Shenandoah Life Insurance v. Smallwood
Shenandoah Life Insurance v. Smallwood
Dissenting Opinion
WILLIAMS, J.,
I respectfully dissent and would affirm the order of the circuit court. I disagree with the majority’s holding that a jury could reasonably conclude that Shenandoah failed to meet its burden of proving Lorenzo made the misrepresentation with the requisite fraudulent intent. The undisputed evidence indicates that Lorenzo reported alcohol and cocaine abuse to a
Further, I disagree with the majority’s reliance on its finding that no evidence indicated that Lorenzo associated his alcohol or cocaine use with any increased medical risk. I believe the association of a prospective insured’s drug and alcohol abuse to an increased medical risk is patently apparent. See Sadel v. Berkshire Life Ins. Co. of Am., 473 Fed.Appx. 152, 156 (3d Cir. 2012) (affirming the trial court’s order granting the insurance company summary judgment on its rescission counterclaims because clear and convincing evidence indicated the insurer’s application included fraudulent statements, namely denying past drug use and treatment for drug use); Burkert v. Equitable Life Assur. Soc. of Am., 287 F.3d 293, 297-98 (3d Cir. 2002) (noting that under Pennsylvania law, misrepresentations regarding alcohol abuse in a life insurance application are deemed to be made in bad faith as a matter of law and extending those holdings to drug abuse); Life Ins. Co. of Ga. v. Helmuth, 182 Ga.App. 750, 357 S.E.2d 107, 108-09 (1987) (reversing the trial court’s denial of an insurance company’s directed verdict motion based on undisputed evidence that the insured concealed information about her past treatment for drug and alcohol use). Moreover, evidence that Lorenzo failed to disclose his drug and alcohol use in order to conceal his conduct from his wife and aunt is purely speculative and, further, is irrelevant to the question of his intent to defraud Shenandoah. I believe that, as a matter of law, Lorenzo’s knowing and willful concealment of his drug and alcohol abuse demonstrated an intent to defraud Shenandoah and, thus, the trial court did not err in granting Shenandoah’s motion for a directed verdict.
Opinion of the Court
Shenandoah Life Insurance Company brought this action to void an insurance policy it issued on the life of Lorenzo Smallwood. The circuit court granted partial summary judgment to Shenandoah, and thus narrowed-the issue for trial to whether Lorenzo intended to defraud the insurance company
I. Facts
Lorenzo Smallwood joined the U.S. Marine Corps following the 9/11 terrorist attacks and served tours of duty in both Afghanistan and Iraq. He was honorably discharged from the Marines in 2004. On October 2, 2006, Lorenzo visited the emergency department of William Jennings Bryan Dorn Veteran’s Medical Center in Columbia. He complained to nurse Pamela O’Toole about not being able to sleep well in the two years since his return from his tours overseas and stated he believed he suffered from post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). O’Toole noted on her medical assessment, “[pjatient admits to drug and alcohol use.” However, Lorenzo’s exact statement concerning his drug use is unclear from the record, and by the time of trial, O’Toole had no independent recollection of treating Lorenzo. O’Toole referred him to an urgent-care doctor to discuss his psychological symptoms and also referred him for a psychological evaluation to be performed at a later date.
Later in the afternoon, Lorenzo saw Nirav Pathak, M.D., who recorded in his notes Lorenzo “cannot sleep well,” “feels depressed,” and “thinks that he suffers from PTSD since he came home 2 years ago from Iraq/Afghanistan.” Dr. Pathak also noted, “alcoholic, 12 pack beer every day.” In his assessment, Dr. Pathak wrote,
Substance Abuse (Alcohol) — current;
Cocaine Abuse — current.
When Dr. Pathak later testified, he explained that this assessment of Lorenzo “was based upon what [he] had talked to [Lorenzo] about.” Though neither Dr. Pathak’s notes nor his testimony reveal exactly what Lorenzo told him, Dr. Pathak testified that his notes showed Lorenzo expressed his
A year later, on November 19, 2007, Lakeisha Smallwood sought an insurance policy through Shenandoah on the life of her husband Lorenzo. She initially consulted Lorenzo’s aunt, Gayle Smallwood, who sold insurance for Shenandoah. Gayle asked her colleague, Laura Haynes, an independent insurance agent representing Shenandoah, to write the policy. Haynes met Lorenzo and Lakeisha at their home to fill out the insurance application. While seated at the kitchen table, Haynes asked Lorenzo the application questions and recorded his answers on the application. Lakeisha and Gayle were present at the home when the application was being filled out but were primarily in another room with Lorenzo’s and Lakeisha’s children. Haynes testified she told Lorenzo to answer the application questions truthfully, and that both Lorenzo and Lakeisha had an opportunity to review the application before they signed it. The application contained a number of questions regarding Lorenzo’s medical history, particularly,
Within the last 10 years, have any persons proposed for coverage been diagnosed or treated by a member of the medical profession for ... mental or nervous disorder, alcohol or drug dependency?
