[J-47-2024]
                     IN THE SUPREME COURT OF PENNSYLVANIA
                                EASTERN DISTRICT

TODD, C.J., DONOHUE, DOUGHERTY, WECHT, MUNDY, BROBSON, McCAFFERY, JJ.


  JASON WINIG,                                      :   No. 32 EAP 2023
                                                    :
                        Appellant                   :   Appeal from the Order of the
                                                    :   Commonwealth Court entered on
                                                    :   February 24, 2023, at No. 1423 CD
                v.                                  :   2021, affirming the Order of the
                                                    :   Court of Common Pleas of
                                                    :   Philadelphia County, Civil Division,
  THE OFFICE OF THE DISTRICT                        :   entered on June 21, 2021, at
  ATTORNEY OF PHILADELPHIA,                         :   No. 200600251.
  LAWRENCE S. KRASNER, ESQUIRE,                     :
  BRANWEN MCNABB, ESQUIRE,                          :   ARGUED: September 10, 2024
  MICHELLE MICHELSON, ESQUIRE,                      :
  WILLIAM BURROWS, ESQUIRE AND                      :
  HELEN PARK, ESQUIRE,                              :
                                                    :
                        Appellees                   :

OPINION

 JUSTICE BROBSON                                              DECIDED: November 19, 2025
        The Wiretapping and Electronic Surveillance Control Act (Wiretap Act or Act),

 18 Pa. C.S. §§ 5701-5782, generally governs the legality of interceptions, disclosures,

 and use of oral, electronic, and wire communications between and among persons.

 Commonwealth v. Byrd, 

, 319 (Pa. 2020). The Wiretap Act allows parties

 aggrieved by violations of the Act to seek monetary damages by way of civil litigation.

 18 Pa. C.S. § 5725(a). Appellant Jason Winig (Winig) pursued such an action against

 the District Attorney of Philadelphia and several of his assistant district attorneys for their

 roles in unsuccessfully attempting to prosecute Winig by utilizing recordings of
conversations between Winig and his ex-wife, Jessica Braverman (Braverman), which

Braverman surreptitiously captured when they were married.              We are tasked with

considering whether, under these circumstances, high public official immunity shields

district attorneys and assistant district attorneys from facing civil suits seeking monetary

damages for their alleged violations of the Wiretap Act that occurred while they were

acting within the scope of their official duties. Like the Commonwealth Court, we hold

that high public official immunity protects district attorneys and assistant district attorneys

from such suits. Accordingly, we affirm the Commonwealth Court’s order.

                                     I. BACKGROUND

       Acting pro se, Winig filed a civil complaint in the Court of Common Pleas of

Philadelphia County (trial court) pursuant to Section 5725(a) of the Wiretap Act (Civil

Action).1 The complaint named the following parties as defendants: Lawrence Krasner,

the District Attorney of Philadelphia (DA Krasner); several Assistant District Attorneys for

Philadelphia, namely, Branwen McNabb (ADA McNabb), Michelle Michelson (ADA

Michelson), William Burrows (ADA Burrows), and Helen Park (ADA Park) (collectively


1 Section 5725(a) of the Wiretap Act provides:


       (a) Cause of action.--Any person whose wire, electronic or oral
       communication is intercepted, disclosed or used in violation of this chapter
       shall have a civil cause of action against any person who intercepts,
       discloses or uses or procures any other person to intercept, disclose or use,
       such communication; and shall be entitled to recover from any such person:

          (1) Actual damages, but not less than liquidated damages computed
          at the rate of $100 a day for each day of violation, or $1,000, whichever
          is higher.

          (2) Punitive damages.

          (3) A reasonable attorney’s fee and other litigation costs reasonably
          incurred.

18 Pa. C.S. § 5725(a).

                                       [J-47-2024] - 2
Prosecutors); and the Office of the District Attorney of Philadelphia (DA Office). After

Prosecutors filed preliminary objections to the original complaint, Winig filed a counseled

amended complaint. The amended complaint alleged as follows.

      Winig and Braverman married in January of 2011, separated in March of 2018,

and divorced in August of 2019.       During their marriage, Braverman surreptitiously

recorded conversations that she had with Winig (Recordings). When Winig informed

Braverman that he wanted a divorce, Braverman immediately filed for a protection from

abuse order against Winig, alleging that he sexually assaulted her and abused their two

young children. Braverman also filed a report with the Philadelphia Police Department

(Police Department or Department), making the same allegations against Winig.

      In support of the report that she filed with the Police Department, Braverman gave

the Recordings to the Department.        Based upon Braverman’s allegations and the

Recordings, ADA McNabb authorized Winig’s arrest, which led to Winig having no contact

with his children for five months.2 Winig learned of the Recordings during the criminal

and family court proceedings that followed his arrest.

      Prosecutors represented the Commonwealth in Winig’s criminal case (Criminal

Action). Prosecutors used and disclosed the Recordings throughout their attempt to bring

Winig to trial in the Criminal Action. The trial court in the Criminal Action, however,

ultimately determined that Braverman made the Recordings in violation of the Wiretap

Act. As a result, the trial court entered an order prohibiting the Commonwealth from

utilizing the Recordings as evidence in the Criminal Action. All criminal charges lodged

against Winig eventually were either dismissed or withdrawn.



2 According to Winig’s original complaint, the Commonwealth charged him with “forcible

rape, strangulation, and a litany of other serious felony charges.” (Complaint, 2/9/2021,
at 6.)


                                     [J-47-2024] - 3
       Winig’s amended complaint in the Civil Action contained three counts, but only two

of the counts are relevant to this appeal. Under the first count, Winig explained that

Section 5703(2) of the Wiretap Act makes it unlawful for any person to “intentionally

disclose[] or endeavor[] to disclose to any other person the contents of any . . . oral

communication, or evidence derived therefrom, knowing or having reason to know that

the information was obtained through the interception of a[n] . . . oral communication.”

(Amended Complaint, 3/22/2021, at ¶53 (quoting 18 Pa. C.S. § 5703(2)) (emphasis

added).) Under count two, Winig reported that Section 5703(3) of the Wiretap Act makes

it unlawful for any person to “intentionally use[] or endeavor[] to use the contents of

any . . . oral communication, or evidence derived therefrom, knowing or having reason to

know that the information was obtained through the interception of a[n] . . . oral

communication.”      (Amended Complaint, 3/22/2021, at ¶58 (quoting 18 Pa. C.S.

§ 5703(3)) (emphasis added).)

       Winig averred that, throughout the Criminal Action, Prosecutors intentionally

disclosed and used the contents of the Recordings, violating Sections 5703(2)

and 5703(3) of the Wiretap Act.        As a result, Winig purported to suffer, inter alia,

embarrassment and harm to his reputation. Winig also maintained that Prosecutors’

actions required him to expend funds to prevent further disclosure and dissemination of

the Recordings. Winig contended that he was entitled to recover monetary damages

under the Wiretap Act, including actual and punitive damages, as well as reasonable

attorney’s fees and other costs related to litigating the Civil Action.

       Prosecutors filed preliminary objections in the nature of demurrers to the amended

complaint.3 Relevant to this appeal, Prosecutors contended that high public official


3 See Pa.R.Civ.P. 1028(a)(4) (providing that preliminary objections may be filed by any

party to any pleading based on legal insufficiency of pleading).


                                       [J-47-2024] - 4
immunity sheltered them from litigating this lawsuit.4       In response to Prosecutors’

preliminary objections, Winig argued that the General Assembly waived high public official

immunity for purposes of the Wiretap Act. Winig relied upon Section 5725(b) of the

Wiretap Act, which provides: “To the extent that the Commonwealth and any of its

officers, officials or employees would be shielded from liability under this section by the

doctrine of sovereign immunity, such immunity is hereby waived for the purposes of this

section.” 18 Pa. C.S. § 5725(b) (emphasis added).



