González Díaz v. Descartes
González Díaz v. Descartes
Opinion of the Court
delivered the opinion of the Court.
The problem for our consideration is limited to determining whether under our Income Tax Act the profit made by a nonresident foreigner in the sale of his share in a
Plaintiff, Juana González Díaz, is the sole and universal heir of María Diaz Miyares widow of Abarca, who died in Spain in 1947. Her ancestor was a limited partner of the partnership Sucesores de Abarca, Ltd., organized and domiciled in Puerto Rico where its commercial activities developed. By public deed of December 30, 1940 Enrique Abarca Sanfeliz, as attorney-in-fact of María Diaz Miyares widow of Abarca sold to Ángel Abarca Portilla every title, right and share that his principal might have in the aforesaid partnership for the price of $34,000 which the attorney-in-fact admitted having received. When the principal learned of the conveyance, she rejected it, but because of the World War then going on she was unable to come to Puerto Rico until 1946 in order to challenge it. Once in Puerto Rico she reached a friendly settlement with the purchaser, Angel Abarca Portilla. It was thus set forth in a public deed executed on July 24, 1946, entitled “Deed of Settlement and Ratification of Acts and Contracts and other Particulars.” In that deed the sum of $255,642.31 is fixed as the price of the interest or share of the aforesaid ancestor in the partnership, and it is made clear in the deed, agreed and stipulated that the latter sum includes the sum of $96,448.20 which is the amount of the current account of the limited partner in the corporation; that of $31,827.90 as interest on the current account at 6% from December 30, 1940 — date of execution of the original deed by the attorney-in-fact — until July 1, 1946; and the sum of $127,366.21, value of the limited share, plus other benefits in money, stocks, etc., received by the acquirer, Abarca Portilla. The Treasurer of Puerto Rico— now Secretary of the Treasury — determined that in the sale of that capital asset by the Widow of Abarca, plaintiff’s ancestor, there had been a benefit amounting to $120,194.11, on which she should pay income tax. Subsequently, he
It is undeniable that during the years in question Maria Diaz Miyares widow of Abarca was a Spanish citizen residing in Spain. It is likewise undeniable that the corporation of which she was a limited partner was organized in the island of Puerto Rico, that it had its business situs here and that the bulk of its business activities developed here. The
We turn now to the merits of the case:
Section 19(a) (2) of the Income Tax Act (Act of 1925,*868 p. 400) as amended by Act No. 31 of April 12, 1941, pp. 478, 508, provides:
“In the case of a nonresident individual not a citizen of Puerto Rico the following items of gross income shall be treated as income from sources within Puerto Rico.
“(2) The amount received as partnership profits or dividends from a domestic corporation or other than a corporation, ...” .(Italics ours.)
Did appellant’s ancestor obtain “partnership profits” in selling her interest in the partnership of which she was a limited partner? This question should be answered affirmatively since she obtained for her share, .which had an original value of $34,000 — her contribution to the partnership — a much higher price in 1946. The difference between both values, that is, between her original contribution to the partnership and the price at which she sold it resulted in a “partnership profit” of the corporation of which she was a part. It has been so decided by the jurisprudence we have been able to find on that line, and we agree. Under some statutes such profit is considered as ordinary income and under others as a “capital gain.” In either case the resulting profit is taxable as a partnership profit. 6 Merten’s, Law of Federal Income Taxation, p. 189, § 35.27; Estate of Herbert B. Hatch, 14 T.C. 251, 254; Estate of Aaron Lowen-stein, 12 T. C. 694, 699; Louis Karsch, 8 T.C. 1327; Appeal of Waren E. Brown, 4 T.C. 56; Dudley T. Humphrey v. Commissioner, 32 B.T.A. 280; United States v. Shapiro, 178 P. 2d 459; Swiren v. Commissioner, 183 F. 2d 656; Commissioner of Internal Revenue v. Smith, 173 F. 2d 470; Long v. Commissioner, 173 F. 2d 471; Goodman v. Commissioner, 200 F. 2d 681.
The former conclusion would be enough to affirm the judgment from which this appeal was taken. . However, we deem it advisable to discuss other grounds — also discussed at length by the appellant — by virtue of which we likewise
We have before us a tax problem. It is to the Income Tax Act and to the jurisprudence established on that subject that we must look for the solution of the problem. We must only resort to the Civil Code, a supplement to the Act which regulates taxation, in order to fill any gaps in the special Act.
Appellant insists that the interest of her ancestor in the partnership of which she was a member was intangible property and hence that the situs thereof was the residence of its owner, that is, Spain. As a result of that statement, she reaches the conclusion that Puerto Rico lacks power to collect a tax on the benefits accrued. We agree with appellant that the interest or share was intangible property—Blodgett v. Silberman, 72 L. E. 749, 757; De Ganay v. Lederer, 63 L. Ed. 1042— . But we disagree that merely because her ancestor was a nonresident of Puerto Rico, such intangible property has no taxable situs in this island. Appellant’s contention is fundamentally based on the ancient maxim mobilia sequuntur personam, that is, that movable things follow [the law of] the person.
