Hattley v. Lumberman's Mutual Casualty Co.
Hattley v. Lumberman's Mutual Casualty Co.
Opinion of the Court
In this cause, Hon. R. H. Spragins, a member of the Bar of Jackson, Tennessee, by consent of the parties, sat as special judge in the place of Judge J. B. Avery, Sr., who was ill.
O. T. Hattley, d/b/a Hattley’s Auto Service, of Memphis, Tennessee, who was plaintiff in the lower court, appeals from a judgment of the Circuit Court of Shelby County dismissing his suit against the appellee, Lumberman’s Mutual Casualty Company, which company was defendant in the lower court. In this opinion, the parties will be referred to, as in the lower court, as plaintiff and defendant.
The plaintiff designates his appeal in this cause as an appeal in the nature of a writ of error, but same is a simple appeal under the provisions of Section 27-303, T.C.A., the cause having been tried in the lower court without the intervention of a jury. Plaintiff’s suit is against defendant on an insurance policy issued by defendant to the plaintiff, and especially on an endorsement attached and added to said policy, which provides that for an additional premium of $5.00, “it is agreed that such insurance as is afforded by the policy for property damage liability applies also to injury to or destruction of property in charge of the insured arising out of the ownership, maintenance or use of any hoist for raising the entire automobile for the lubricating or
“1. This insurance does not apply to the injury to or destruction of property owned, occupied or used by or rented to the insured.
“2. The limit of the Company’s liability for this insurance is $5,000, each accident.”
Neither Provision 1 nor Provision 2 has any bearing on this litigation. The damages recoverable, if any, are stipulated as being $1798.94, and the sole question presented for adjudication is whether or not, under the facts of this case, which are undisputed, the defendant is liable under the terms of its policy, and especially under the terms of the endorsement quoted above. The facts are not stipulated, but defendant offered no witnesses in its own behalf, and did not even cross examine the witnesses who testified in behalf of plaintiff.
The policy involved in this cause insures plaintiff in the operation of his service station and garage at 1761 Madison Avenue, Memphis, Tennessee, known as Hatt-ley’s Auto Service. On July 21, 1962, defendant had in his service station a Cadillac ambulance left there by one of his customers for repair of the gas tank on said ambulance. In order to repair the tank, the defendant had the ambulance placed on the hoist and raised to a height of about six feet from the concrete floor of the garage or service station. The gasoline from the tank was being caught in a 16 gallon drum, approximately 32 inches high. The top of said drum was approximately 3 feet below the neck of the gas tank. According to the testimony of plaintiff’s witnesses, which is undisputed, this was the customary method of draining gas tanks.
After a trial before Hon. John W. Wilson, Judge of Division II of the Circuit Court of Shelby County, a judgment was entered in favor of the defendant, from which plaintiff appealed to this Court. In this Court, as appellant, plaintiff has filed two assignments of error, but these present the single question of whether or not judgment should have been entered for the plaintiff rather than for the defendant. Defendant contends that
Numerous authorities are cited in the briefs of able counsel for both parties, including many decisions from jurisdictions other than Tennessee. After a careful consideration of all of the cases cited, we have concluded that we need not consider or discuss any of the cases cited from jurisdictions other than Tennessee. A few of the Tennessee cases cover the situation sufficiently to control our decision.
The case which, in our opinion, most strongly supports the contention of defendant is J. T. Hinton & Son v. Employers’ Liability Assurance Corp, 166 Tenn. 324, 62 S.W.(2d) 47. In that case, the insurance policy involved contained a clause which ‘ ‘ obligated the insurer to defend any suits alleging injuries covered by the contract, notwithstanding such suits might be ‘wholly groundless.’ ” J. T. Hinton & Son, in connection with its undertaking business, operated an automobile ambulance insured under the policy involved, and, in connection with the operation of that ambulance, a stretcher was used to carry patients to and from the ambulance. On one occasion, while answering a call from a Mrs. Hall, and while carrying Mrs. Hall on the stretcher, but before reaching the ambulance, one of the attendants stumbled and dropped Mrs. Hall, from the result of which fall she claimed to have suffered a miscarriage. She sued J. T. Hinton & Son, and the insurance company refused to defend the suit, although called upon to do so. The suit
“If the accident assigned by Mrs. Hall as the cause of her injury had occurred while the stretcher was being placed in the ambulance, or while it was being removed therefrom, we would be strongly inclined to follow the argument of the case just cited, and hold it the result of the use of the ambulance. But the authorities and liberal rule of construction cited do not, in our opinion, justify the further extension of the terms of the contract, so as to include the accident in suit. "When the stretcher was dropped, the ambulance had not been reached. Mrs. Hall was being transported to the ambulance, and not by it or on it. The transportation of sick persons from bed to street curb was a necessary incident to the conduct of complainants’ business of operating an ambulance for hire, but was not a necessary incident to the operation or use of the ambulance as a motor vehicle, as the actual place or removal of persons therein and therefrom would be. Complainants were insured against liability arising from the operation and use of the vehicle, and not against liability arising from the conduct of their business. In order to sell the use of the ambulance to the public, it was necessary for complainant to provide stretcher bearers and to convey persons to the ambulance, but that, we think, was merely a business custom or convenience, as was the maintenance of a telephone*374 through, which calls for the ambulance might be received. The transportation from bed to curb was preparatory to the use of the ambulance, but until the ambulance was reached its use in the transportation of the patient had not begun. The hazard of the transportation of persons to the ambulance was not within the terms of the contract and was not assumed by the insurer.” Hinton v. Liability Assurance Corp., 166 Tenn. 329-330, 62 S.W.(2d) 47.