4 Prosecutors also took the position, which they have maintained throughout this litigation,

that prosecutorial immunity separately protects them from facing suit under
Section 5725(a) of the Wiretap Act. In doing so, however, Prosecutors have relied almost
exclusively on federal case law addressing prosecutors’ liability under 

.
(See, e.g., Memorandum of Law in Support of Defendants’ Renewed Preliminary
Objections, 4/12/2021, at 7 (citing, among other cases, Imbler v. Pachtman,

 (1976) (holding “only” that, “in initiating a prosecution and in presenting
the State’s case, the prosecutor is immune from a civil suit for damages under” 

), and Miller v. Nelson, 

 (Pa. Super. 2001) (relying on Imbler in
support of proposition that “prosecutor enjoys absolute immunity from liability for civil
damages for actions related to prosecution of a criminal case”).) Moreover, as will
become clear below, a close reading of the Commonwealth Court’s opinion reveals that
the court decided this matter solely on the basis of high public official immunity, which is
well established in Pennsylvania case law. We do the same in resolving this appeal. As
such, we will not discuss prosecutorial immunity any further in this opinion. This should
not be construed as rejecting or endorsing the viability of prosecutorial immunity in this
Commonwealth.
       Of further note, in their preliminary objections to Winig’s initial complaint,
Prosecutors contended, inter alia, that, to the extent that Winig claimed that the DA Office
was liable for the conduct of its employees, governmental immunity shielded the DA
Office from litigating this suit. (Preliminary Objections, 3/1/2021, at ¶33). Governmental
immunity is codified in what is commonly referred to as the Political Subdivision Tort
Claims Act, 42 Pa. C.S. §§ 8541-8542, and, in specified circumstances, extends immunity
to local governmental agencies. See 42 Pa. C.S. § 8541 (explaining that, except as
otherwise provided in Political Subdivision Tort Claims Act, “no local agency shall be liable
for any damages on account of any injury to a person or property caused by any act of
the local agency or an employee thereof or any other person”). Importantly, Prosecutors
did not raise governmental immunity in their preliminary objections to Winig’s amended
complaint. Accordingly, we do not address whether governmental immunity applies in
this matter.


                                      [J-47-2024] - 5
        The trial court determined that the General Assembly waived only sovereign

immunity in Section 5725(b) of the Wiretap Act, not high public official immunity. The trial

court, therefore, concluded that high public official immunity insulates Prosecutors from

Winig’s suit. Consequently, the trial court sustained Prosecutors’ preliminary objections

and dismissed Winig’s claims with prejudice. Winig timely filed a notice of appeal.

        On appeal, Winig argued to the Commonwealth Court, in relevant part, that the

trial   court   erred   in   sustaining    Prosecutors’     preliminary   objections   because

Section 5725(b) of the Wiretap Act waives high public official immunity. He contended

that the trial court incorrectly limited “the scope of the term sovereign immunity in

Section 5725(b) of the Wiretap Act because it rendered the waiver provision

meaningless.” Winig v. Off. of Dist. Att’y of Phila. (Pa. Cmwlth., No. 1423 C.D. 2021, filed

February 24, 2023), slip op. at 5. Prosecutors took the position that “the trial court

correctly concluded [that] . . . high public official immunity barred Winig from receiving

damages under the Wiretap Act.” Id. Prosecutors insisted that they were operating within

the scope of their duties when they utilized the Recordings and that they had a good faith

belief that the Recordings did not violate the Wiretap Act.

        A three-judge panel of the Commonwealth Court unanimously affirmed the trial

court’s order by way of a memorandum opinion and order. Id. Responding to the parties’

arguments, the Commonwealth Court observed that “[h]igh public official immunity is a

category of common law immunity that acts as an absolute bar to protect high public

officials from lawsuits arising out of actions taken in the course of their official duties and

within the scope of their authority.” Id., slip op. at 10 (citing Doe v. Franklin Cnty.,

, 603 (Pa. 2017)). The court emphasized that high public official immunity

is an “absolute privilege” and that the scope of this immunity is “very broad,” as it “is

unlimited and exempts a high public official from all civil suits for damages arising out




                                          [J-47-2024] - 6
of . . . actions . . . provided the . . . actions are taken in the course of the official’s duties

or powers and within the scope of his authority, or as it is sometimes expressed, within

his jurisdiction.” 

 (quoting Durham v. McElynn, 

 (Pa. 2001)). The court

further observed that Pennsylvania law holds that high public official immunity applies to

district attorneys and assistant district attorneys, like Prosecutors. 

 slip op. at 11

(relying on Durham, 

).

       As to whether the General Assembly waived high public official immunity for

purposes of Section 5725(a) of the Wiretap Act, the Commonwealth Court noted that

courts must strictly construe exceptions to immunity and may find that immunity has been

waived only when the General Assembly expressly provides for such waiver. 

 (citing

Doe, 174 A.3d at 607-08). The Commonwealth Court acknowledged that Section 5725(b)

of the Wiretap Act “expressly and specifically” waives sovereign immunity, but it pointed

out that the statute is silent as to high public official immunity. Id., slip. op. at 12. To

determine whether the General Assembly nevertheless intended to waive high public

official immunity for purposes of Section 5725(a), the Commonwealth Court engaged in

statutory construction. In this regard, the Commonwealth Court opined that, “[w]hile law

enforcement officers would fall under the definition of ‘persons’ under the Wiretap Act, the

General Assembly chose to carve out a separate definition to address those individuals.”5

5 The Wiretap Act defines “person” as:      “Any employee, or agent of the United States or
any state or political subdivision thereof, and any individual, partnership, association, joint
stock company, trust or corporation.” 18 Pa. C.S. § 5702. The Wiretap Act defines
“investigative or law enforcement officer” as:
       Any officer of the United States, of another state or political subdivision
       thereof or of the Commonwealth or political subdivision thereof, who is
       empowered by law to conduct investigations of or to make arrests for
       offenses enumerated in this chapter or an equivalent crime in another
       jurisdiction, and any attorney authorized by law to prosecute or participate
       in the prosecution of such offense.
Id. (emphasis added).


                                        [J-47-2024] - 7
Id., slip. op. at 13. In the Commonwealth Court’s view, “[i]f the General Assembly

intended to abrogate otherwise applicable immunity for ‘law enforcement officers,’ it could

have used the defined term in Section 5725.” Id.

       The Commonwealth Court further highlighted that other sections of the Wiretap

Act specifically apply to law enforcement officers. For example, Section 5726(a) of the

Wiretap Act, 18 Pa. C.S. § 5726(a), provides a cause of action against law enforcement

officers, allowing an aggrieved party to bring a suit seeking the removal of the officer for

an intentional violation of the Act.6       “Notably,” the Commonwealth Court opined,

“consistent with the doctrine of high public official immunity, this section makes no

mention of permitting a party to sue for damages in a suit against law enforcement

officers.” Id.

       Turning to Section 5717 of the Wiretap Act, the Commonwealth Court observed

that “the General Assembly specified that a law enforcement officer who obtains

knowledge, by any authorized means, of the contents of any oral communication may use

the contents to the extent such use is appropriate to the proper performance of the

officer’s official duties.” Id. (citing 18 Pa. C.S. § 5717). The Commonwealth Court then

summarized this Court’s decision in Karoly v. Mancuso, 

 (Pa. 2013), which

involved a criminal defense attorney’s attempt to have a detective and an assistant district

6 Section 5726(a) of the Wiretap Act provides:


       Any aggrieved person shall have the right to bring an action in
       Commonwealth Court against any investigative or law enforcement officer,
       public official or public employee seeking the officer’s, official’s or
       employee’s removal from office or employment on the grounds that the
       officer, official or employee has intentionally violated the provisions of this
       chapter. If the court shall conclude that such officer, official or employee
       has in fact intentionally violated the provisions of this chapter, the court shall
       order the dismissal or removal from office of said officer, official or
       employee.
18 Pa. C.S. § 5726(a).


