[J-65-2024]
                     IN THE SUPREME COURT OF PENNSYLVANIA
                                WESTERN DISTRICT

TODD, C.J., DONOHUE, DOUGHERTY, WECHT, MUNDY, BROBSON, McCAFFERY, JJ.


  PENNCREST SCHOOL DISTRICT,                     :   No. 31 WAP 2023
                                                 :
                       Appellee                  :   Appeal from the Order of the
                                                 :   Commonwealth Court entered April
                                                 :   24, 2023, at No. 1463 CD 2021,
                v.                               :   Vacating the Order of the Court of
                                                 :   Common Pleas of Crawford County
                                                 :   entered December 16, 2021, at No.
  THOMAS CAGLE,                                  :   AD 2021-486, and Remanding.
                                                 :
                       Appellant                 :   ARGUED: October 9, 2024

OPINION

 JUSTICE MUNDY                                             DECIDED: AUGUST 19, 2025
       The Right–to–Know Law (“RTKL” or “the law”)1 provides generally a specific set of

 procedures for accessing public records in Pennsylvania. Although defined within the

 statute, due to the ever-evolving nature of technology and related new methods of

 communication, courts in this Commonwealth have been repeatedly tasked with

 discerning whether certain information is considered a record subject to disclosure. Along

 these lines, in this appeal by allowance, we consider the propriety of the Commonwealth

 Court’s decision to vacate the trial court’s order compelling disclosure of Facebook2 posts

 authored by members of a local school board.


 1 See Act of February 14, 2008, P.L. 6, No. 3, 65 P.S. §§ 67.101–67.3104.

 2 “Facebook is a social networking website.   Users of that [website] may post items on
 their Facebook page that are accessible to other users, including Facebook ‘friends’ who
 are notified when new content is posted.” Carr v. Dep't of Transportation, 

,
 (continued…)
                                 I. LEGAL BACKGROUND

       “The RTKL is designed to promote access to official government information in

order to prohibit secrets, scrutinize the actions of public officials, and make public officials

accountable for their actions.” McKelvey v. Pennsylvania Dep't of Health, 

,

400 (Pa. 2021) (citation and internal quotation marks omitted). Consistent with this lofty

goal, it is well-settled that “the law must be construed to maximize access to public

records that are in an agency’s possession.” 

 See also 

 (“[B]ecause the law is

remedial legislation, and encourages the maximization of disclosure, the exemptions from

disclosure must be strictly construed.”).

       “Upon receipt of a written request for access to a record, an agency shall make a

good faith effort to determine if the record requested is a public record . . . and whether

the agency has possession, custody or control of the identified record[.]”             65 P.S.

§ 67.901. Under the RTKL, a public record is, inter alia, a record of a Commonwealth or

local agency. See 65 P.S. § 67.102. A “record” is defined as

       [i]nformation, regardless of physical form or characteristics, that documents
       a transaction or activity of an agency and that is created, received or
       retained pursuant to law or in connection with a transaction, business or
       activity of the agency. The term includes a document, paper, letter, map,
       book, tape, photograph, film or sound recording, information stored or
       maintained electronically and a data-processed or image-processed
       document.
Id.

       This definition contains two parts.       “First, the information must document a

transaction or activity of an agency. . . . Second, the information must be created,


1077 n.1 (Pa. 2020) (citation and some internal quotation marks omitted). “According to
Facebook, Inc., unlike personal Facebook profiles, which are for non-commercial use and
represent individual people, Facebook ‘Pages’ . . . help businesses, organizations, and
brands share their stories and connect with people.” Davison v. Randall, 

 (4th Cir. 2019) (some internal quotation marks omitted).



                                        [J-65-2024] - 2
received or retained pursuant to law or in connection with a transaction, business or

activity of the contracting agency.” W. Chester Univ. of Pennsylvania v. Browne, 

 (Pa. Cmwlth. 2013) (citations omitted). As the RTKL generally presumes a

record in the possession of an agency to be a public record, see 65 P.S. § 67.305, if an

entity wishes to bar disclosure, it must prove by a preponderance of the evidence that the

information sought is privileged or otherwise exempt from disclosure. See, e.g., 65 P.S.

§ 67.708(a)(1) and (b) (Exceptions for public records). Of particular relevance here,

“[s]chool districts are local agencies subject to the RTKL’s public record access

provisions[.]” Cent. Dauphin Sch. Dist. v. Hawkins, 

, 741 (Pa. 2022).

                      II. FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY

      With these legal precepts in mind, we now turn to the relevant factual and

procedural history of the instant matter. In May 2021, a high school library in Penncrest

School District (“Penncrest” or “the district”), located primarily in Crawford County, had

approximately 70 books on display. In anticipation of Pride Month, several of the books

addressed LGBTQ+ issues. A third-party contractor, working for Penncrest, and onsite

at the high school, photographed the display and publicly posted it to Facebook. See

Petition for Judicial Review, 9/16/21, at Ex. C. See also N.T., 11/16/21, 10.

      Shortly thereafter, David Valesky, a member of the Penncrest School Board

(“Board”) publicly “shared” the post on his own personal Facebook account, along with

the following commentary:

      This is on display at Maplewood High School. Besides the point of being
      totally evil, this is not what we need to be teaching kids. They aren’t at
      school to be brainwashed into thinking homosexuality is okay. Its actually
      being promoted to the point where it’s even “cool.”




                                     [J-65-2024] - 3
Answer to Petition for Judicial Review, 10/27/21, at Ex. C (verbatim). Another Board

member, Luigi DeFrancesco, also “shared” the original post on his own personal

Facebook account but did so without adding any additional comment.3 See 

 at Ex. D.

       A few days later, the Meadville Tribune, a local newspaper, published an article

entitled: “Display of LGBTQ books at Maplewood draws debating comments on

Facebook.” 

 at Ex. B. The article indicated that the Tribune had spoken to Valesky,

who stated that he intended to bring the matter up at the next Board meeting. Shortly

thereafter, Thomas Cagle, a local resident, submitted a RTKL request to Penncrest,

seeking disclosure of the following:

       1. All written correspondence (including e-mails) from [Valesky] to
       Penncrest [] officials, employees, or students regarding homosexuality,
       including e-mails originating from [] Valesky’s personal e-mail account,
       between January 1, 2020 through June 13, 2021.

