Lewis on behalf of E.L. v. Garrigan

[¶6.] Dr. Ertz testified that Garrigan was classified as a "low-level risk" re-offender since he had been compliant with his parole plan. Dr. Ertz also testified that he met with Garrigan and Theresa to counsel their relationship and discuss Garrigan's potential involvement with Theresa's children. At the conclusion of Dr. Ertz's testimony, the court briefly questioned him:

THE COURT: So, Dr. Ertz, was that your understanding of what Mr. Garrigan was convicted of? Of lifting up the blouse -- shirt of his daughter and looking at her breasts?

DR. ERTZ: My information was that it was more than that.

THE COURT: And was it simply a one-time thing?

DR. ERTZ: It was not simply a one-time thing.

[¶7.] In its oral findings of fact, the court stated its concern for the safety of the children. The court noted that Garrigan had been released from prison less than a year for his sexual contact conviction and was still on parole. The court also indicated its belief that Garrigan downplayed the seriousness of his prior offense to Theresa. The court explained that it accepted the testimony of Daniel, Bosworth, and the statements of the children to be true since Garrigan chose not to testify. Based upon these findings, the court determined that it was not in the children's best interests to have contact with Garrigan, and that Garrigan had pursued a knowing and willful course of conduct by bringing himself into the children's home. The court then explained:

The [c]ourt is going to enter the protection order for six months. It is the expectation of the [c]ourt that this matter could also and should also be resolved in the custody side of it. And I anticipate that six months is sufficient time for this to be resolved. Obviously, we can always have a motion to modify. Mr. Garrigan may not be within 100 yards of the children, may have no contact directly or indirectly with the children.

(Emphasis added.) The court signed a six-month protection order that expired on February 23, 2019. Garrigan appealed and filed his appeal brief on November 26, 2018. Daniel appears pro se on appeal and has not filed an appeal brief.2

[¶8.] The Odyssey© electronic court filing record in the divorce case between Daniel and Theresa shows that just before the protection order expired, they entered into a stipulated order, on February 11, 2019. The order required Theresa to prevent Garrigan's contact with the children or from visiting or remaining at Theresa's home when the children are present. The order also required Theresa to ensure Garrigan does not participate in any electronic communication with the children.

*522[¶9.] Garrigan raises two issues in this appeal:

1. Whether the appeal should be dismissed as moot because the protection order has expired.

2. Whether the circuit court's protection order was supported by the record and within its discretion.

Analysis & Decision

1. Whether the appeal should be dismissed as moot because the protection order has expired.

[¶10.] We have stated,

[t]his Court will only decide "actual controversies affecting people's rights .... Accordingly, an appeal will be dismissed as moot where, before the appellate decision, there has been a change of circumstances or the occurrence of an event by which the actual controversy ceases and it becomes impossible for the appellate court to grant effectual relief."

Sullivan v. Sullivan , 2009 S.D. 27, ¶ 11, 764 N.W.2d 895, 899 (quoting In re Woodruff , 1997 S.D. 95, ¶ 10, 567 N.W.2d 226, 228 ). Garrigan acknowledges that the expiration of the protection order presents a potential bar to appellate review. Nonetheless, he argues that the Court should review the expired order under one of the exceptions to the mootness doctrine. See e.g., Larson v. Krebs , 2017 S.D. 39, ¶ 14, 898 N.W.2d 10, 16 (explaining the "capable of repetition, yet evading review" exception).

[¶11.] Garrigan initially argues we should review the expired order because the matter is "capable of repetition, yet evading review." Id. We may apply this exception when "(1) the challenged action was in its duration too short to be fully litigated prior to its cessation or expiration, and (2) there was a reasonable expectation that the same complaining party would be subjected to the same action again." Skjonsberg v. Menard, Inc. , 2019 S.D. 6, ¶ 15, 922 N.W.2d 784, 789 (quoting Larson , 2017 S.D. 39, ¶ 14, 898 N.W.2d at 16 ). Even if we assume the first prong is satisfied, the stipulated order in the divorce between Daniel and Theresa diminishes the likelihood that Daniel will file a future protection order against Garrigan. Thus, we decline to review the order under this exception.