                                       [J-47-2024] - 8
attorney removed from office pursuant to Section 5726(a) of the Wiretap Act.                The

Commonwealth Court highlighted the portion of the Karoly Court’s conclusion that the

detective and the assistant district attorney properly used disputed recordings insomuch

as the use of the recordings occurred within the scope of the duties of the detective and

assistant district attorney. Id., slip. op. at 14-15 (quoting Karoly, 

).

       Returning to the instant matter, the Commonwealth Court expressed that the plain

language of Section 5717 of the Wiretap Act, combined with this Court’s application of

that language in Karoly, leads to the conclusion that “the General Assembly intended for

law enforcement officers to be permitted to use information that may otherwise be in

violation of the Wiretap Act, so long as it is necessary to the ‘proper performance of his

official duties.’” 

 slip op. at 15 (quoting 18 Pa. C.S. § 5717(a.1)). Reinforcing its

conclusion, the Commonwealth Court reasoned that the General Assembly intended to

treat law enforcement officers uniquely under the Wiretap Act and that the Act does not

evince any legislative intent to waive high public official immunity for purposes of

Section 5725(a) actions. The Commonwealth Court, therefore, held that, because the

General Assembly did not “specifically and intentionally” waive high public official

immunity in the Wiretap Act, “Prosecutors maintain high public official immunity and may

not be held liable under Section 5725 of the Wiretap Act for their use of the Recordings

within the performance of their duties prosecuting Winig in the Criminal Action.” Id., slip

op. at 16. Accordingly, the Commonwealth Court entered an order affirming the trial

court’s order, which sustained Prosecutors’ preliminary objections in the nature of

demurrers and dismissed Winig’s claims with prejudice. After the Commonwealth Court

denied Winig’s application for reargument, Winig filed a petition for allowance of appeal

in this Court.




                                       [J-47-2024] - 9
                                          II. ISSUE

       This Court granted Winig’s petition for allowance of appeal, limited to consideration

of the following issue as phrased by the Court: “Whether law enforcement officers are

immune from civil suits under Section 5725 of the [Wiretap] Act, 18 Pa. C.S. § 5725?”

Winig v. Off. of Dist. Att’y of Phila., 

 (Pa. 2023) (per curiam).

                                      III. DISCUSSION

                           A. Scope and Standard of Review

       This appeal is from an order sustaining preliminary objections in the nature of

demurrers. Consequently, our standard of review is de novo, and our scope of review is

plenary. Raynor v. D’Annunzio, 

, 52 (Pa. 2020). A preliminary objection in

the nature of a demurrer challenges the                legal   sufficiency of a pleading.

Pa.R.Civ.P. 1028(a)(4). In evaluating such an objection, courts “must consider as true all

of the well-pleaded material facts set forth in the complaint and all reasonable inferences

that may be drawn from those facts.” Am. Hous. Tr., III v. Jones, 

(Pa. 1997). “In conducting our appellate review, we observe that preliminary objections,

the end result of which would be dismissal of the action, may be properly sustained by

the trial court only if the case is free and clear of doubt.” 

.

                                        B. Analysis

       A brief background regarding the immunities at issue is helpful to resolving this

appeal. The doctrine of sovereign immunity has its roots in English common law. Dorsey

v. Redman, 

 (Pa. 2014). “The common-law rule was that no suit or

action can be brought against the king, even in civil matters, because no court can have

jurisdiction over him.” Franchise Tax Bd. of Cal. v. Hyatt, 

 (2019)

(citation and internal quotation marks omitted). As to the doctrine’s current role in our

law, we highlight that, “[u]nder the Pennsylvania Constitution, the Commonwealth enjoys




                                       [J-47-2024] - 10
sovereign immunity from lawsuits.” U.S. Venture, Inc. v. Commonwealth, 

,

329 (Pa. 2021) (quoting Sutton v. Bickell, 

, 1034-35 (Pa. 2019)); Pa. Const.

art. I, § 11.7 “The Pennsylvania Constitution confers the legislative branch with the power

to permit suits against the Commonwealth at its discretion.”                  U.S. Venture,

255 A.3d at 329 (citing Pa. Const. art. I, § 11). “The General Assembly has declared that

the Commonwealth ‘shall continue to enjoy sovereign immunity . . . and remain immune

from suit except as the General Assembly shall specifically waive the immunity.’” Id.

(quoting 1 Pa. C.S. § 2310).

      The General Assembly has defined the contours of sovereign immunity in what is

commonly referred to as the Sovereign Immunity Act, 42 Pa. C.S. §§ 8521-8528. Jones

v. Se. Pa. Transp. Auth., 

 (Pa. 2001). Pursuant to the Sovereign

Immunity Act, “the Commonwealth generally enjoys immunity from suit for damages

arising out of negligent acts, subject to certain limits.”8 Wise v. Huntingdon Cnty. Hous.

Dev. Corp., 

, 513 (Pa. 2021).               Those limits are enumerated in

Section 8522(b) of the Sovereign Immunity Act, 42 Pa. C.S. § 8522(b).9                “The

constitutionally[ ]grounded, statutory doctrine of sovereign immunity obviously serves to

protect government policymaking prerogatives and the public fisc.” Sci. Games Int’l, Inc.

v. Com., 

 (Pa. 2013).

7 This section of the Pennsylvania Constitution provides, in relevant part:
                                                                       “Suits may be
brought against the Commonwealth in such manner, in such courts and in such cases as
the Legislature may by law direct.” Pa. Const. art. I, § 11.
8 As noted above, governmental immunity, as codified in the Political Subdivision Tort

Claims Act, is applicable to local governmental agencies. Supra at 5 n.4. Sovereign
immunity is available only to the Commonwealth and its agencies. James J. Gory Mech.
Contracting, Inc. v. Phila. Hous. Auth., 

 (Pa. 2004).
9 “[T]he General Assembly has also reaffirmed sovereign immunity with respect to
government contracts under the [Commonwealth] Procurement Code[, 62 Pa. C.S.
§§ 101-2311,] and then waived that immunity in limited circumstances.” MFW Wine Co.
v. Pa. Liquor Control Bd., 

, 128 n.43 (Pa. 2024) (citing 62 Pa. C.S. § 1702).


                                     [J-47-2024] - 11
       In contrast, high public official immunity is not limited, nor is it constitutionally or

statutorily based.     Rather, “[i]n Pennsylvania, high public official immunity is a

long-standing category of common law immunity that acts as an absolute bar to protect

high public officials from lawsuits arising out of actions taken in the course of their official

duties and within the scope of their authority.” Doe, 174 A.3d at 603. “The purpose is to

protect the high public official from liability, not for his or her own personal benefit, but for

the benefit of the public he or she serves.” Id. (emphasis in original). “Specifically,

absolute immunity from civil liability for high public officials is the only legitimate means

of removing any inhibition which might deprive the public of the best service of its officers

and agencies.” Id. (citation and internal quotation marks omitted).

       Importantly, high public official immunity applies to both district attorneys and

assistant district attorneys. Durham, 

. This is so because the “public

interest requires that district attorneys be able to carry out their duties without being

hampered by civil suits claiming damages for actions taken in their official capacities.” 

“The public would indeed suffer if the prosecution of criminals were impeded, as would

be the case if district attorneys were not accorded absolute immunity.” 

 As to the

applicability of this immunity to assistant district attorneys, this Court has explained that

assistant district attorneys “are essential to district attorneys in fulfilling responsibilities of

their high public offices, to wit, in carrying out the prosecutorial function” and that “[t]o

subject assistant district attorneys acting on behalf of the district attorney to liability would

deter all but the most courageous and most judgment-proof from vigorously performing

their prosecutorial functions, and would inevitably result in criminals going unpunished.”