       2. All written correspondence (including e-mails) from [DeFrancesco] to
       Penncrest [] officials, employees, or students regarding homosexuality,
       including e-mails originating from [] DeFrancesco’s personal e-mail
       account, between January 1, 2020 through June 13, 2021.

       3. All Facebook posts and comments by [] Valesky related to homosexuality
       and Penncrest [], its officials, employees, or students, or its curriculum,


3 According to Facebook’s Help Center, each Facebook account contains an “audience

selector” tool, which allows the user to choose a specific audience when posting. These
options include “public,” which “means anyone including people off of Facebook can see
it” and “friends (+ friends of anyone tagged),” an option that “lets you post stuff to your
friends on Facebook. If anyone else is tagged in a post, then the audience expands to
also        include       the      tagged       person        and       their      friends.”
https://www.facebook.com/help/211513702214269/?helpref=uf_share (last accessed
March 21, 2025). A user can also choose to make a post only visible to themselves, or
create a “custom” option, which allows the person to “selectively share something with
specific people, or hide it from specific people.” 

 According to the Commonwealth
Court, “the posts at issue were flagged ‘public,’ and thus viewable by the public before
the posts were flagged ‘private’ or removed.” Penncrest v. Cagle, 

, 800 n.
26 (Pa. Cmwlth. 2023) (en banc). However, it is not entirely clear from the record whether
the posts were accessible to the public in general or only to those that were on the Board
members’ “friends list.”


                                       [J-65-2024] - 4
       physical recourses [sic], or electronic resources, between January 1, 2020
       through June 13, 2021, including posts or comments removed by [] Valesky.

       4. All Facebook posts and comments by [] DeFrancesco related to
       homosexuality and Penncrest [], its officials, employees, or students, or its
       curriculum, physical recourses [sic], or electronic resources, between
       January 1, 2020 through June 13, 2021, including posts or comments
       removed by [] DeFrancesco.

       5. All comments to the Facebook posts identified in request number 3,
       including comments deleted or removed by [] Valesky.

       6. All comments to the Facebook posts identified in request number 4,
       including comments deleted or removed by [] DeFrancesco.
Petition for Judicial Review, 9/16/21, at Ex. A. See also 

 at Ex. C at 1 (asserting that:

(1) members of the Board “are using personal social media and e-mail accounts to

comment and discuss District business[;]” (2) the requested posts and comments have

since been removed or made private; and (3) “[t]he issue of treatment of LGBTQ+

students and related [Penncrest] policies [have become] an important topic of public and

official debate[,]” which is evinced by the fact that “[h]undreds of members of the general

public” attended subsequent school board meetings to address these issues).

       By letter dated July 7, 2021, Penncrest’s Open Records Officer informed Cagle

that Penncrest was granting in part and denying in part his request. More specifically,

while Penncrest provided, inter alia, emails from Valesky’s and DeFrancesco’s

Penncrest-associated accounts, it denied all social media-related inquiries on the basis

that no such posts or comments existed on any Penncrest-owned Facebook accounts.

See 

 at Ex. B. Cagle timely appealed to the Pennsylvania Office of Open Records

(“OOR”).

       After undertaking its own review, the OOR granted relief in Cagle’s favor. In so

doing, the OOR, citing, inter alia, Purdy v. Borough of Chambersburg, No. AP 2017-1229,

 (Pa. Off. Open Recs., filed August 16, 2017), and Boyer v. Wyoming

Borough, No. AP 2018-1110, 

 (Pa. Off. Open Recs., filed September


                                      [J-65-2024] - 5
5, 2018), explained that rather than looking at the ownership of the account, its review

entailed reviewing the contents of the Facebook page to determine whether it was “used

as a significant platform by an elected official or employee to conduct or discuss official

business[.]” OOR Final Determination, 8/24/21, at 7. See also Petition for Judicial

Review, 9/16/21, at Ex. E. Addressing the particular facts of this case, the OOR noted

that when approached for comment by the Meadville Tribune, Valesky stated that the

book display at the center of underlying controversy would be brought up at the next

school board meeting and in fact, the matter was discussed during the June 2021 work

session and Board meeting. Id. at 7-8. The OOR opined that under these circumstances,

the records were subject to disclosure. Id. at 8. See also id. (observing that the District

did not “set forth any additional reasons for withholding the records under the RTKL”).

       Penncrest challenged this decision by filing a Petition for Judicial Review with the

trial court. During the ensuing argument, Penncrest, while conceding that it did not

“matter” whether the at-issue documents were on a School District device or platform,

reiterated that there was “no question” that the Facebook profiles were personal accounts

operated by the individual Board members, as Penncrest did not have its own social

media page.4 N.T., 11/16/21, at 4. Penncrest further explained its belief that for purposes

of the appeal, the relevant inquiry was whether the information sought was “a record or a

public record of the District.” Id. at 4. In an attempt to answer this question, Penncrest

explained that while there was some public discussion about the book display at a Board

meeting, “there was never an agenda item with regard to the issue at hand[.]”             Id.

Consequently, in Penncrest’s view, the posts and comments pertaining to the book

display on the personal Facebook accounts of two board members were not records

4 By this time, the only issue remaining involved the disclosure of the Board member’s

Facebook posts and comments. See N.T., 11/16/21, at 3-4 (explaining that the email
component of Cagle’s RTKL request had since been resolved).


                                     [J-65-2024] - 6
under the RTKL. Id. at 4-5. See also id. at 6 (arguing “that the information that was

sought did not document any transaction or activity of the District”); and id. at 7 (insisting

that there was no support for Cagle’s suggestion that the Board members “were somehow

acting in their official capacities”).

       For his part, Cagle contested Penncrest’s claim that the posts did not discuss

district business. See id. at 12 (“[T]he District in [its] brief admits that the [l]ibrary books

that were in the photograph are assets of the District. [It] admit[s] that the display in

question was created by a District employee. As I mentioned, two [] Board members

shared that post. One of those [] Board members shared additional comments to that

post addressing what students are learning. And that’s the essence of the [] District; what

students are learning. If that’s not District business, then nothing is.”). Unsurprisingly,

Cagle continued to argue in favor of disclosure, maintaining that “[p]ublic business should

not be discussed in secret by government officials using their personal accounts.” Id. at

15.

