State v. Livingston
State v. Livingston
Opinion of the Court
At the September, 1957 term of the Court of General Sessions for Calhoun County, appellant was found guilty of the murder of his wife and was sentenced to death. His appeal charges error on the part of the trial judge:
1. In refusing his motion for change of venue;
2. In refusing his motion for continuance;
3. In refusing to order a new trial because of alleged illegality in the drawing of the extra venire;
4. In permitting the introduction of certain testimony; and
The body of appellant’s wife was discovered on the night of August 12, 1957, in the trunk compartment of an automobile parked near the emergency room entrance of the Orangeburg Regional Hospital. Examination revealed five bullet wounds — in head, neck, both shoulders, and left arm, —each wound indicating that the bullet had been fired from behind the victim. There were multiple fractures of the left upper arm. Appellant, apprehended in Savannah, Georgia, on August 13, was brought to Orangeburg; and on the afternoon of that day he directed certain law enforcement officers to a secluded road in the neighboring county of Calhoun, where they found blood stains, six emptly .22-caliber cartridges, and a .22-caliber rifle. On August 14 appellant signed a confession, in which, after detailing his actions from the morning of August 12 until his arrest on August 13, he stated: “Alcohol and temporary insanity must have caused this.”
The motion for change of venue, upon the ground that the defendant could not obtain a fair trial in Calhoun County, was supported by affidavits of the defendant (whose residence is in Orangeburg County), his counsel (of whom one resides in Orangeburg and the other in Calhoun County), a resident of Orangeburg County, and a right-of-way agent of the State Highway Department, residing in Saluda County, who was, in August, 1957, engaged in obtaining highway rights-of-way in Calhoun County. These affiants based their conclusion upon the widespread publicity and discussion that the crime had occasioned, and the fact that the deceased had been reared in Calhoun County, where she was very popular and had wide family connections. In opposition to the motion, four residents of Calhoun County, including the sheriff, were sworn and testified that although the crime had been publicized in the press and over radio and had been widely discussed, and although they had heard unfavorable opinions expressed concerning the defendant, they believed
In his order denying the motion for new trial, the trial judge, discussing the motion for change of venue, pointed' out, in addition to the comparative showing pro and con, that neither during the three days of the term that preceded the trial of this case, nor at any time during its trial, had anything occurred that might indicate that the defendant could not obtain a fair and impartial trial there. He noted also that the jurors had been placed on their voir dire and opportunity offered counsel to make inquiries in addition to those made by the court; that the questioning of the jurors developed nothing indicative of bias or prejudice against the defendant; and that of the ten peremptory challenges to which he had been entitled the defendant had used only four. The motion for change of venue was addressed to the judicial discretion of the trial judge. State v. Mouzon, 231 S. C. 655, 99 S. E. (2d) 672. We find no abuse of that discretion in his denial of the motion.
Upon the call of the case for trial, the defendant moved for continuance beyond the term upon the grounds urged in his motion for change of venue (which we need not discuss further), and upon the additional ground that he had not had sufficient time in which to prepare for trial.
As before stated, the crime was committed on August 12, 1957; the defendant was apprehended on August 13; and he gave a written confession on August 14. On August 14 the Solicitor applied for and obtained, ex parte, an order from the Resident Judge of the First Judicial Circuit committing the defendant “to the South Carolina State Hospital,
The affidavit of Mr. Williams, of Orangeburg, chief counsel for the defendant, in support of the motion for continuance, was substantially as follows:
On or about September 6, defendant’s stepfather, Mr. Jameson, a client of Mr. Williams, spoke to him concerning the case, but no definite arrangements for his employment were then made, Mr. Williams informing Mr. Jame-son that he would be unable to devote any time to the preparation of the case until after the term of the General Sessions court for Orangeburg County, which would commence on September 9, and throughout which Mr. Williams would be engaged. (In his appendix to the transcript, Mr. Williams states that in his conversation with Mr. Jameson on or about September 6 he advised him that, since the case
This aspect of the appeal has given us great concern. A motion for continuance is, of course, addressed to the sound discretion of the court. Where such motion has been based upon the contention that defendant’s counsel has not had time to prepare his case, its denial by the trial court has rarely been disturbed on appeal. It is axiomatic that determination of such motions must depend upon the particular facts and circumstances of each case. In State v. Middleton, 207 S. C. 478, 36 S. E. (2d) 742, where counsel, appointed by the court at least eight days prior to the trial, moved for continuance upon the ground that they did not think that time sufficient for preparation of the case for trial, we held that the motion was properly denied. And in State v. Livingston, 223 S. C. 1, 73 S. E. (2d) 850, 853, denial of a like motion was upheld where counsel for the defendant had been appointed by the court “three or four” days prior to the date of trial.