 Of further importance, the doctrine of high public official immunity is alive and well in

this Commonwealth. See Doe, 174 A.3d at 603 (“This Court has never called into

question, much less overruled, the common law doctrine of absolute privilege for high




                                        [J-47-2024] - 12
public officials.”) (quoting Lindner v. Mollan, 

 (Pa. 1996)); 

(explaining that “privilege of immunity has consistently been upheld and was specifically

found not to have been abrogated by the legislature”).

       In addition, we are convinced that the General Assembly understood when it

drafted the Wiretap Act that sovereign immunity and high public official immunity are

separate concepts, each requiring the explicit waiver of the General Assembly.             In

support, we note that, on July 14, 1978, this Court issued its decision in Mayle v.

Pennsylvania Department of Highways, 

 (Pa. 1978), abolishing the common

law defense of sovereign immunity. By the Act of September 28, 1978, P.L. 788 (Act 152),

the General Assembly enacted Title I, Section 2310 of the Pennsylvania Consolidated

Statutes, 1 Pa. C.S. § 2310, which, inter alia, revived sovereign immunity. Section 2310

provides as follows:

       Pursuant to section 11 of Article 1 of the Constitution of Pennsylvania, it is
       hereby declared to be the intent of the General Assembly that the
       Commonwealth, and its officials and employees acting within the scope of
       their duties, shall continue to enjoy sovereign immunity and official immunity
       and remain immune from suit except as the General Assembly shall
       specifically waive the immunity. When the General Assembly specifically
       waives sovereign immunity, a claim against the Commonwealth and its
       officials and employees shall be brought only in such manner and in such
       courts and in such cases as directed by the provisions of Title 42 (relating
       to judiciary and judicial procedure) or 62 (relating to procurement) unless
       otherwise specifically authorized by statute.

1 Pa. C.S. § 2310 (emphasis added).10

       The above-emphasized language demonstrates that the General Assembly

considers sovereign immunity to be a separate legal doctrine from “official immunity,”

which traditionally encompasses high public official immunity. See Freach v. Com.,


10 Initially, Title I, Section 2310 of the Pennsylvania Consolidated Statutes did not contain

language referring to Title 62 and procurement, as the Generally Assembly later added
that reference through the Act of May 15, 1998, P.L. 358.


                                      [J-47-2024] - 13


 (Pa. 1977) (“The doctrine of official immunity in Pennsylvania is

twofold: So-called ‘high public officials’ have been held to enjoy an absolute immunity

from suits arising out of the performance of their duties.      Other public officers and

employes are protected by a more limited form of immunity.”) (citations omitted). Title I,

Section 2310 of the Pennsylvania Consolidated Statutes further establishes that only the

General Assembly can waive “the immunity,” i.e., sovereign or official immunity.

Section 2310 goes on to specifically address the impact of the waiver of sovereign

immunity (without reference to official immunity), further suggesting that the General

Assembly views sovereign immunity as a concept separate from official immunity. Of

further note, the General Assembly enacted the Wiretap Act a mere week after enacting

Section 2310 through Act 152. Consequently, in drafting and enacting the Wiretap Act,

the General Assembly was keenly aware of the difference between sovereign and official

immunity and that it was the sole body that could waive each immunity.

      We now turn our attention to whether the General Assembly waived high public

official immunity for purposes of Section 5725(a) actions under the Wiretap Act. In the

context of addressing an issue concerning high public official immunity, we stated that

this Court has “consistently held that where the General Assembly intends to provide

exceptions to immunity, such exceptions must be specifically and explicitly expressed.”

Doe, 174 A.3d at 605. We further explained that, given that high public official immunity

is intended to protect the public interest, exceptions to this immunity must be strictly

construed. Id. at 605 n.12.

      “Questions pertaining to statutory waivers of common law immunity are ‘legislative

in nature[.]’” Id. at 605 (quoting Dorsey, 

). In other words, we must discern

whether the General Assembly intended to waive high public official immunity under the

Wiretap Act. 

 Such a task is guided by the Statutory Construction Act of 1972,




                                     [J-47-2024] - 14
1 Pa. C.S. §§ 1501-1991 (Statutory Construction Act). The Statutory Construction Act

“directs that the object of all statutory interpretation is to ascertain and effectuate the intent

of the General Assembly, which is best indicated by the plain language of the statute.” A

Special Touch v. Dep’t of Lab. & Indus., 

, 502 (Pa. 2020). “When the words

of a statute are clear and free from all ambiguity, the letter of it is not to be disregarded

under the pretext of pursuing its spirit.” 1 Pa. C.S. § 1921(b).

       Prosecutors are “investigative or law enforcement officers” as that phrase is

defined by the Wiretap Act. See 18 Pa. C.S. § 5702 (defining “investigative or law

enforcement officer” as, inter alia, “any attorney authorized by law to prosecute or

participate in the prosecution of such offense”). As noted above, however, the Wiretap

Act broadly defines “person” as “[a]ny employee, or agent of the United States or any

state or political subdivision thereof, and any individual, partnership, association, joint

stock company, trust or corporation.” Id. Individual prosecutors, then, also qualify as

“person[s]” under the Wiretap Act, both as individuals and as employees of Philadelphia,

a political subdivision of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania.11

       Section 5725(a) of the Wiretap Act creates a cause of action against any person

who violates the Act. 18 Pa. C.S. § 5725(a). If successful in that lawsuit, the aggrieved

person is entitled to recover from the person sued actual damages, punitive damages,

and reasonable attorney’s fees and costs. Id. Prosecutors technically fit within the broad

category of “persons” that may face suit pursuant to Section 5725(a). The next step in the

inquiry is whether, by authorizing such a cause of action against persons, generally, the

General Assembly also intended to curtail the affirmative defenses that any person sued

under this section may raise in response. We conclude that it did not. Consequently,


11 The DA Office itself does not qualify as a “person” subject to suit under Section 5725(a)

of the Wiretap Act.


                                        [J-47-2024] - 15
district attorneys and assistant district attorneys, though subject to suit under

Section 5725(a), may raise the affirmative defense of official immunity in response and

have the merit of that defense evaluated by the court.

       In support of this conclusion, we initially highlight that, within the same section of

the Wiretap Act that creates the very cause of action at issue, the General Assembly

added that, “[t]o the extent that the Commonwealth and any of its officers, officials, or

employees would be shielded from liability by the doctrine of sovereign immunity, such

immunity is hereby waived for the purposes of this section.” 18 Pa. C.S. § 5725(b)

(emphasis added). The inclusion of this specific waiver of sovereign immunity is an

express recognition by the General Assembly that Section 5725(a) does not, explicitly or

implicitly, bar a person responding to the statutory claim from asserting affirmative

defenses, particularly defenses of immunity from suit. Indeed, if that had been the

General Assembly’s intent in Section 5725(a), it would have been unnecessary for the

General Assembly to expressly waive sovereign immunity in Section 5725(b). Clearly,

the General Assembly felt the waiver was necessary to prevent certain persons sued

under Section 5725(a)—the Commonwealth and its officers, officials, and employees—

from raising a particular affirmative defense. While the General Assembly expressly

chose to head off the affirmative defense of sovereign immunity, it did not expressly

foreclose other affirmative defenses, such as common law high public official immunity.12

That affirmative defense, like all others not specifically barred by the statute, remains

available to those entitled to assert it.

       To put a finer point on this, there are many different types of “person[s]”—

individuals and entities—subject to suit under Section 5725(a) of the Wiretap Act. Certain


12As demonstrated above, sovereign immunity is distinct from high public official
immunity.


                                       [J-47-2024] - 16
affirmative defenses may be available to some defendants but not available to others.