       The trial court took the matter under advisement and on December 16, 2021, filed

an opinion and order denying Penncrest’s petition. In its opinion, the trial court conceded

that at first blush, Penncrest’s primary argument, i.e., that it did not own, possess, or have

access to the private Facebook accounts of two Board members and thus, its contents

did not meet the definition of a record, was “appealing.” Opinion and Order, 12/16/21, at

2. However, upon closer inspection, the court found that it did “not matter if a Facebook

post was made on the school’s Facebook page or on the personal computer of the [B]oard

member’s private Facebook page.” Id. at 3. This is because, the court explained, “[t]hese

posts can become a ‘record’ if they are created by person(s) acting as a school board

member and contain information related to a school transaction, business or activity.” Id.

See also id. at 5 (“Public officials commenting about public business do not need the




                                         [J-65-2024] - 7
approval or authorization of the agency to express their views.”). Regarding Valesky’s

post specifically, the court found that Valesky described the book display as “evil,” and

indicated his intent to bring the matter up for discussion at the next Board meeting. In the

trial court’s view, these statements reflected Valesky’s belief as a “Board member that the

display of the school’s books in the school library was an activity for which the school

board could take action.” Id. at 4. Finding that Valesky was expressing his views about

a topic that is clearly within the purview of the Board, the trial court opined that Valesky

had created a public record subject to RTKL disclosure. Id.

         Altogether, the trial court found that “the Facebook posts being requested in this

case involve communications between two Board members directly related to a

transaction, business or activity within the core oversight responsibilities of the [] Board[,]”

and it was of no moment that it was not a Board agenda item. Id. at 4-5. In fact, the court

found that there was a “stronger argument” in favor of disclosure of Facebook posts under

the RTKL because it is a “platform to express viewpoints far faster and more broadly than

a private email.” Id. at 3. In this regard, the trial court declined to accept “Penncrest’s

constrained conception of what constitutes business or activity” of a school board,

emphasizing that “the statutory definition of record does not require that the business or

activity be an agenda item.” Id. at 5. On these bases, the trial court held that Penncrest’s

appeal was without merit. Id. at 6. Penncrest timely appealed to the Commonwealth

Court.

         In a published opinion authored by Judge Lori Dumas, a split en banc panel of the

Commonwealth Court vacated the trial court’s order and remanded with instructions.

Penncrest v. Cagle, 

 (Pa. Cmwlth. 2023) (en banc).5 To begin, the court

engaged in a lengthy discussion of the RTKL, including distilling the meaning of “record”


5 Judges McCullough, Covey, and Wallace dissented without opinion.




                                       [J-65-2024] - 8
under the statute. See, e.g., id. at 789 (“Courts have construed the following phrases

within th[e] definition [of ‘record:’] (1) ‘documents a transaction or activity of an agency[;’]

(2) ‘in connection with a transaction, business or activity[;’] and (3) ‘of the agency.’”). To

assist in this endeavor, the Commonwealth Court relied heavily upon prior cases that

dealt with the RTKL and in particular, disclosure of emails belonging to public figures. See

id. at 789-791 (defining: (1) “documents” as “proves, supports, or evidences[;]” (2) “in

connection with a transaction, business or activity” as, inter alia, a post that “directly

relates to the agency’s governmental function[;]” and (3) “of the agency” as a limited

phrase indicating “a record’s origin.”).

       Although consulting this area of RTKL cases as part of its review, the court

acknowledged that “email differs from social media as a method of communication.” Id.

at 793. Narrowing its review, the intermediate court, recognizing the dearth of case law

in this Commonwealth pertaining to a RTKL request for records of social media activity,

addressed two OOR cases that were recently decided. See Purdy and Boyer.

       As explained by the court:

       In Purdy, the requester sought from the borough all Facebook posts and
       comments from the mayor’s private Facebook account. The borough
       opposed the request, arguing that the requester sought “records of a private
       Facebook account because the account was not created, administered[,] or
       required by the” borough. The OOR granted the request, reasoning that
       the mayor's page (1) contained “discussions and posts regarding” borough
       activities, and (2) was linked to the borough’s page. The OOR considered
       “immaterial” that the borough had no oversight and did not authorize the
       mayor's Facebook account.

               In Boyer, the requester solicited from the borough extensive
       information from the mayor's “public figure” Facebook page. The borough
       opposed, arguing that the requester sought records of a private Facebook
       account not controlled by the borough. Citing Purdy, the OOR rejected the
       borough’s argument. The OOR maintained that it was required to examine
       the content of the Facebook page to determine whether it was “used as a
       significant platform by an elected official to conduct official business.” The
       OOR defined “official business” as including the statutory “powers and


                                        [J-65-2024] - 9
       duties of borough mayors.” . . . [In this case, t]he OOR granted Boyer’s
       appeal in part, the court of common pleas reversed, and the requester[
       appealed.6]


Id. at 793-94 (internal footnotes and citations omitted). Pertinently, the panel observed

that in “both decisions, the OOR examined whether (1) the public official’s page had the

‘trappings’ of an official agency page, and (2) the contents of the posts reflected agency

activities or business.” Id. at 794. See also id. (noting that when “addressing whether the

posts reflected agency activities or business, the OOR considered the public official’s

statutory duties and powers”).

       Turning to case law from our sister states, the Commonwealth Court explained that

“[o]utside of Pennsylvania, few courts have addressed the disclosure of a public official’s

social media activity in an RTKL context. For example, a Washington state court resolved

whether posts on a city council member’s personal Facebook page were subject to

disclosure under that state’s RTKL equivalent.” Id. at 795 (citing West v. Puyallup, 

 (Wash. Ct. App. 2018). In deciding whether the member authored the posts in

her scope of employment, the Washington court inquired whether: (1) her position as a

public official required the posts; (2) the city directed the posts; or (3) the posts furthered

the city’s interests. See West, 

.