But the factual situation in each of the cases just cited was far different from that which confronts us here. In
In the case at bar defendant’s chief counsel, an able and experienced trial lawyer whom this court holds in high esteem, presented no evidence whatever for the defense. The defendant’s affidavit in support of the motion for change of venue hinted that the validity of his written confession might be questionable; but at the trial there was not the slightest suggestion of its invalidity. His confession concludes with the statement that “alcohol and temporary insanity must have caused this”; yet no testimony was offered on his behalf on either point, although the State (1) produced several witnesses who testified to his sobriety on the day of the crime, and (2) offered evidence of his sanity at the time of his
We gravely doubt that the trial judge, in denying the motion for continuance, abused his discretion; but we have concluded, in javorem vitae, that the circumstances in this case warrant a new trial. If in ordering it we err, at least such error has not the finality that affirmance on the present record would have. Upon such trial, if the defendant has a, defense, let it be presented; if he has none, let the jury so determine by their verdict. But let him not be able to say, upon that trial, that he has not been allowed sufficient time for the preparation of his case.
Section 38-63 of the 1952 Code, relating to the drawing of the regular venire of petit jurors in advance of the term, provides that “such drawings shall be made openly and publicly in the office of the clerk of court of common pleas and the jury commissioners shall give ten days’ notice of the place, day and hour of each of such drawings by posting in a conspicuous place on the courthouse door or by advertisement in a county newspaper.”
Section 38-72, relating to the drawing of a special venire to supply any deficiency in the number of grand or petit jurors, provides that “the jury commissioners, under the direction of the court, shall draw from the tales box such number of fit and competent persons to serve as jurors as the court shall deem necessary to fill such deficiency.”
And Section 38-74 declares that “in drawing jurors from the tales box the same rules shall be observed as in drawing from the jury box, except that no notice of such drawing shall be necessary.”
The remaining questions raised by the appellant we shall discuss briefly, not because their decision is necessary on this appeal, but in order that our view of them may serve as a guide in the event that any of them should arise in the course of the new trial.
On the motion for new trial it was also contended that all of Dr. Eaddy’s testimony was irrelevant because it did not relate to the defendant’s mental state at the time of the commission of the crime. There is, in every criminal case, the presumption of the defendant’s sanity. The State may rely upon that presumption or, if contention of insanity is suggested (as by the concluding words of the confession here), it may present testimony in anticipation of such contention. That this testimony related to the defendant’s mental condition a few days after the crime rather than at the moment or on the day of its commission did not render it irrelevant. The trial judge, in the exercise of his discretion, properly held it relevant; its weight was for the jury.
As to so much of Dr. Eaddy’s testimony as related to the opinion of the other physicians on the examining team, contention was made on the motion for new trial, and rejected, that it was hearsay. So it was, in our opinion, and it should have been excluded.
Exception 15 charges error in permitting the Solicitor to ask the witness J. L. Gammon to repeat a conversation that he had had with the deceased some four days prior to her death. No objection was made to the question or to so much of the answer as related to a statement made by the witness to the deceased on the occasion in question. Only when the witness started to repeat what Mrs. Livingston had said in reply to his statement was objection made. The jury was thereupon excused, and the witness proceeded to repeat what Mrs. Livingston had said to him. The trial judge ruled that part of his testimony irrelevant; and the jury was brought back into the court room. We find no error here.
There is no merit in appellant’s contention that it was improper for the Solicitor to state, in explanation of the absence of two witnesses to the defendant’s confession, that they were engaged on official business in another county. In the first place, no objection was made to the Solicitor’s statement; in the second, there was no impropriety in it.
Reversed and remanded for new trial.
Dissenting Opinion
I respectfully dissent, as I do not think there was prejudicial error on the part of the Circuit Judge at any stage of the trial. I believe that his order refusing to continue the case was well within the borders of his discretion. In my opinion the judgment of the Circuit Court should be affirmed.
Reference
- Full Case Name
- The STATE, Respondent, v. Fred S. LIVINGSTON, Appellant
- Cited By
- 23 cases
- Status
- Published