Section 5725(a) authorizes suits, but it does not clearly and explicitly address, let alone

foreclose, affirmative defenses. The only affirmative defense clearly and expressly barred

under Section 5725 is found in subsection (b), which clearly and expressly waives the

affirmative defense of sovereign immunity for those entitled to assert it. Accordingly, while

elected county district attorneys and assistant district attorneys may be subject to suit

under Section 5725(a) because they fall within the Wiretap Act’s broad definition of

“person,” neither the broad statutory definition of that term nor Section 5725(a) itself

forecloses a district attorney or assistant district attorney from asserting any affirmative

defense in response to a Section 5725(a) action. See Pa.R.Civ.P. 1030(a) (requiring

affirmative defense of immunity from suit to be pleaded as “New Matter”); but see Freach,

 n.6 (allowing, without condoning, court to resolve immunity defense

raised by preliminary objection where plaintiff does not object to procedural misstep).

This all means that, while high public officials may be sued under Section 5725(a), they

may also raise common law high public official immunity as an affirmative defense. See

Bisher v. Lehigh Valley Health Network, Inc., 

, 400 n.10 (Pa. 2021)

(observing that immunity from suit, particularly sovereign immunity, is in nature of

affirmative defense that can be waived if not asserted).

       Our conclusion is further supported by this Court’s decision in Doe and the

Commonwealth Court’s opinion in Hidden Creek, L.P. v. Lower Salford Township

Authority, 

 (Pa. Cmwlth. 2015), appeals denied, 

 (Pa. 2016).

The Doe Court stated that, in interpreting the statute at issue in that case, “we are mindful

that we may find immunity waived only where waiver is expressly stated, and we must

construe exceptions to immunity strictly.” Doe, 174 A.3d at 607. By way of example, we




                                      [J-47-2024] - 17
noted our approval of the Commonwealth Court’s decision in Hidden Creek. In so doing,

we explained as follows:
       For example, in Hidden Creek, the defendant municipal authority sought
       immunity under the [Political Subdivision] Tort Claims Act from a complaint
       asserting excessive sewer tapping fees. [Hidden Creek,] 

.
       The Commonwealth Court correctly determined the General Assembly
       expressly waived immunity for lawsuits arising out of improper tapping fees
       by providing the following language in the Municipal Authorities Act[, 53 Pa.
       C.S. §§ 5601-5623]: “[a]ny person questioning the reasonableness or
       uniformity of a rate fixed by an authority . . . may bring suit against the
       authority in the court of common pleas of the county where the project is
       located.” Id. at 611-12, quoting 53 Pa. C.S. § 5607(d)(9) (emphasis added).
       The statute included clear and unequivocal language waiving governmental
       immunity and provid[ed] an explicit statutory basis for suit specifically
       against the authority.
Doe, 174 A.3d at 607-08 (fourth alteration in original).

       Unlike the language in Section 5607(d)(9) of the Municipal Authorities Act that

explicitly permits suits to be brought against municipal authorities, Section 5725(a) of the

Wiretap Act does not include “clear and unequivocal language waiving” high public official

immunity or provide “an explicit statutory basis for suit specifically against” high public

officials, such as district attorneys or assistant district attorneys. In other words, the

Wiretap Act is silent regarding the applicability of high public official immunity to district

attorneys and assistant district attorneys for purposes of Section 5725(a) actions.

       Faced with this silence, Winig would have us scour the Wiretap Act and weave

together various legislative pronouncements to find that the General Assembly waived

high public official immunity under the Act. For example, Winig directs the Court to

Sections 5713 and 5713.1 of the Wiretap Act.13 Winig argues that Sections 5713(b)

and 5713.1(c) “expressly contemplate” that law enforcement officers can be subject to

actions brought pursuant to Section 5725(a) of the Wiretap Act. (Winig’s Brief at 30.)


13 Winig first referenced Sections 5713 and 5713.1 of the Wiretap Act in the application

for reargument that he filed in the Commonwealth Court.


                                      [J-47-2024] - 18
       When emergency situations arise as outlined by Section 5713(a) of the Wiretap

Act, the Act allows the Attorney General or a designated deputy attorney general, as well

as a district attorney or an authorized assistant district attorney, to present an informal

application to intercept wire, electronic, or oral communications. 18 Pa. C.S. § 5713(a).

If a judge is satisfied that the application contains grounds that would allow for an

interception, the judge “may grant oral approval for such interception without an order,

conditioned upon the filing with him, within 48 hours thereafter, of an application for an

order which, if granted, shall recite the oral approval and be retroactive to the time of such

oral approval.” Id. “In the event no application for an order is made, the content of any

wire, electronic or oral communication intercepted shall be treated as having been
obtained in violation of this subchapter.” Id.

       Section 5713(b) of the Wiretap Act provides:
       In the event no application is made or an application made pursuant to this
       section is denied, the court shall cause an inventory to be served as
       provided in section 5716 (relating to service of inventory and inspection of
       intercepted communications) and shall require the tape or other recording
       of the intercepted communication to be delivered to, and sealed by, the
       court. Such evidence shall be retained by the court in accordance with
       section 5714 (relating to recording of intercepted communications) and the
       same shall not be used or disclosed in any legal proceeding except in a civil
       action brought by an aggrieved person pursuant to section 5725 (relating to
       civil action for unlawful interception, disclosure or use of wire, electronic or
       oral communication) or as otherwise authorized by court order. In addition
       to other remedies and penalties provided by this chapter, failure to effect
       delivery of any such tape or other recording shall be punishable as contempt
       by the court directing such delivery. Evidence of oral authorization to
       intercept wire, electronic or oral communications shall be a defense to any
       charge against the investigating or law enforcement officer for engaging in
       unlawful interception.
18 Pa. C.S. § 5713(b) (emphasis added).

       Starting with the sentence that invokes Section 5725 of the Wiretap Act, we

recognize that only the Attorney General (or a designated deputy attorney general) and

district attorneys (or authorized assistant district attorneys) can initiate the procedure set


                                      [J-47-2024] - 19
forth in Section 5713(a) of the Wiretap Act. We further acknowledge that Section 5713(b)

provides that evidence sealed under this section “shall not be used or disclosed in any

legal proceeding except in a civil action brought by an aggrieved person pursuant to

section 5725 . . . or as otherwise authorized by court order.” 18 Pa. C.S. § 5713(b). We,

however, reiterate that this Court cannot find that the General Assembly abrogated high

public official immunity unless such intent is manifest. In this regard, we highlight that,

like Section 5725(a), this sentence in Section 5713(b) does not explicitly sanction

Section 5725(a) actions against high public officials, such as district attorneys or assistant

district attorneys. Consequently, while Section 5713(b) indicates that evidence sealed

under the section may be used or disclosed in Section 5725(a) actions, given the

well-settled doctrine of high public official immunity, such suits can be pursued against

“persons,” generally, but against district attorneys and assistant district attorneys,

specifically, only if they violated the Act while acting outside the scope of their official

duties.

          Section 5713(b) of the Wiretap Act goes on to provide that “[e]vidence of oral

authorization to intercept wire, electronic or oral communication shall be a defense to any

charge against the investigating or law enforcement officer for engaging in unlawful

interception.” 18 Pa. C.S. § 5713(b) (emphasis added). Yet, nothing in Section 5725(a)

of the Wiretap Act suggests that a cause of action under that section—i.e., a “civil cause

of action”—is premised upon a “charge.” Section 5703 of the Wiretap Act, however,

criminalizes intentional violations of the Act and, therefore, is more amenable to a defense

against a “charge”—i.e., a criminal charge. See 18 Pa. C.S. § 5703 (explaining that

person is guilty of felony of third degree if he violates Wiretap Act as outlined in

Section 5703).