       The panel also consulted federal case law relating to civil rights actions under 

. It explained that in resolving liability under Section 1983, courts have

considered whether a public official was acting in his official capacity when engaging in

social media activity. See id. at 796 (noting lack of uniformity regarding how each circuit



6 As noted supra, these cases were cited by the OOR in support of granting Cagle relief.

Since then, a separate panel adjudicated an appeal filed in Boyer by remanding to the
trial court for the application of the analytical framework articulated by the court in this
case, as discussed in more detail infra. See Wyoming Borough v. Boyer, 

(Pa. Cmwlth. 2023).


                                      [J-65-2024] - 10
resolves Section 1983 claims, as some looked at the social media account as a whole,

while others considered the contents of the social media posts more heavily).

       Taken together, the court concluded that if “a public official posts on the agency’s

official, authorized social media account, then the RTKL analysis appears relatively

straightforward” and “[p]resumptively, such posts would be public records.” Id. at 799.

Alternatively, “if a public official posted a personal social media post, e.g., a family

birthday, wedding, or other gathering, on the agency’s social media account, the post

probably would not be a record[,]” as “[a] record must document an agency transaction

or activity and be created in connection with agency business.” Id. at 799-800 (footnote

omitted). In other words, “social media activity must comply with three criteria: (1) it must

prove, support, or evidence an agency’s transaction or activity; (2) it was created,

received, or retained in connection with an agency’s transaction, business, or activity;

and (3) it was created by, originated with, or possessed by the agency.” Id. at 798-99

(footnotes omitted).

       Unfortunately, the court explained, the instant matter did not present such a

straightforward scenario. See id. at 800 (“Instantly, we must resolve whether a public

official’s public post on his personal social media account is an agency ‘record.’”)

(emphasis in original)). Thus, the court opted to craft its own analytical framework, setting

forth several nonexclusive factors that it believed should be considered when resolving

whether a social media post was “of an agency” under the RTKL. In particular, the court

directed examination of “the social media account itself, including the private or public

status of the account, as well as whether the account has the ‘trappings’ of an official

agency account.” Id. at 801. The court noted that as part of this review, one must

“consider whether the school board member has an actual or apparent duty to operate




                                      [J-65-2024] - 11
the account or whether the authority of the public office itself is required to run the

account.” Id.

        Second, the panel explained the necessity of reviewing the at-issue posts to

discern “whether such posts prove, support, or evidence a transaction or activity of an

agency.” Id. (emphasis in original). See also id. (explaining that “the content of the posts

may be reviewed to address whether the posts were merely informational in nature, i.e.,

did not directly prove, support, or evidence the agency’s governmental functions”). Along

these lines, the court further directed consideration of whether “the information at issue

[is] created, received, or retained by public officials in their official capacity, i.e., scope of

employment, as public officials.” Id. at 802. See also id. (“We may consider whether the

agency required the posts, the agency directed the posts, or whether the posts furthered

the agency’s interests.”).

        Based on the foregoing, and the panel’s explicit disagreement with the trial court’s

analysis, the court vacated the lower court’s order and remanded the matter to the trial

court to expand the record as needed to resolve whether the Board members’ social

media activity constituted an agency record subject to disclosure under the RTKL. Id.

Cagle filed a petition for allowance of appeal to this Court.

                         III. ISSUE AND STANDARD OF REVIEW
        We granted Cagle’s petition, limited to the following issue, which was rephrased

for clarity:

        Whether the Right to Know Law, 65 P.S. §§ 67.101 - 67.3104, requires the
        disclosure of school board members’ social media posts on their private
        Facebook accounts relating to the propriety of a display of certain books in
        the school library.


Cagle v. Penncrest, 

 (Pa. 2023) (per curiam). Before resolving this question,

however, we must first determine whether the Commonwealth Court’s decision is in line


                                        [J-65-2024] - 12
with the RTKL and its provisions. This requires an interpretation of the RTKL, which

raises a pure question of law and “thus, our standard of review is de novo and our scope

of review is plenary.” McKelvey, supra, 255 A.3d at, 397 n.13 (Pa. 2021).


                               IV. PARTIES’ ARGUMENTS
   A. Cagle’s Arguments
       Cagle urges this Court to reverse the Commonwealth Court’s decision to the extent

that it rejected the RTKL’s “straightforward statutory standard[] in favor of a convoluted

test for determining whether materials on personal social media accounts are ‘records.’”

Cagle’s Brief at 9. Cagle explains that it has long been understood that the term “record”

under the RTKL “refers to any ‘information’ that ‘documents a transaction or activity of an

agency and that is created, received or retained pursuant to law or in connection with a

transaction, business or activity of the agency[,]’ . . . ‘regardless of [the] physical form or

characteristics.’” Id. at 12 (quoting 65 P.S. § 67.102). Indeed, Cagle asserts that this

definition, which is “owed a liberal construction[,] . . . can encompass not only papers, but

also information stored or maintained electronically[.]"       Id. (internal quotation marks

omitted).

       Turning to the case sub judice, Cagle contends that the only relevant questions

are whether the requested information: “(1) documents a transaction or activity of the

District[;] and (2) was created, received or retained either [] pursuant to law,[] or [] in

connection with a transaction, business or activity of the agency.” Id. at 13 (emphasis

and internal quotation marks omitted). Cagle maintains that the requested documents

“undoubtedly meet this standard[,]” see id., as the Facebook posts document an activity

of the District, i.e., involve officials discussing District functions and operations, and were

created, received, and retained in connection with activity of the District. See id. 14, 16.

See also id. at 15-16 (“Cagle’s request seeks Facebook posts to or from members of the



                                      [J-65-2024] - 13
school board, and only to the extent those posts relate to both ‘homosexuality’ and some

aspect of the District’s work[.] . . . Board members’ statements like Valesky’s . . . bear on

the work of the school board by documenting a discussion that occurs between board

members about the very issues for which they make decisions as a board.” (emphasis in

original omitted)); id. at 17 (“The Facebook posts clearly refer to the District’s functions

and responsibilities, including those of board members.”); id. at 18 (“Constructive

possession triggers an agency’s statutory obligation either to release a requested

document or to justify its withholding under an RTKL exemption or privilege.”).