In connection with the former maxim, the National Supreme Court in First Bank Corp. v. Minnesota, 301 U. S. 234, holds the following at page 241:
“Mobilia sequuntur personam, which has won unqualified acceptance when applied to the taxation of intangibles, Bloch gett v. Silberman, 277 U. S. 1, 9-10, states a rule without disclosing the reasons for it. But we have recently had occasion to point out that enjoyment by the resident of a state of the protection of its laws is inseparable from responsibility for sharing the costs of its government, and that a tax measured by the value of rights protected is but an equitable method of-*871 distributing the burdens of government among those who are privileged to enjoy its benefits. See New York ex rel. Cohn v. Graves, 300 U. S. 308.
“The economic advantages realized through the protection, at the place of domicil, of the ownership of rights in intangibles, the value of which is made the measure of the tax, bear a direct relationship to the distribution of burdens which the tax effects. These considerations support the taxation of intangibles at the place of domicil, at least where they are not shown to have acquired a business situs elsewhere, as a proper exercise of the power of government. Like considerations support their taxation at their business situs, for it is there that the owner in every practical sense invokes and enjoys the protection of the laws, and in consequence realizes the economic advantages of his ownership.”
Of that maxim it has also been said that it “merely means that the situs of personal property for purposes of taxation is the domicil of the owner unless there is a statute to the contrary, or... in case of intangible property, it has acquired a business situs
Plaintiff’s ancestor was not a citizen of Puerto Rico, nor of the United States, nor did she live here. Nor did she live in a state of the American union. Her domicil was in a foreign country. Therefore, there is no controversy between the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico and a state of the American Nation. Neither is there a controversy between two states of our country. Consequently, we may very properly say that here “the reason for the rule ('mobilia sequuntur personam), built upon a legal fiction, does not exist, and therefore the rule has neither purpose nor efficacy in this case. To apply the rule in such a case as this, would be shaping the occasion to meet the rule instead of
•. It is beyond discussion that the interest that María Diaz Miyares widow of Abarca had in the partnership of Suers, de Abarca, Ltd., was an intangible. Blodgett v. Silberman, supra, p. 758; Humphrey v. Commissioner, 32 B.T.A. 280. But for tax purposes personal intangible property may be separated from the owner and taxed where actually located. Hill v. Carter, 47 F. 2d 869. Intangible property may also, as has been seen, acquire a business situs other than the place where its owner is domiciled. First Bank Corp. v. Minnesota, supra, 79 A.L.R. 344, 346, 76 A.L.R. 806; 104 A.L.R. 805; 51 Am. Jur. 480, § 469. And when the taxpayer extends his activities with respect to his intangibles, outside' the place of his domicile, the state where those activities develop may tax such intangibles. Curry v. McCanless, 307 U. S. 357. In the case at bar the owner of the interest in Sucrs, de Abarca was a foreigner who lived in Spain, but she had an interest in a corporation organized, and domiciled in Puerto Rico, where it developed its activities. That share therefore had a business situs in Puerto Rico and could be taxed by our Government.
The power to tax is an incident of sovereignty. Graves v. Schmidlapp, 315 U. S. 657, 86 L. Ed. 1099. A sovereign who intends to tax some particular property or right is bound to express its intention to tax in clear and unambiguous language. Eidman v. Martinez, supra. In, the instant case Puerto Rico has expressed its purpose of levying an income tax on any “amount received as partnership profit.” The
The judgment appealed from will be affirmed.
In making the former statement plaintiff cites the. cases of McCulloch v. Maryland, 4 L. Ed. 579; Blackstone v. Miller, 47 L. Ed. 489; Curry v. McCanless, 83 L. Ed. 1339; Graves v. Elliot, 83 L. Ed. 1357; Tax Commission v. Aldrich, 86 L. Ed. 1358; Graves v. Schmidlapp, 86 L. Ed. 1097; Central Hanover Bank v. Kelly, 87 L. Ed. 1282; Treichler v. Wisconsin, 94 L. Ed. 37.
Section 12 of the Civil Code, 1930 ed., provides that:
“In matters which are the subject of special laws, any deficiency in such laws shall be supplied by the provisions of this Code.”
Section 10 of the Civil Code provides that: “Personal property is subject to the laws of the nation of the owner thereof...”
For the definition and scope of the phrase “business situs” see 76 A.L.R. 806; 79 A.L.R. 346; Curry v. McCanless, 307 U. S. 357, 83 L. Ed. 1339; First Bank Corp. v. Minnesota, 301 U. S. 234, 238; 51 Am. Jur. 480.
Section 4 of the Income Tax Act provides that:
“The term ‘profits’ means any distribution made by a partnership to its members and participants out of its earnings obtained after February 28, 1913.”
And § 15 thereof provides that:
“(a) The term ‘gross income’ includes gains, profits, and income derived from ... partnership profits, securities, or the transaction of any business carried on for gain or profit, or gains or profits and income derived from any source whatever; ...” (Italics ours.)
Montgomery B. Angelí, The Nonresident Alien: A Problem in Federal Taxation of Income, XXXVI Columbia Law Review 908, 910.
Case-law data current through December 31, 2025. Source: CourtListener bulk data.