*280 The opinion of the Court was delivered by

Appeal from a decree of the Circuit Court which affirmed pro forma a report of the master. The action was brought by a judgment creditor of the Sumter Lumber Company, hereinafter called the Lumber Company, to set aside a transaction between that company and the American National Bank of Lynchburg, Va., hereinafter called the Bank. The alleged infirmity in the transaction was: (1) That it was in violation of the statute governing assignments by insolvent debtors; and (2) that it was in violation of the Statute of Elizabeth, declaring what are fraudulent conveyances. The transaction is primarily evidenced by a paper writing made March 6, 1912, by the Lumber Company to the Bank and to Harper and Goodman, trustees. Let it be reported. There are seven exceptions, which are too voluminous to report. We shall compass the essential issues of law and fact which they make.

The case turns largely upon the character of the paper writing referred to. The argument of the appellant is that the paper is an assignment with preference, and, therefore, in violation of the statute. The argument of the respondents is that the paper is but a mortgage made by the Lumber Company to the Bank to secure the payment of a bona fide debt, and, therefore, within the law. The Court found the latter postulate, and that is the major issue in the case, and its determination practically puts an end to the controversy.

1 We take up for consideration the first issue: Two paper writings may be framed in identical words; yet, on all the testimony, one may be held to be an assignment with preference, and the other may be held to be a bona fide mortgage to secure a debt; and, therefore, the one invalid and the other valid. The issue in each case is dependent upon the intention of the parties to the transaction; and that is to be gathered from all the testimony in *281 the case. The transaction is evidenced by the paper writing and by all the circumstances of the case disclosed by the testimony. Turning first to the paper, the words of it indicate plainly that the transaction was intended for a mortgage and to secure a debt.

2 It is immaterial that the conveyance was made mediately to the trustees instead of directly to the Bank. That is a common practice in large transactions, and it does not alter the essential character of the instrument. The statute does not prescribe the form of- a mortgage.

3 On its face the paper is a conveyance of property to secure the payment of a debt; that generally is the form and essence of a mortgage. See section 3460, Code of Laws, and Thayer v. Cramer, 1 McCord Eq. 395. The instrument declares that it was made “to secure the payment of the sum of $35,000” to the conveyee. There is also a stipulation by the conveyor to pay taxes on the property and to keep up the insurance. There is a clause also which previses a default in payment, and the consequences of it. The direction as to the “residue” is not unusual or improper; in the foreclosure of a mortgage the residue is generally at the direction of the mortgagor. The statute prescribes neither the form nor contents of a technical deed of assignment for the benefit of creditors. The instant paper does not by its language, however, purport to be such a deed, nor are the contents of it apt for such a deed. All the parts of the instrument are those of a mortgage, and not of a technical deed of assignment.

4 The respondents suggest, however, that when the plaintiff undertook to subject the property to sale under his execution, the Bank and the trustees under the paper, by their attorneys notified the plaintiff not to sell because the property “is owned by” the Bank and trustees. And the respondents say that was an admission that the paper was not intended for a mortgage. But that was a *282 matter of opinion merely. The right and interest of the Bank and the trustees was fixed by the paper writing, not by the conveyee’s opinion of it. Besides that, the said notice qualified the ownership, by affirming that it was “by virtue of a deed of trust.”

The other circumstances of the transaction, revealed by the plaintiff’s testimony, do not belie the paper writing. That testimony only tends to prove that the Lumber Company was indebted to the Bank in the fall of 1911 in at least the sum of $25,100; that the company owed other debts; that the company operated the plant until January, 1911, when it was leased to the plaintiff’s brother and operated by him until September, 1911; that in the fall of 1911 the corn-pan}'- was insolvent.

The testimony for the defendants tends to prove that the Bank made the first loan to the company of $10,000 in 1905; that the loans increased, and on November 31, 1911, the Lumber Company owed the Bank $33,500, for which the Bank only held the company’s four-month note made that day; that at the execution of that note the Lumber Company surrendered other good personal security for as much as $24,000; that on November 1, 1911, the Lumber Company agreed by parol to make the deed of trust to secure the debt of $35,000, but it was not done until March after-wards; that when the notes for $35,000 were made the Bank had not inspected the plant, but relied on the reports of the company’s officers, who were chiefly of Virginia, and the Bank had no knowledge of the Lumber Company’s insolvency.

The conclusion of the master, therefore, that the Lumber Company was of doubtful solvency in November, 1911, and insolvent in March, 1912, but that the Bank had no notice of the fact, is fully supported by the testimony.

*283 5 We then conclude on the facts that the other testimony supports the paper writing; that the intent was to secure a á debt, and not to give a preference. If that be so, then the transaction was plainly lawful. Porter v. Stricker, 44 S. C. 193, 21 S. E. 635; Lenhardt v. Ponder, 64 S. C. 354, 42 S. E. 169.

The other ground of attack on the transaction is that it violated the Statute of Elizabeth. The essence of that statute is that it avoids: (1) Those conveyances made upon no consideration; or (2) those conveyances made upon consideration and with intent on the part of the conveyee (as well as the conveyor) to defraud other creditors of the conveyor.

The master concluded there was no testimony to sustain the allegation of a fraudulent intent on the part of the Bank, and that conclusion was manifestly right, for there is no testimony to the contrary.

The decree of the Circuit Court is affirmed.