       Consistent with the foregoing, Cagle disagrees with the Commonwealth Court’s

decision to vacate the lower court’s order and remand the matter for reconsideration

under its newly-announced framework. In fact, Cagle maintains that the intermediate

court’s new “test” conflicts with both the RTKL’s language and structure. For example,

he contends that the panel’s “holding that social media accounts should be examined for

their ‘trappings’ treats social media differently from all other information potentially subject

to the RTKL.” Id. at 20. This, Cagle insists, “cannot be squared with the law’s text[,]” as

the statute contains only one definition for the term “record.” Id. at 20-21. Thus, he

asserts that it “does not matter under the RTKL whether a Facebook page has, for

example, the District’s logo, just as it would not matter if a memorandum is on the District’s

letterhead.” Id. at 21. See also id. (“There is no dispute that emails on officials’ private

accounts can be subject to the RTKL[.] . . . It should likewise make no difference whether

a social media post appears on a personal or government-owned account.”).

       Similarly, Cagle contends that the Commonwealth Court’s “crabbed view” of when

information documents an agency activity cannot stand. Id. In fact, Cagle finds the

panel’s holding that material cannot document an agency activity if is merely informational

to be contrary to prior precedent and in tension with the settled proposition that the RTKL




                                       [J-65-2024] - 14
be liberally construed. Id. at 22. See also id. (“For example, the statute expressly

provides that records may include ‘map[s]’ and ‘photograph[s],’ refuting the

Commonwealth Court’s suggestion that posts that are ‘informational in nature’ cannot

document an agency’s activity.”).

       Cagle further argues that the Commonwealth Court “erred by incorporating an

‘official capacity’ requirement into the” new test, emphasizing that the court “offered no

textual justification” to support this factor. Id. at 24. Per Cagle, the legislature’s decision

not to incorporate an “official capacity” factor is fatal to the Commonwealth Court’s

standard and, regardless, “[t]he structure of the RTKL also refutes the ‘official capacity’

standard[.]” Id. at 24-25. See also id. at 24 (noting that the words “official capacity” do

not appear in the statute and although the lower court cited to precedent under Section

1983, this civil rights statute “does not remotely resemble the RTKL and there is no

indication that the Legislature intended to model the RTKL on Section 1983.”).

       Finally, Cagle claims that even if the RTKL were ambiguous, the Commonwealth

Court’s new test would still be “erroneous” as it is incongruent “with the RTKL’s purpose,

creates incentives for officials to evade the law, and weakens judicial oversight in RTKL

cases.” Id. at 25. He explains:

       First, the test devised by the lower court would improperly prevent critical
       access to information about how our government is working. . . . Second,
       the Commonwealth Court’s standard would create perverse incentives for
       public officials to use private accounts to conduct public business, even
       though they are frequently less secure. . . . Third, by narrowing the scope
       of documents that qualify as “records” subject to the RTKL, the
       Commonwealth Court's standard weakens the ability of requesters and
       courts to test whether the government has met its burden under the RTKL
       to justify withholding documents. . . . Finally, the Commonwealth Court’s
       standard is not necessary to protect the legitimate personal privacy interests
       of government officials and employees.




                                      [J-65-2024] - 15
Id. at 26-30.7

B. Penncrest’s Arguments8

       In Penncrest’s view, “[i]t is not what was said in these individual [B]oard members’

social media accounts that matters nearly as much as where it was said[.]” Penncrest

Brief at 14. The district finds support for this proposition in the United States Supreme


7 Amici curiae the Pennsylvania Newsmedia Association, Reporters Committee for
Freedom of the Press, and the Cornell Law School First Amendment Clinic (collectively,
“Amici curiae”), urge this Court to reject the newly-created analytical framework
articulated by the panel below. Amici curiae explain that this new test “is overly complex
and favors denial, which would lead to inappropriate delays and denials inconsistent with
the goals of the remedial RTKL.” Amici curiae Brief at 10. See also id. at 7-10 (discussing
cases that employed, without issue, the existing two-part test “to determine whether the
posts are encompassed within the definition of ‘record’”). Applying the existing test here,
Amici curiae maintain that the requested records “indisputably relate to this core curricular
duty of” the Board and are subject to disclosure. Id. at 11.
       The foregoing notwithstanding, Amici curiae also believe that the Commonwealth
Court’s directive that the matter be remanded to the lower court for the submission of
additional evidence specific to social media records sets a dangerous precedent. See id.
at 14 (“The court’s pronouncement, if allowed to stand, would write into the RTKL a rule
specific to social media records, encouraging agencies to invoke it and delay disclosure,
potentially for years, while litigation unfolds despite having failed to meet their burden of
proof before the OOR. . . . If the General Assembly had intended to create a social media-
exemption specific rule, it could have done so; instead, it applied the same evidentiary
burdens, procedures, and strict timelines across the board.”). Accordingly, Amici curiae
ask this Court to reverse the intermediate court’s decision.
8 At the outset, Penncrest resurrects a constitutional argument that was found to be

waived on appeal. See Penncrest’s Brief at 10 n.4 (claiming that the First Amendment is
important when considering “whether posting thoughts and opinions on private social
media accounts is enough to constitute a ‘record’ under the RTKL.”). See also Penncrest,
293 A.3d at 788 n. 6 (“Penncrest apparently argues that Board members do not lose their
First Amendment right to express their opinions on matters of personal interest. …
Because Penncrest failed to raise this issue in its [Pa.R.A.P.] 1925(b) statement,
Penncrest waived the issue for appellate review.”). Penncrest does not contest the
intermediate court’s waiver determination and we decline the district’s invitation to
overlook this finding in favor of reviewing this constitutional argument. See Penncrest’s
Brief at 7 n.3. In any event, the issue in this case is whether the Board members’ posts
were subject to disclosure under the RTKL and not, as Penncrest seemingly suggests,
whether the members were permitted to comment on the library display in the first
instance.


                                      [J-65-2024] - 16
Court’s recent decision in Lindke v. Freed, 

 (2024), where a city manager

used his personal, public Facebook page to post about a wide range of topics, including

his family and his job. A local city resident left comments on some of these posts,

expressing his displeasure with the city’s approach to ongoing issues. The city manager

deleted these comments and subsequently blocked the resident from commenting on his

posts. The resident sued the manager under Section 1983, alleging that the city manager

had violated his First Amendment rights. Ultimately, in an opinion authored by Justice

Amy Coney Barrett, the High Court concluded that “a government official[’s] posts about

job-related topics on social media . . . is attributable to the State only if the official (1)

possessed actual authority to speak on the State's behalf, and (2) purported to exercise

that authority when he spoke on social media.” Lindke, 

.