Within the past 5 years, have any persons proposed for coverage ... [u]sed cocaine?
Lorenzo answered “No” to each of these questions. Shenandoah issued the policy.
On September 18, 2008, Lorenzo was shot to death. The shooter was found guilty of voluntary manslaughter and sentenced to eighteen years. Shenandoah denied Lakeisha’s claim on the policy on the ground that Lorenzo provided false statements on the application regarding his medical history.
II. Procedural History
Shenandoah brought an action against Lakeisha to void the life insurance policy. To void a life insurance policy for
Shenandoah filed a motion for summary judgment, which was partially granted when the Honorable George C. James, Jr. ruled the first four elements were established as a matter of law. As to the fifth element, Judge James wrote:
While there is certainly a circumstantial inference that [Lorenzo] made the misrepresentations with the intent to defraud the plaintiff, the evidence presented to the court is also susceptible of the inference (at least at this stage) that he made the misrepresentations to hide his alcohol and drug abuse and his mental health issues from his wife. A jury should decide this issue, especially in light of the plaintiff’s heightened burden of proof.
The case was called to trial before the Honorable W. Jeffrey Young. Shenandoah tried the case on the basis that Lorenzo’s answers to the questions regarding mental or nervous disorder, drug or alcohol dependency, and cocaine use were made with the intent to defraud Shenandoah.
III. Directed Verdict Standard
“When reviewing the trial court’s ruling on a motion for a directed verdict ..., this Court must apply the same
IV. Directed Verdict Analysis
We begin our analysis of the facts by acknowledging that there is not much evidence in the record of Lorenzo’s intent, as is to be expected in cases where the applicant is deceased. The intent with which misrepresentations are made on a life insurance application is usually shown by circumstantial evidence, since the direct evidence is “locked up in the heart and consciousness of the applicant.” Smiley v. Woodmen of the World Life Ins. Soc., 249 S.C. 461, 465, 154 S.E.2d 834, 836 (1967) (quoting Johnson, 165 S.C. at 500, 164 S.E. at 177). The lack of evidence of intent works against the party who bears the burden of proof.
Shenandoah presented evidence from which a jury could reasonably conclude, based on the clear and convincing evidence standard, that Lorenzo made the misrepresentations with the intent to defraud the insurance company. However, the question we must answer is whether there is evidence in this record from which a jury could reasonably reach the opposite conclusion — that Shenandoah failed to prove by clear and convincing evidence that Lorenzo intended to defraud the insurance company. Wé find there is.
The facts of this case are significantly different from the facts of cases our courts have deemed “rare” enough to merit determination of fraudulent intent as a matter of law. In Johnson, for example, the insured had been treated for alcoholism on ten separate occasions, was at one point confined to a hospital, and was warned by his physician to discontinue the use of alcohol completely to avoid “ruin[ing] his health.” 165 S.C. at 499, 164 S.E. at 176. However, when the insured filled out his application for insurance only fourteen months after his last treatment for alcoholism,
In Winbum, the insured was diagnosed with angina and was hospitalized for nine days for “an infected right Bartho-lin’s gland cyst, an upper respiratory infection, subacute bronchitis, and hypertensive arteriosclerotic heart disease, with coronary insufficiency” less than two years prior to filling out an application for life insurance. 261 S.C. at 572, 577, 201 S.E.2d at 373, 376. Although the application specifically asked whether the insured knew “of any impairment now existing in your health” or had “consulted a physician for any illness” within three years prior to filling out the application, the insured did not reveal this information on her application. 261 S.C. at 573, 201 S.E.2d at 374. Our supreme court affirmed the circuit court’s order granting the insurance company’s motion for a directed verdict, stating:
We recognize that ordinarily, the question of fraud in a case of this kind is for the jury, but we feel that this is one of those rare cases where the only reasonable conclusion from the uncontradicted facts is that the insured intended to deceive and defraud the respondent when she deliberately suppressed the truth and gave false answers as to her health or physical condition and prior medical treatment, of which she had full knowledge.
