, performed with due regard to our deferential standard of review, 4 is that Burno's putative legal tenancy cannot be taken as given. While the record certainly enabled a jury to find factual predicates that would support a judicial finding that Burno was a party to an oral lease with the concomitant right to possess the property, the record did not compel the jury to do so. Consequently, our standard of review obligates us to assume that the jury did not share Burno's view of his legal relationship with Hutchinson.

"[A] lease is in the nature of a contract and is to be controlled by principles of contract law." Pugh v. Holmes , 486 Pa. 272 , 405 A.2d 897 , 903 (1979). Whether an oral contract has been formed, and the contours of any such agreement, present questions of law for the court to answer.

See Witten v. Stout , 284 Pa. 410 , 131 A. 360 , 361 (1925). However, the court's legal interpretation of the existence and nature of a given oral agreement hinge first and foremost upon the findings of fact that provide the circumstances against which the legal question must be resolved. See GMH Assocs., Inc. v. Prudential Realty Grp. , 752 A.2d 889 , 898 (Pa. Super. 2000) ("In the case of a disputed oral contract, what was said and done by the parties as well as what was intended by what was said and done by them are questions of fact."); cf. Thatcher's Drug Store of West Goshen, Inc. v. Consol. Supermarkets, Inc. , 535 Pa. 469 , 636 A.2d 156 , 160 (1994) (embracing the same distinction between questions of law and the fact-finding necessary to enable legal determinations in the related context of promissory estoppel).

Here, the procedural posture- i.e. , a sufficiency of the evidence challenge to a criminal conviction-requires us to construe all such facts in favor of the Commonwealth. Accordingly, we must focus solely upon the evidence that militates in favor of a finding that Burno had no license or privilege to the property at the relevant time. This entails construing the evidence in favor of finding no understanding, no quid pro quo , between Hutchinson and Burno that would support the legal conclusion that they intended to enter, or by conduct entered, into a legally binding oral lease supported by an offer, an acceptance, and an exchange of consideration-that their intent to be bound was demonstrated in their words or deeds. See Pulse Techs., Inc. v. Notaro , 620 Pa. 322 , 67 A.3d 778 , 783 (2013) ; Liss & Marion, P.C. v. Recordex Acquisition Corp. , 603 Pa. 198 , 983 A.2d 652 , 659 (2009) (holding that the intention to enter into a contract may be inferred "from acts in the light of the surrounding circumstances"); see also Rambo v. Greene , 906 A.2d 1232 , 1236 (Pa. Super. 2006) (holding that "objective manifestations" may establish an intent to be bound absent a formal "meeting of minds").

The nature of the relationship between Hutchinson and Burno was anything but uncontested. The testimony regarding the facts and circumstances of the agreement pursuant to which the living arrangement at issue came to be were consistent with the conclusion that the oral lease negotiated by Hutchinson and Hoffman vested Burno with a legal tenancy. 5 Unfortunately for Burno, the testimony also was consistent with the contrary conclusion-that only Hutchinson and Hoffman agreed to the terms of the lease as asserted herein, notwithstanding Hutchinson's foreknowledge that Hoffman would allow others to live with her in the residence under the umbrella of her lease agreement with Hutchinson. 6 Furthermore, although Burno's exclusive reliance upon the assumed premise of tenancy renders this issue moot, the testimony also provided ample basis for a jury to conclude that, not only was Burno not licensed or privileged to remain on the property after Hoffman and the others left, but he knew that he lacked such license or privilege. 7

These discrepancies necessarily render any legal opinion we issue on a question that assumes Burno's legal tenancy provisional and advisory. However, it is not our practice to render such opinions. 8 Consequently, I agree with my fellow Justices that we granted review improvidently, because the question we sought to consider depends upon a premise that our standard of review precludes us from accepting as true, rendering any putative decision hypothetical at best.

I write separately because I find it regrettable that this circumstance precludes us from reaching a question of importance to many residential renters in Pennsylvania. The law recognizes the home as sacrosanct, an overarching principle evident in everything from the law governing search and seizure 9 to mortgage foreclosure 10 to eviction. In the realm of residential leases, in particular, the law, both statutory and common, long has resisted landlord "self-help" in its multifarious forms. 11 Many of these appeared in this case-Hutchinson's unilateral cancellation of essential utility services, her efforts to secure the residence against Burno's entry, and, of course, her engagement of the criminal justice system. 12 To enshrine this principle, the General Assembly long ago implemented the time-consuming and demanding eviction procedure prescribed by the LTA, which undisputedly applies when a legal tenancy is established. Cf. 68 P.S. § 250.602 ("It is intended that this act shall furnish a complete and exclusive system in itself."). Those protections must not be discarded lightly.

Concurring and dissenting below in this case, President Judge Emeritus Bender observed, and I agree, that "[e]viction cases ... should be brought by aggrieved landlords in the appropriate civil forum, as opposed to burdening and abusing the criminal justice system." See Commonwealth v. Burno , 1572 MDA 2015, 2017 WL 838233 , at *7 (Pa. Super. Mar. 3, 2017) (Bender, P.J.E., concurring and dissenting). But it is not just the criminal justice system that is abused. If criminal trespass is allowed to displace the LTA in close cases, it signals to landlords and law enforcement authorities that resort to the Crimes Code presents a ready alternative to engaging the LTA's more laborious, time-consuming process, with potentially injurious consequences for tenants who are legally entitled to the LTA's protections.

The LTA eviction process provides an important bulwark against precipitous and mis- or malfeasant evictions. Consequently, it is imperative that Pennsylvania law enforcement authorities and courts remain vigilant for such abuses, examining criminal prosecutions arising from circumstances similar to these with great skepticism, and that they err in favor of the LTA's protections wherever they may apply.