       In its brief, Penncrest specifically focuses on a hypothetical posed by Justice

Barrett, which the district contends is directly on point with the question before this Court:

       Consider a hypothetical from the offline world. A school board president
       announces at a school board meeting that the board has lifted pandemic-
       era restrictions on public schools. The next evening, at a backyard barbecue
       with friends whose children attend public schools, he shares that the board
       has lifted the pandemic-era restrictions. The former is state action taken in
       his official capacity as school board president; the latter is private action
       taken in his personal capacity as a friend and neighbor. While the substance
       of the announcement is the same, the context—an official meeting versus
       a private event—differs. He invoked his official authority only when he acted
       as school board president.

 at 201–02.
       In Penncrest’s opinion, “Justice Barrett’s profound ‘offline world’ hypothetical

provides much needed clarity to the ‘murky’ online world and expansive definitions Cagle

would have this Court adopt.” Penncrest’s Brief at 17. Reiterating that it is not what was

said as much as where it was said, “i.e.[,] a public meeting or a backyard barbe[c]ue[,]”

Penncrest urges us to “heed caution when deciding whether to expand the definition of a



                                      [J-65-2024] - 17
‘record’ under the RTKL to personal Facebook, or any, social media platform accounts.”

       Relatedly, Penncrest insists that the Facebook posts are not records,9 as they

neither documented a transaction or activity, see id. at 24 (“Here, the Facebook post in

question in this matter was originally posted by an unrelated third party from his own

personal electronic device. . . . DeFrancesco and [] Valesky did not generate the original

post by the unrelated third party. Instead, they ‘shared’ it from personal accounts.”), nor

were they in connection with a transaction, business, or activity. See id. at 25 (“Valesky’s

quote about the display in the Meadville Tribune article demonstrated that there was no

Board (agency) action taken. In fact, [] Valesky simply stated that, ‘[w]e’re just kind of

discussing it at this point,’ to describe conversations he had with [the Superintendent] and

[] DeFrancesco, not the whole Board in public session.”). See also id. at 26 (“[E]ven if []

DeFrancesco and [] Valesky’s posts did relate to agency business, [i]ndividual Board

members cannot act on behalf of the Board, unless the authority is delegated to them by

the Board” (internal quotation marks omitted)); and id. at 29 (“Penncrest’s Social Media

Policy demonstrates that social media posts on a personal account are not ‘of the

agency.’”).

       Finally, Penncrest insists that if “Cagle’s position is adopted by this Court, all public

officials in the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania will be subject to the inspection of their

personal social media accounts, via the RTKL, for any post, at any time, whatsoever.” Id.

at 34. See also id. at 35 (“If this Court adopts Cagle’s argument, the RTKL will blur the


9 Penncrest also challenges the statutory presumption that all records in an agency’s

possession are presumed to be public records. See 65 P.S. § 67.305. Echoing the
Commonwealth Court below, Penncrest avers that this premise appears to be in tension
with 65 P.S. § 67.1101, which states that on appeal, the requester must articulate the
grounds upon which he asserts that the record is a public record. See 65 P.S. §
67.1101(a)(1). See also Penncrest’s Brief at 19-21.


                                       [J-65-2024] - 18
lines of personal thought, and public office, to a point that it will be irretrievably broken

and incapable of being remedied.”).10, 11
                                     V. DISCUSSION
10 In his reply brief, Cagle asserts that Penncrest largely avoids discussing the RTKL’s

text, and “has no response to [his] reliance on the ordinary meaning of RTKL terms[.]”
Cagle’s Reply Brief at 2-3. Cagle further claims that Penncrest’s “emphasis on the
administrative appeal feature” of Section 67.1101(a)(1) is misplaced. He explains: “[t]hat
feature provides that requesters appealing an agency’s denial shall state the grounds
upon which the requester asserts that the record is a public record. It does not in any
way lessen the RTKL’s emphatic presumption that agency records are public and subject
to disclosure.” Id. at 4 (internal citation and quotation marks omitted).
        Cagle likewise disputes Penncrest’s interpretation of RTKL’s legislative history,
emphasizing that the law was meant to expand the definition of “public record.” Id. at 5-
7. He criticizes the District’s reliance on Lindke as well, noting that the U.S. Supreme
Court decision interpreted “an inapposite federal civil rights law.” Id. at 1, 9. See also id.
at 9 (“Unlike Section 1983, the RTKL’s designation of a ‘record’ does not hinge on whether
the record demonstrates or constitutes ‘state action,’ as that term is used in the federal
civil rights context.”); and id. at 14 (“Reversing the decision below would not chill
employe[es’] protected speech or open the door to inspections of public employees’ social
media accounts ‘for any post, at anytime, whatsoever.’” (citation omitted)).
11 Amici curiae the Pennsylvania School Boards Association, the Pennsylvania State

Association of Township Supervisors, and the Pennsylvania State Association of
Boroughs (collectively, “Amici”), note that the question posed to this Court is whether the
RTKL requires disclosure of a board member’s social media posts. “Amici respectfully
submit that no, it does not.” Amici Brief at 5. In fact, Amici insist that “[s]uch a blanket,
black-and-white requirement could impose a chilling effect on the willingness of qualified,
knowledgeable, and necessary individuals to serve their local communities.” Id. See also
id. at 12 (explaining that school board members, among other local elected officials, “are
often motivated to serve due to the very reason of their personal entwinement with their
local communities. . . . It is common for [board members], in particular, to be
parents/guardians or grandparents of children who attend the district, or siblings or
spouses of district employees. District issues are [thus] interwoven with multiple facets
of [board members’] lives.” (emphasis in original omitted)). See also id. at 13 (“It is urged
that this Court be attentive to local leaders’ concerns that a post, even innocuous in nature
and about friends or family, may be subject to disclosure pursuant to the RTKL simply by
nature of mentioning school district, township, or borough activity.”). Thus, Amici agrees
with the Commonwealth Court’s decision, which it believes “appropriately recognizes the
detailed analysis required to determine whether such activity reaches the level of ‘official
activity’ to justify such an intrusion.” Id. at 5. See also id at 17 (“[J]ust because a local
leader has a personal relationship with the community they serve does not automatically
transform the individuals posts about the community into a public record pursuant to the
RTKL.”).