261 S.C. at 578, 201 S.E.2d at 376.
In Parker v. Pacific Mutual Life Insurance Company of California, 179 S.C. 117, 183 S.E. 697 (1935), a disability insurance case, the insured stated he had previously suffered from influenza and pneumonia, but that he had completely recovered seven years prior to filling out the application. 179 S.C. at 119, 120, 183 S.E. at 697, 698. In reality, the insured experienced frequent and recurring attacks of both illnesses during that seven-year period and had consulted numerous physicians regarding his condition. 179 S.C. at 124-29, 183 S.E. at 700-02. The insured was a physician practicing in a specialty dealing with the illnesses he suffered from and, as the court stated, “he was certainly aware of their significance and materiality in connection with his application for insur-
It is inconceivable that Dr.. Parker did not know that, if he told the insurance company [the truth], the insurance would not have been issued to him. The only reasonable inference to be drawn, therefore, is that Dr. Parker deliberately withheld this information, with the fraudulent purpose of procuring the insurance.
179 S.C. at 133, 183 S.E. at 703-04.
The nature of the facts concealed by the insured is a consistent theme in these “rare” cases. In Johnson, Win-bum, and Parker for example, the facts concealed were indisputably known by the insured to relate directly to a significantly increased risk of death or, in Parker, disability. From the insureds’ knowledge of this increased risk, the court found the existence of fraudulent intent in those cases as a matter of law. Additionally, in the cases the trial court cited in support of its directed verdict, the insured was diagnosed with a grave illness and applied for life insurance with the intent to defraud the insurance company as to that illness.
V. Shenandoah’s Other Arguments
Shenandoah makes two additional arguments that we reject. First, Shenandoah argues the fact that Lorenzo signed the application containing the misrepresentations is conclusive evidence he did so with fraudulent intent. We disagree. The simple fact that an answer on a signed application is false does not satisfy an insurer’s burden of proving the applicant made the misrepresentation with the intent to defraud the company. See Smiley, 249 S.C. at 465, 154 S.E.2d at 836 (stating “the mere signing of the application containing the answers alleged to be false is not conclusive” of fraudulent intent (citation omitted)).
Second, Shenandoah argues there is no evidence in the record to support Lakeisha’s position that Lorenzo concealed the information to hide it from his wife and aunt. This argument misapplies the burden of proof. See Lanham, 349 S.C. at 364, 563 S.E.2d at 334 (“[T]he burden of proof rests upon the insurer to show, by clear and convincing evidence,
VI. Conclusion
We do not condone Lorenzo’s misrepresentations. We find, however, a jury could have reasonably concluded Shenandoah failed to prove Lorenzo made the misrepresentations with the intent to defraud the insurance company. Therefore, the trial court should not have directed a verdict in favor of Shenandoah.
REVERSED AND REMANDED.
. Lorenzo made other false statements on the application. However, Shenandoah did not present evidence of those misrepresentations in its motion for summary judgment or at trial.
. See 165 S.C. at 504, 164 S.E. at 178 (Carter, J., dissenting) (stating the insured's last treatment for alcoholism was November 7, 1928, and he made the application for insurance January 8, 1930).
. See, e.g., Nationwide Life Ins. Co. v. Attaway, 254 F.2d 30, 32, 34 (4th Cir. 1958) (fraud as a matter of law where insured received extensive treatment for symptoms typical of heart disease that he did not disclose); Washington v. Garden State Life Ins. Co., No. 3:06-2824-MBS, 2007 WL 2363827, at *1-2, 4 (D.S.C. Aug. 16, 2007) (insured renewed application for insurance six months after HIV diagnosis but stated he had not tested positive for HIV or consulted a doctor in last five years); Reese v. Woodmen of the World Life Ins. Soc., 221 S.C. 193, 203, 69 S.E.2d 919, 923 (1952) (intent to defraud inferred as a matter of law because of applicant’s recent and extended medical care for serious heart disease); Robinson v. Pilgrim Health & Life Ins. Co., 216 S.C. 141, 145, 57 S.E.2d 60, 62 (1949) (fraud as a matter of law where insured stated he was generally in sound health and concealed a recent operation for tuberculosis); Murray v. Metro. Life Ins. Co., 193 S.C. 368, 370-71, 8 S.E.2d 314, 315 (1940) (insured stated he had not been treated by a physician and had no health problems when he had been hospitalized for advance tuberculosis); McLester v. Metro. Life Ins. Co., 175 S.C. 425, 428-29, 179 S.E. 490, 491-92 (1935) (fraud as a matter of law where insured was informed she had an incurable cancer, sought an insurance agent’s office away from her town, and failed to disclose her cancer).
Case-law data current through December 31, 2025. Source: CourtListener bulk data.