                                      [J-47-2024] - 20
       Section 5713.1 of the Wiretap Act fares no better. This section of the Wiretap Act

is titled “[e]mergency hostage and barricade situations” and empowers the Attorney

General or a district attorney to “designate supervising law enforcement officers for the

purpose of authorizing the interception of wire or oral communications as provided in this

section.” 18 Pa. C.S. § 5713.1(a). Pursuant to Section 5713.1(b), a supervising law

enforcement officer, under particular circumstances, is permitted to intercept a wire or

oral communication without a court order. 18 Pa. C.S. § 5713.1(b). Section 5713.1(b)

requires the supervising law enforcement officer to subsequently apply for an order

approving the interception. Id. “In the event such application for approval is denied or

in any other case where the interception is terminated without an order having been
issued, the contents of any wire or oral communication intercepted shall be treated as

having been obtained in violation of this subchapter,” and a court ultimately must seal

the intercepted communications under these circumstances pursuant to the

procedure outlined in Section 5713(b). Id.

       Section 5713.1(c) of the Wiretap Act provides, in relevant part: “A good faith

reliance on the provisions of this section shall be a complete defense to any civil or

criminal action brought under this subchapter or any other statute against any law

enforcement officer or agency conducting any interceptions pursuant to this section . . . .”

18 Pa. C.S. § 5713.1(c). While this statute offers a “law enforcement officer or agency”

a defense in “any civil or criminal action,” Section 5713.1(c)’s general reference to actions

that may be brought against such persons and entities—both within and outside the

Wiretap Act—does not demonstrate that the General Assembly intended to “specifically

and explicitly” abrogate high public official immunity enjoyed by district attorneys or

assistant district attorneys for purposes of Section 5725(a) of the Wiretap Act.




                                      [J-47-2024] - 21
Section 5713.1(c), therefore, is insufficient to act as a waiver of high public official

immunity for these public officials. Doe, 174 A.3d at 605.

       As this exercise demonstrates, attempting to discern whether the General

Assembly waived high public official immunity by implication unnecessarily complicates

the task at hand. Indeed, we have “recognize[d] permitting such implicit abrogation of

high public official immunity would undermine the purpose and goal of the doctrine, the

value of which has been consistently upheld and recognized by this Court.” Doe, 174 A.3d

at 608. Again, ascertaining legislative intent under these circumstances is guided by an

inquiry into whether the General Assembly employed clear and unambiguous language

waiving high public official immunity for purposes of Section 5725(a) of the Wiretap Act.

       Consistent with this standard, we repeat that Section 5725(b) of the Wiretap Act

establishes that the General Assembly understood both that it was necessary to expressly

waive any immunity defense that may be asserted in response to a Section 5725(a) claim

and how to do it. Yet, the General Assembly chose not to abrogate specifically and

explicitly high public official immunity for purposes of suits brought pursuant to

Section 5725(a) of the Wiretap Act. Because the General Assembly did not unequivocally

waive high public official immunity under these circumstances, we hold that this

affirmative defense is available to district attorneys and assistant district attorneys who

are sued for monetary damages pursuant to Section 5725(a) of the Wiretap Act where

they were acting within the scope of their official duties when they allegedly violated the

Act.

       Our holding is unswayed by the case law that Winig cites as supporting his

position. We need not belabor this determination, as Prosecutors accurately point out

that these cases “provide no relevant discussion of the [Wiretap] Act’s treatment of the

immunity afforded to prosecutors, nor are they inconsistent with that immunity.”




                                     [J-47-2024] - 22
(Prosecutors’ Brief at 19.)     Indeed, none of the cases upon which Winig builds his

argument discuss the availability of high public official immunity in civil actions brought

under Section 5725(a) of the Wiretap Act.                 See Commonwealth v. Hashem,

 (Pa. 1991) (addressing “specific requirements governing the use of

information intercepted under the provisions of the Wiretap Act . . . when the crime alleged

is different from the targeted criminal activity that formed the basis for the original intercept

order”); Boettger v. Miklich, 

 (Pa. 1993) (finding that good faith

exception in Section 5725(c) of Wiretap Act was unavailable to state trooper,

Commonwealth, or Commissioner of State Police in Section 5725(a) action); Karoly,

-13 (determining, in context of action seeking to remove from office detective

and assistant district attorney under Section 5726 of Wiretap Act, that detective and

assistant district attorney properly used tapes in performance of duties but that

dissemination of tapes to media may have violated Act); and Chiles v. Miller,

 (Pa. Super. 2023) (reversing grant of summary judgment in action

under Section 5725(a) of Wiretap Act because assistant district attorney’s disclosure of

recordings may have violated Act).

       Before concluding this opinion, we will address aspects of the dissenting opinions.

In her dissent, Justice Mundy suggests that the General Assembly has codified high

public official immunity into a “current” form and that this “current codification” was not in

effect when the General Assembly passed the Wiretap Act in 1978. (See Justice Mundy’s

Dissenting Opinion at 3 (stating that “the current codification of high prosecutorial

immunity was not in effect when the Wiretap Act was passed”).) As best we can discern,

Justice Mundy believes that the common law doctrine of high public official immunity was

subsumed by the Political Subdivision Tort Claims Act, the Sovereign Immunity Act, or

both. (See id. at 3-4 (“When the [Wiretap] Act went into effect, the statutory sovereign




                                       [J-47-2024] - 23
immunities now codified in Pennsylvania’s Tort Claims Acts did not exist. It was not until

October 5, 1980—two years after the Wiretap Act became effective—that the General

Assembly enacted the Political Subdivision Tort Claims Act . . . and the Sovereign

Immunity Act[.]”).) According to Justice Mundy,
        [b]ecause the [Political Subdivision Tort Claims Act] and [the Sovereign
        Immunity Act] were enacted after the passage of the Wiretap Act, the
        General Assembly could not, as the Majority contends, have intended to
        refer to our modern conception of sovereign immunity. Instead, it is clear
        that the General Assembly was referring to sovereign immunity in the
        common law context, which would include governmental immunity, official
        immunity, high public official immunity, and prosecutorial immunity.[14]
(Id. at 4.)

        As an initial matter, Justice Mundy does not state with any specificity where the

General Assembly expressed an intent to subsume the common law doctrine of high

public official immunity in the Sovereign Immunity Act or the Political Subdivision Tort

Claims Act. Moreover, as explained above, this Court has explicitly held that “[t]his

common law doctrine of tort immunity[, i.e., high public official immunity,] existed before

enactment of the Political Subdivision Tort Claims Act . . . and was not abrogated by it.”

Durham, 

 (citing Lindner, 

). We further highlight that, as

recently as 2017, this Court reinforced the continued vitality of high public official

immunity, referring to it as a “long-standing category of common law immunity that acts

as an absolute bar to protect high public officials from lawsuits arising out of actions taken

in the course of their official duties and within the scope of their authority.” Doe, 174 A.3d

at 603 (emphasis added). In addition, throughout this litigation, Prosecutors have made

clear that they were invoking common law, not statutory, affirmative defenses, and Winig

acknowledges this reality throughout his brief to this Court. (See, e.g., Winig’s Brief at 20


14We assume that, in these sentences, Justice Mundy is referring to the General
Assembly’s decision to waive “sovereign immunity” in Section 5725(b) of the Wiretap Act.


                                      [J-47-2024] - 24
(arguing that “Prosecutors cannot rely upon common law immunity as a shield to avoid

civil suit for damages under [Section] 5725 [of the Wiretap Act]”).)