[¶12.] Garrigan also argues that we should review the order as a matter of public importance. This exception is a variation on the first exception, but considers both the public importance of the issue and the likelihood of repetition.3 We have stated that we "possess discretion to 'determine a moot question of public importance if we feel that the value of its determination as a precedent is sufficient to overcome the rule against considering moot questions.' " Larson , 2017 S.D. 39, ¶ 16, 898 N.W.2d at 16-17 (quoting Cummings v. Mickelson , 495 N.W.2d 493, 496 (S.D. 1993) ). In exercising this discretion, we will consider the "general public importance, probable future recurrence, and probable *523future mootness." Larson , 2017 S.D. 39, ¶ 16, 898 N.W.2d at 17 (quoting Sedlacek v. S.D. Teener Baseball Program , 437 N.W.2d 866, 868 (S.D. 1989) ). Garrigan suggests we apply this exception because appellate review of short-term protection orders appealed by an aggrieved party is a matter of public importance. Garrigan cites Seney v. Morhy , 467 Mass. 58, 3 N.E.3d 577 (2014), where that court denied a request to dismiss the appeal of an expired protection order, stating "[i]n such circumstances, we do not hesitate to reach the merits of cases that no longer involve a live dispute so as to further the public interest."4 Id. at 581 (quoting Aime v. Commonwealth , 414 Mass. 667, 611 N.E.2d 204 (1993) ). Under Garrigan's view, appellate review of a short-term protection order or other restraining order that a party claims was erroneously entered may serve some public interest. But the same could be said of every expired order that a party claims was erroneously entered. Applying the exception this broadly would effectively eviscerate our mootness rule. Given the private nature of the dispute between these parties, and the apparent resolution of the issue of Garrigan's contact with the children, we decline to review the case under the public importance exception.

[¶13.] Garrigan also argues the expired protection order may be reviewed under the collateral consequences exception to the mootness doctrine. In Woodruff , we considered the applicability of the collateral consequences exception to an expired involuntary mental health commitment order. 1997 S.D. 95, ¶ 14, 567 N.W.2d at 229. Woodruff noted that a determination that a person lacks mental competency may have an effect on a person's "voting rights, restrictions on the right to serve on a federal jury, restrictions on the ability to obtain a license to drive, limitations on gun permit access, a rebuttable presumption of continued incompetency, the right to dispose of property, and the right to execute contracts[.]" 1997 S.D. 95, ¶ 12, 567 N.W.2d at 228. However, in the context of an involuntary mental commitment, the Court noted that "[Woodruff's] basic rights remain unaffected by their temporary [involuntary mental health] commitment" under SDCL 27A-12-1.2. Id. Woodruff rejected the application of the collateral consequences exception to the expired order, determining that the potential consequences, including possible stigma arising from the order, did not "rise to the level of collateral legal consequences[.]" Id. ¶ 14, 567 N.W.2d at 229 (quoting Godwin v. State, 593 So.2d 211, 214 (Fla. 1992) ) (emphasis added).

[¶14.] Similarly, Garrigan has failed to show any collateral legal consequences arising from the expired protection order. Initially, he cites the possible impact the protection order could have on his parole status and compliance with the terms of his parole agreement. However, Garrigan fails to make any showing that the protection order had an actual impact on his parole while it was in effect, or that the expired order will impact his future parole status. Garrigan also points to the stigma arising from a prior judicial finding that he has stalked children and the requirement that a protection order be provided to law *524enforcement under SDCL 22-19A-15.5 While SDCL 22-19A-15 may create a "record," Garrigan has failed to show that this "record" of the expired protection order will have any collateral legal consequence.

[¶15.] Garrigan cites cases from other jurisdictions applying the collateral consequences exception to expired protection orders. However, all except one of these cases involve an expired domestic violence protection order.6 See Seney , 3 N.E.3d at 581 ; but see Cardoso v. Soldo , 230 Ariz. 614, 277 P.3d 811, 815 (Az. Ct. App. 2012) ; Piper v. Layman , 125 Md.App. 745, 726 A.2d 887, 889-91 (1999) ; Chretien v. Chretien , 170 A.3d 260, 262-63 (Me. 2017) ; E.C.O. v. Compton , 464 Mass. 558, 984 N.E.2d 787, 791 n.12 (2013) ; Hamilton ex rel. Lethem v. Lethem , 119 Hawai'i 1, 193 P.3d 839, 843-48 (2008) ; Putman v. Kennedy , 279 Conn. 162, 900 A.2d 1256, 1261-65 (2006). In applying the collateral consequences exception to expired domestic violence protection orders, these courts have required that there be "a reasonable possibility that prejudicial collateral consequences will occur," and "the litigant must establish these consequences by more than mere conjecture." Putman , 900 A.2d at 1261. These courts have noted particular collateral consequences may arise from an expired domestic violence protection order. See, e.g. , Hamilton ex rel. Lethem , 193 P.3d at 846 (explaining "legal ramifications flowing from" a finding of domestic violence may include future bail proceedings and child custody determinations.).

[¶16.] Here, because Garrigan only hypothesizes about collateral consequences arising from this stalking protection order, we deny his request to apply the exception to this order. The protection order expired on February 19, 2019. The exceptions to mootness argued by Garrigan are applied at the Court's discretion. On this record, we are not convinced that any of the exceptions should be applied to review the expired order appealed by Garrigan. Therefore, we dismiss the case as moot.

[¶17.] GILBERTSON, Chief Justice, and SALTER, Justice, and WILBUR, Retired Justice, concur.