                                      [J-65-2024] - 19
       The threshold question, i.e., whether the Commonwealth Court’s decision to

remand the matter for the consideration of certain factors not addressed by the trial court

in the first instance is contrary to the RTKL and its provisions, is a matter of statutory

interpretation. “The object of all interpretation and construction of statutes is to ascertain

and effectuate the intention of the General Assembly. Every statute shall be construed,

if possible, to give effect to all its provisions.” 1 Pa.C.S. § 1921(a). In interpreting a

statute, “we begin by considering the plain meaning of the statute’s language. If the

statute’s plain language is unambiguous, we must apply it without employing familiar

canons of construction and without considering legislative intent.” Dubose v. Quinlan,

 (Pa. 2017) (citations and footnote omitted). See also Easton Area

Sch. Dist. v. Miller, 

, 724 (Pa. 2020) (“Only when the words of a statute are

not explicit do we resort to other considerations in discerning the intent of the

legislature.”).

       Turning to the relevant provisions of the statute, per the RTKL, “[u]nless otherwise

provided by law, a public record . . . shall be accessible for inspection and duplication[.]”

65 P.S. § 67.701(a). A “public record” is defined as “[a] record, including a financial

record, of a Commonwealth or local agency” that is not exempt from being disclosed or

otherwise protected by a privilege. 65 P.S. § 67.102. As noted above, under the law,

“[i]nformation, regardless of physical form or characteristics,” is considered a record if it

“documents a transaction or activity of an agency” and “is created, received or retained

pursuant to law or in connection with a transaction, business or activity of the agency.”

Id. See also id. (providing that the term “record” includes “a document, paper, letter, map,

book, tape, photograph, film or sound recording, information stored or maintained

electronically and a data-processed or image-processed document”).




                                      [J-65-2024] - 20
       Taken together, the law’s clear and unambiguous language allows for the

disclosure of all types of information, including, but certainly not limited to, postings on

digital platforms, if they are found to document a transaction or activity “of an agency,”

and were created, received or retained pursuant to law or in connection with a transaction,

business or activity “of the agency.” Id. These provisions, unambiguous on their face,

provide for a two-part inquiry that applies equally to all forms of communication, including

Facebook posts.

       In this case, it is seemingly undisputed that for purposes of the RTKL, Penncrest

is an “agency,” and the at-issue social media posts requested by Cagle, like other forms

of communication, constitute information that may be subject to disclosure under the

RTKL if it meets the threshold requirements cited above. That is to say, to determine if

the information sought in this case was subject to disclosure, the trial court was required

to consider whether it: (1) documented a transaction or activity of an agency; and (2) was

created, received, or retained by an agency. Id. As detailed supra, the trial court found

that the Facebook posts were disclosable records under the RTKL.

       On appeal, the Commonwealth Court was charged with reviewing the trial court’s

decision under an abuse of discretion standard. Cognizant of the RTKL and its provisions,

the intermediate court spent a significant portion of its opinion addressing how the law

defines “record.” Of particular significance, the intermediate court acknowledged that, to

discern whether the posts were records under the RTKL, the reviewing court was required

to determine whether the information was “of the agency.” See Penncrest, 293 A.3d at

788-793; id. at 788-89 (“Specifically, we examine how the RTKL defines ‘record,’ including

how a ‘record’ must document a transaction or activity of an agency.”); and id. at 798 (“To

briefly reiterate, Section 102 of the RTKL defines ‘record’ as information, e.g., social

media activity, ‘that documents a transaction or activity of an agency and that is created,




                                     [J-65-2024] - 21
received or retained pursuant to law or in connection with a transaction, business or

activity of the agency.’”). Ultimately, the court found that the trial court’s analysis as to

whether the posts constituted agency records was lacking and remanded the matter for

further consideration. We agree.

       Whether a record is “of an agency” is a fact-specific inquiry, see, e.g., Grine v.

Cnty. Of Ctr., 

 (Pa. Cmwlth. 2016) (“In discerning whether records qualify

as records ‘of’ a particular agency, we consider the subject-matter of the records. The

location of the record or an agency’s possession does not guarantee that a record is

accessible to the public; rather, the character of the record controls.” (citations omitted)),

and as recognized by both parties, this Court has yet to encounter a case which is on all

fours with the present matter.

       However, there are several decisions from this Court, and the tribunals below, that

are helpful in informing our analysis here. For example, in Purdy and Boyer, supra, the

OOR addressed the disclosure of content posted to a social media page by consulting

the RTKL’s definition of “record.”12 In Purdy, the OOR found it immaterial whether the

local agency had oversight over the Facebook account or authorized the public official to

maintain such an account. In Boyer, the OOR, citing Purdy, explained that instead of

determining who or what entity controlled the social media profile, it was required to look

“at whether the content of the Facebook page show[ed] that it [was] used as a significant

platform by an elected official to conduct official business such as ‘among other things,

economic development, community planning, maintenance, public safety and community

service projects within the Borough.’” Boyer, 

, at *3.



12 While useful when considering the interplay between the RTKL and social media, the

decisions in Boyer and Purdy are not binding on this Court, see, e.g., In re Melamed, 

, 499 n.16 (Pa. Cmwlth. 2022), and our citation to these cases should not be
viewed as an endorsement of their holdings.

                                      [J-65-2024] - 22
       Prior   to   these   decisions,     the   Commonwealth     Court   addressed     email

communications. See, e.g., Easton Area Sch. Dist. v. Baxter, 

 (Pa. Cmwlth.

2012). In Easton, the court found that “emails should not be considered ‘records’ just

because they are sent and received using an agency email address or by virtue of their

location on an agency-owned computer[.]” 

. See also 

 (providing that

personal emails that do not document activity of an agency “are simply not records”). 13

Stated differently, in resolving that matter, the court seemingly acknowledged that it could

not view the information in a vacuum, i.e., the emails could not be deemed an agency

record “simply by virtue of their location[.]” 