       We also reject the notion that, when the General Assembly passed Act 152 and

the Wiretap Act in 1978, the “common law concept” of “sovereign immunity” included “high

public official immunity.” Indeed, as early as 1952, this Court explained the doctrine of

high public official immunity without reference to sovereign immunity. Matson v. Margiotti,

 (Pa. 1952).       As Justice Mundy points out, this Court has stated

that “the principle of high public official immunity . . . is grounded in the same general,

overarching principle of immunity for the public good, as derived from the English concept

of sovereign immunity.” Justice Mundy’s Dissenting Opinion at 5 (citing Doe, 174 A.3d

at 603) (emphasis added). Our observation that these immunities share an overarching,

general principle does not, however, suggest that high public official immunity fell under

a general doctrine of sovereign immunity when the General Assembly enacted the

Wiretap Act. Moreover, in making this comparison in Doe, the Court stated that high

public official immunity “serve[s] a unique role in protecting public officials while acting in

their official capacity on behalf of the public.” Doe, 174 A.3d at 603 (emphasis added).

       Additionally, as to the term “official immunity,” we observed the following in 1977:

“To be distinguished from the constitutionally[ ]based doctrine of sovereign immunity in

Pennsylvania is the common-law concept of ‘official immunity’—a status which pertains

to government officials and employees.”           Freach, 

.         While we

acknowledge that the Sovereign Immunity Act and the Political Subdivision Tort Claims

Act include various immunities and defenses, some of which resemble high public official




                                      [J-47-2024] - 25
immunity,15 we are not convinced that the common law doctrine of high public official

immunity is now strictly a creature of statute.

       While Justice McCaffery joins Justice Mundy’s dissent, he writes separately, in

part, because, in his view, Prosecutors’ actions “give rise to civil liability under” the

Wiretap Act. (Justice McCaffery’s Dissenting Opinion at 1.) Indeed, despite the fact that

this litigation is at the preliminary objection phase, Justice McCaffery appears to believe

that, because Prosecutors’ actions in the case were egregious, they should face liability

under the Act. (See, e.g., id. at 12 (“Here, it is evident the Prosecutors either made an

egregious mistake, were grossly incompetent, or committed intentional misconduct.”).)

Justice McCaffery also seems to conclude that the issue and substantive legal test in this

case are different than we contemplate.

       In this regard, Justice McCaffery states: “At play in the present matter, we are

presented with the tension between protecting individual privacy and empowering the

government (and its officials) to carry out its work of servicing the public good.” (Id. at 4.)

According to Justice McCaffery, “[t]hus, in these matters, an individual’s privacy interest

should prevail over immunity for government officials, including those who fall under high

public official immunity.” (Id.) Justice McCaffery suggests that, in concluding that the

General Assembly did not waive high public official immunity for purposes of an action

under Section 5725(a) of the Wiretap Act, we have “missed the forest because of the

trees.” (Id. at 7.)

       Respectfully, this matter does not involve many trees, let alone an entire forest.

Rather, it involves one particular tree—the application of the well-settled legal principle

15 See, e.g., 42 Pa. C.S. § 8524 (enumerating common law defenses available under

Sovereign Immunity Act); 42 Pa. C.S. § 8546 (defining “defense of official immunity” for
purposes of Political Subdivision Tort Claims Act).




                                      [J-47-2024] - 26
that the General Assembly may waive immunity only by specifically and explicitly

expressing its desire to do so. Justice McCaffery criticizes our determination that the

General Assembly did not express such an intent in the Wiretap Act for purposes of high

public official immunity, characterizing our conclusion as “an absurd oxymoron,”

“nonsensical,” and “illogical.” (Id. at 9, 12.) Yet, in his view, “Section 5725(b) specifically

and unequivocally includes reference to high public officials without using the actual term

itself.” (Id. at 7 (emphasis added).) Justice McCaffery’s belief in this regard rests, in part,

upon the same inaccurate notion that Justice Mundy suggests—that is, the specific

reference to “sovereign immunity” in Section 5725(b) necessarily includes high public

official immunity—though Justice McCaffery seems to equivocate on this point. (See,

e.g., id. (“High public official immunity is an offshoot of sovereign immunity.”) (emphasis

added); and id. at 10 (“It is readily apparent that high public official immunity is essentially

a subset of sovereign immunity, as it fundamentally seeks to establish immunity in service

of the public good.”) (emphasis added).)

       In his dissenting opinion, Justice Dougherty offers myriad criticisms of our

conclusion that the plain language of the Wiretap Act does not reflect that the General

Assembly specifically and explicitly expressed an intent to waive high public official

immunity for purposes of Section 5725(a) actions. For example, Justice Dougherty takes

us to task for “wholly fail[ing] to explain why the General Assembly would have wanted

to expose low-level and mere employees of the Commonwealth—but no other

government actors, not even mere public employees’ counterparts in local agencies—to

liability under the Act.”   (Justice Dougherty’s Dissenting Opinion at 7 (emphasis in

original).)   Yet, when interpreting a statute, our task is to ascertain and effectuate

legislative intent, not to mine for the General Assembly’s reason for choosing to codify a

particular policy decision. This is true especially when, as here, the language of a statute




                                       [J-47-2024] - 27
is clear and unambiguous. See, e.g., 1 Pa. C.S. § 1921(b) (“When the words of a statute

are clear and free from all ambiguity, the letter of it is not to be disregarded under the

pretext of pursuing its spirit.”).

       Moreover, in support of his position, Justice Dougherty does not provide the full

language of Section 5725(b), particularly the words “sovereign immunity” and “such;” nor

does he focus his analysis, as we do, on that language. Instead, our colleague offers a

tortured interpretation of both the Wiretap Act and this opinion. For example, on the one

hand, Justice Dougherty expresses his view that the Wiretap Act “does specifically and

explicitly waive official immunity,” (Justice Dougherty’s Dissenting Opinion at 14

(emphasis added)); yet, on the other hand, he states his belief that “the peculiar phrase

‘the Commonwealth and any of its officers, officials or employees,’ when considered

against subsection (a)’s authorization of a cause of action against ‘any person,’ creates

a facial ambiguity,” (id. at 6 n.5 (emphasis added) (quoting 18 Pa. C.S. § 5725(b)).)

Based upon his latter expression, Justice Dougherty employs principles of statutory

construction that can be utilized only when “the words of a statute are not explicit,”

1 Pa. C.S. § 1921(c), to discern whether the General Assembly “specifically and explicitly”

waived high public official immunity in the Wiretap Act.      By leaning into ambiguity,

however, Justice Dougherty undermines his own position. Simply stated, our precedent

does not support an analysis that would allow this Court to interpret an ambiguous statute

as a clear and express waiver of high public official immunity. See Doe, 174 A.3d at 605

(explaining that this Court has “consistently held that where the General Assembly intends

to provide exceptions to immunity, such exceptions must be specifically and explicitly

expressed”).     Indeed, in Federal Aviation Administration v. Cooper, 

 (2012), i.e., the case that Justice Dougherty invokes in defense of his position that

we can find that a statute is ambiguous and nevertheless conclude that the statute




                                     [J-47-2024] - 28
specifically and explicitly waives immunity, the United States Supreme Court actually

expressed:       “Any ambiguities in the statutory language are to be construed in favor of

immunity, so that the Government’s consent to be sued is never enlarged beyond what a

fair reading of the text requires.” (emphasis added) (citations omitted).

       Of further note, Justice Dougherty suggests that we have “disregard[ed] our

precedent relating to the General Assembly’s use in statutes of all-encompassing phrases

like ‘any person.’” (Justice Dougherty’s Dissenting Opinion at 9.) By way of example, the

Justice relies upon a portion of this Court’s decision in Freach to support his position that,

by creating a cause of action for “any person” aggrieved by a violation of the Wiretap Act,

the General Assembly waived high public official immunity for purposes of

Section 5725(a) actions. Yet, the portion of Freach upon which the Justice’s position

relies has nothing to do with whether the General Assembly waived high public official

immunity for purposes of a cause of action.

       The plaintiffs in Freach brought survival and wrongful death actions against various

defendants, including the superintendent of a state hospital, the superintendent of the

parole division of the Board of Probation and Parole, a district attorney, and an assistant

district attorney (collectively, government defendants).        The Commonwealth Court

sustained the government defendants’ preliminary objections, concluding that they were

high public officials and, therefore, “absolutely immune from suits arising out of the

performance of their duties.” Freach, 

. The plaintiffs ultimately appealed

to this Court.

       In examining whether the Commonwealth Court properly determined that the

government defendants were entitled to high public official immunity, we stated:
       Whether the Commonwealth Court was correct in finding these four
       defendants to be ‘high public officials’ is, however, a question we need not
       decide, for we have concluded that Section 603 of the Mental Health and




                                       [J-47-2024] - 29
      [Intellectual Disability] Act of 1966, 50 P.S. § 4603[16]. . . supersedes the
      common law doctrine of official immunity in cases in which the allegedly
      wrongful acts are done pursuant to that statute. We also are of the opinion,
      although the complaint is not entirely clear on the point, that the acts of the
      [government] defendants of which the plaintiffs complain were arguably acts
      done pursuant to the Act of 1966.
Id. at 1168. Section 603 of the Mental Health and Intellectual Disability Act provides:
      No person and no governmental or recognized nonprofit health or welfare
      organization or agency shall be held civilly or criminally liable for any
      diagnosis, opinion, report or any thing done pursuant to the provisions of
      this act if he acted in good faith and not falsely, corruptly, maliciously or
      without reasonable cause; provided, however, that causes of action based
      upon gross negligence or incompetence shall not be affected by the
      immunities granted by this section.
50 P.S. § 4603 (emphasis added). Addressing the emphasized language, this Court

reasoned:
      Although this language appears to grant or create, rather than to deny or
      waive, immunity from suits, its clear negative implication is that any person
      acting pursuant to the provisions of the act may be held liable for conduct
      which is lacking in good faith or is false, corrupt, malicious, or without
      reasonable cause.
Freach, 

. We then added:

      The statute goes on to provide, moreover, that ‘causes of action based upon
      gross negligence or incompetence shall not be affected by the immunities
      granted by this section.’ Thus, Section 603 creates a limited immunity—an
      immunity which is expressly inapplicable to several enumerated types of
      conduct. In our view, the phrase ‘no person’ is broad enough to include all
      officials of the Commonwealth and its governmental components whether
      ‘high’ or otherwise, as well as private persons. We therefore conclude that
      the use of the phrase ‘no person’ evidences an intent on the part of the
      legislature that the limited immunity granted by Section 603 will apply to all
      Commonwealth and governmental officials and will supersede common law
      officials immunity in cases to which Section 603 applies. Thus, a suit
      against even a ‘high public official’ may be maintained if it appears from the
      complaint (a) that the cause of action is based upon acts done pursuant to
      the Mental Health and [Intellectual Disability] Act of 1966, and (b) that the
      acts complained of are not within one of the categories of conduct to which
      limited immunity is granted by Section 603.


16 Act of October 20, 1966, Special Session No. 3, P.L. 96.




                                     [J-47-2024] - 30


       Our decision in Freach makes clear that, if the General Assembly creates a

statutory immunity applicable to “any person,” that immunity can extend to private

individuals as well as all officials of the Commonwealth and its governmental components.

That principle, however, does not in any way suggest that, when the General Assembly

creates a cause of action applicable to “any person,” the General Assembly specifically

and explicitly waived all affirmative defenses that any individual person or class of

persons might be able to assert, including, but not limited to, high public official immunity.

Consequently, in our view, this reasoning in Freach simply has no applicability in

determining whether the General Assembly waived an established immunity.

       Lastly, we again observe that Section 5725(b) of the Wiretap Act provides: “To the

extent that the Commonwealth and any of its officers, officials or employees would be

shielded from liability under this section by the doctrine of sovereign immunity, such

immunity is hereby waived for the purposes of this section.” 18 Pa. C.S. § 5725(b)

(emphasis added). According to Justice Dougherty, by employing the word “officer” in

this subsection, the General Assembly meant “public officers” and, therefore, expressed

an intent to waive “official immunity.” (Justice Dougherty’s Dissenting Opinion at 14.) Yet,

Section 5725(b) unmistakenly refers only to “the Commonwealth and any of its officers,”

i.e., “the Commonwealth’s officers,” not “public officers,” and to “sovereign” immunity, not

“official” immunity. Moreover, it is not at all clear that the General Assembly intended “the

Commonwealth’s officers” in the Wiretap Act to include county district attorneys and

assistant district attorneys.17


17 But see Phila. District Attorney’s Office v. Williams, 

, 412 n.4 (Pa.
Cmwlth. 2019) (holding, under Right-to-Know Law, that district attorney was local agency,
not Commonwealth agency); Schroeck v. Pa. State Police, 

 (Pa.
Cmwlth. 1976) (en banc) (declining to exercise original jurisdiction because “[d]istrict
(continued…)

                                      [J-47-2024] - 31
       In sum, when the General Assembly creates a broadly sweeping cause of action,

as it did in the Wiretap Act, against “any person” who violates the Act, the creation of the

action, in and of itself, is insufficient to constitute a waiver of all immunity defenses that

some persons may be able to assert as affirmative defenses. This is particularly true

where the section authorizing such a cause of action also expressly waives one type of

immunity, but not others. Instead, we reaffirm our precedent that where the General

Assembly intends to waive those defenses for purposes of a newly created cause of

action, it must do so expressly. We find the Dissents’ approaches to answering the

question before the Court to be counter to our settled standard of examining the language

of a statute to determine whether the General Assembly “specifically and explicitly”

expressed an intent to waive high public official immunity. Our interpretation, on the other

hand, is faithful to this standard.18 For these reasons, we respectfully disagree with the

reasoning and result advocated by the Dissents.




attorneys and their assistants are officers of the counties in which they are elected and
not officers of the Commonwealth”).
18 If, after reviewing this opinion, the General Assembly decides that high public officials

should not be immune from Section 5725(a) actions, then it can simply revise the Wiretap
Act to explicitly reflect that intent. See Mullin v. Dep’t of Transp., 

(Pa. 2005) (“We reach our determination today keeping in mind that the exceptions to
sovereign immunity are to be narrowly construed and that the General Assembly can
correct any misinterpretation of the immunity provisions by amending the statute so as to
explicitly waive immunity . . . .”). Had the dissenting Justices’ interpretations of the
Wiretap Act prevailed, we are hard pressed to imagine how the General Assembly could
have revised the Act if it disagreed with those interpretations, save for amending
Section 5725(b) to provide something along the following lines: “To the extent that the
Commonwealth and any of its officers, officials or employees would be shielded from
liability under this section by the doctrine of sovereign immunity, such immunity is hereby
waived for the purposes of this section. This waiver of immunity applies only to the
doctrine of sovereign immunity and does not apply to the doctrine of high public official
immunity.”

                                      [J-47-2024] - 32
                                        IV. Conclusion

       While the General Assembly specifically and explicitly waived sovereign immunity

for purposes of the cause of action outlined in Section 5725(a) of the Wiretap Act against

the Commonwealth and its officers, officials, and employees, it did not specifically and

explicitly waive the affirmative defense of high public official immunity. In response to

Winig’s suit here, then, Prosecutors were entitled, as they did, to raise the affirmative

defense of high public official immunity. High public official immunity insulates district

attorneys and assistant district attorneys from civil suits seeking monetary damages

brought pursuant to Section 5725(a) of the Wiretap Act, where district attorneys and

assistant district attorneys were acting within the scope of their official duties when they

allegedly violated the Act. The Commonwealth Court reached the same result. We,

therefore, affirm that court’s order.

       Chief Justice Todd and Justices Donohue and Wecht join the opinion.

       Justice Dougherty files a dissenting opinion.

       Justice Mundy files a dissenting opinion in which Justice McCaffery joins.

       Justice McCaffery files a dissenting opinion in which Justice Mundy joins.




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