 Rather, it was required to consult the

particular facts attendant to that case to discern whether the information was “of an

agency.”    See 

 (“While emails located on an agency-owned computer are not

presumptively records of the agency simply by virtue of their location, emails that

document the agency’s transactions or activities are records.”). See also Barkeyville

Borough v. Stearns, 

 (Pa. Cmwlth. 2012) (finding that emails were subject

to disclosure because, inter alia, the council members were acting in their official capacity

as elected officials when they “exchanged emails that documented the Borough’s

consideration of land development plans”).

       These cases, and others, support the consideration of certain factors that may be

pertinent only under a particular set of circumstances when discerning whether

information satisfies the RTKL’s two-part test. This notwithstanding, Cagle insists that in

this case, the Commonwealth Court created a social-media specific test. Cagle argues

that the new “test” created by the Commonwealth Court is contrary to, inter alia, the

13 The Easton court also addressed and rejected an argument similar to that raised by

Penncrest regarding the Board members acting in their official capacities. See Easton,

 (explaining that “[w]hile an individual school board member lacks the
authority to take final action on behalf of the entire board, that individual acting in his or
her official capacity, nonetheless, constitutes agency activity when discussing agency
business”).

                                         [J-65-2024] - 23
RTKL’s language because the statute contains only a single definition for the term

“record.” See, e.g., Cagle’s Brief at 10. See also 65 P.S. § 67.102 (defining record).

       In our view, the Commonwealth Court did not adopt a social-media specific test,

and to the extent the lower court’s analysis can be interpreted as such, we reject that

notion.14 In fact, we find little about the intermediate court’s analysis “new,” since many

of the factors articulated in its opinion have been considered in various other RTKL cases

involving other types of information. For example, when deciding whether an email from

a personal account is a public record subject to disclosure, courts have considered, inter

alia, whether the agency member was acting in his “official capacity” when sending the

email. See 

 See also Penncrest, 293 A.3d at 800 (“Under our email

jurisprudence, we would consider whether the school board member created the post

with the school board’s authority or the post was later ratified by the school board, . . .

i.e., in the school board member’s official capacity.”).

       Along these lines, we agree with the Commonwealth Court that in this case, the

trial court was required, but failed, to consider a host of different factors when assessing

whether the Facebook posts documented a transaction or activity “of an agency.” See,

e.g., Bagwell v. Off. of Atty. Gen., 

, at *1, *3 (Pa. Cmwlth. 2015)

(memorandum opinion) (finding that email sent from judge’s private email address to

former prosecutor at a non-Office of Attorney General email address after his employment

with the agency had ended did not qualify as a record, as it did not document a activity or

transaction of the OAG). See also Tricia S. Lontz, Striking the Proper Balance Between

the Public's Right to Access Official Governmental Information and the Right of Private

Entities to Keep Information Private: An Examination of Office of the Governor v. Bari, 22

14 Likewise, we distance ourselves from any suggestion that the factors articulated by the

Commonwealth Court in this case must be applied in every case that involves social
media. That being said, these considerations may prove useful in resolving matters
involving similar forms of communication.

                                      [J-65-2024] - 24
Widener L.J. 419, 430 (2013) (“If the goal of the RTKL is to increase governmental

transparency, allowing access to private information because of a marginal governmental

connection would not further this goal. Information created and retained by private entities

does not further this goal because the government has no true input, influence, or interest

in the information retained and therefore the public interest in serving as a watchdog over

the government is inapplicable to such information.”). This is because, as observed by

Amici, school board members are often part of their local community and thus, district

issues are frequently “interwoven with multiple facets” of members’ lives. Amici Brief at

12 (emphasis in original omitted). Under such facts, it is necessary to consider, inter alia,

whether a board member is posting his personal views on a private page to a limited

audience or if he is publicly discussing board business in his official capacity. See 

 (recognizing the difference between a school board president’s district-related

announcement at a school board meeting versus a backyard barbecue); see also

Penncrest, 293 A.3d at 801 (explaining that “the content of the posts may be reviewed to

address whether the posts were merely informational in nature”). Likewise, the content

of the post is relevant to discerning whether the information evinces a transaction or

activity of an agency. See 

 This is especially relevant when considering

Facebook postings, as “[m]any use social media for personal communication, official

communication, or both—and the line between the two is often blurred.”15 Lindke, 

; see also Penncrest, 293 A.3d at 801 (noting the importance of examining

“the social media account itself, including the private or public status of the account, as

well as whether the account has the ‘trappings’ of an official agency account.”).



15 While Lindke involved a civil rights action filed under Section 1983, which differs in

several material ways from the RTKL, Justice Barrett’s hypothetical nonetheless
highlights the importance of considering the context in which the sought-after information
was made.

                                      [J-65-2024] - 25
       To be clear, the RTKL’s definition of a record is straightforward and identifies no

type-specific tests. That said, we cannot ignore the fact that, although the RTKL contains

only one definition of “record,” resolving whether a Facebook profile or page is a record

“of an agency” requires the consideration of facts that would be relevant only to that

particular form of communication, under those specific facts. Indeed, our case law is

replete with case-specific examples of considerations undertaken by courts when

assessing whether certain information is subject to disclosure under the law. We thus

find no error in the Commonwealth Court’s decision to remand this matter to the trial court

for further consideration under the RTKL’s well-established test.

                                     VI. CONCLUSION

       As set forth supra, under the RTKL, a record is defined as information that

documents a transaction or activity of an agency and is created, received, or retained

pursuant to law or in connection with a transaction, business, or activity of the agency.

65 P.S. § 67.102. Today, we reaffirm that this two-part inquiry is the only test to be utilized

when determining whether disclosure of information, regardless of its form, is required

under the statute. As we find that the Commonwealth Court’s decision is not in tension

with this test but rather, articulates reasonable facts that warrant consideration when

resolving whether a social media post constitutes an agency record, we affirm the holding

of the Commonwealth Court and remand the matter for further proceedings.

       Order affirmed.

       Chief Justice Todd and Justices Brobson and McCaffery join the opinion.

       Justice Dougherty files a concurring and dissenting opinion.

       Justice Wecht files a dissenting opinion in which Justice Donohue joins.




                                      [J-65-2024] - 26