In the instant case, counsel for defendant contend that since there was no causal connection between the use of the hoisting device which elevated the ambulance and the fire which caused damage to it, the reasoning of the Supreme Court in the Hinton case should be applied to the facts of the instant case and defendant excused from liability. On the other hand, counsel for plaintiff contends that it is not necessary for plaintiff to show a causal connection to entitle him to a recovery in this cause, and that, since the damage occurred, “arising out of the ownership, maintenance or use of any hoist for raising the entire automobile for the lubricating or servicing thereof at the premises”, plaintiff is entitled to recover under the terms of the endorsement attached to his policy. They cite and rely on the cause of National Bank of Commerce v. New York Life Insurance Co., 181 Tenn. 299, 181 S.W.(2d) 151. In that case, the beneficiary of the insured was held to be entitled to recover double indemnity under a policy which provided for double indemnity in the case of accidental death, notwithstanding the policy also contained a provision which said the clause providing for double indemnity, “will not apply if the insured’s death resulted * * * from engaging as a passenger, or otherwise, in submarine or aeronautic op
“(3) In any event, enough has been said to demonstrate that the familiar rule which resolves the doubt in case of ambiguity against the insurer must be given application. Eeference has been made to Hartol Products Co. v. Prudential Ins. Co. and Equitable Life Assur. Soc. v. Dyess. Other cases cited in the brief of appellant which sustained the view expressed are: Day v. Equitable Life Assurance Society, 10 Cir., 83 F(2d) 147, certiorari denied 299 U.S. 548, 57 S.Ct. 11, 81 L.Ed. 404; Provident Trust Co. of Philadelphia v. Equitable Life Assurance Society, 316 Pa. 121, 172 A. 701; Massachusetts Protective Ass’n v. Bayersdorfer, 6 Cir., 105 F(2d) 595.
“(4) The brief quotes extensively from the opinions in the New York case, the Arkansas case, Day v. Equitable Life Assurance Society, supra, and Provident Trust Co. of Philadelphia v. Equitable Life Assurance Society, supra. In the last mentioned case, it was said, applicable here, ‘the assured was a passenger, but he was not engaged in an aeronautic expedition.’ (316 Pa. 121, 172 A. 702.) In conclusion, we quote with approval from the New York case the following :
“ ‘The obvious ambiguity is emphasized by the ease with which the defendant could have excluded fare-paying passengers upon an isolated flight when not*376 engaged in the occnpation or calling of aviation or aeronautics. ’
“The average person applying for a policy would no more think of a passenger on an airplane as being engaged in aviation or aeronautics than he would think of a passenger on a railroad train as being engaged in railroading or a passenger on an ocean liner as being engaged in navigation.
“And further, ‘But insurance contracts, above all others, should be clear and explicit in their terms. They should not be couched in language as to the construction of which lawyers and courts may honestly differ. In a word, they should-be so plain and unambiguous than men of average intelligence who invest in these contracts may know and understand their meaning and import.’ ” Nat. Bk. of Comm. v. N. Y. Life Ins. Co., 181 Term. 304-305, 181 S.W.(2d) 153.
Aside from the fact that the decision of the Supreme Court in National Bank of Commerce v. New York Life Insurance Co. is later in time than the earlier decision in Hinton v. Liability Assurance Corp., relied on by counsel for defendant, we think it is more in harmony with the earlier decision of the Supreme Court in the case of Maness v. Life & Casualty Ins. Co. of Tennessee, the facts of which case were more nearly like the facts of the instant case. In that case, a policy was involved which provided for liability in favor of the insured, “if the insured shall be struck by a vehicle which is being propelled by steam, cable, electricity, naphtha, gasoline, horse, compressed air or liquid power, while insured is walking or standing on a public highway. ’ ’ The insured was walking along a newly graveled highway when an
“The demurrer made the point that the facts stated in the declaration did not constitute a case of liability under the contract of insurance which the defendant had undertaken.
“The policy of insurance contained no exceptions to the obligation of the contract above set out which are relevant to the facts of this case.
“We are of opinion that the analogies of the law of insurance require that the judgment sustaining the demurrer be reversed.
“(1) To justify recovery on a policy of insurance, it is not necessary that the peril insured against be the cause of the loss in the sense that it is the nearest cause in point of time or place. If the peril insured against be the efficient, predominating cause of the loss, it is regarded as the proximate cause thereof, although the result was brought about by a train of events set iu motion by the particular peril and operating with reasonable certainty to occasion the loss.
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“The peril ag’ainst which the insured here had bought protection was that of a blow from a moving vehicle on a public highway. He could not, of course, have been struck except by a vehicle in motion.-No part of the automobile hit his eye. The automobile hit*378 the rock and cast it into his eye. A blow from the automobile was the efficient and proximate cause of his injury. It seems immaterial that the moving car struck him with a rock instead of with some part of the machine. He was none the less struck, and the agency which inflicted the blow was a moving vehicle upon a public highway, against blows from which he had contracted for indemnity.” Maness v. L. & C. Ins. Co. of Tenn., 161 Tenn. 41, 43, 45, 28 S.W.(2d) 339.
Likewise, in the instant case, while the damage to plaintiff did not occur as the result of any defect or failure in the operation of the hoisting machine covered by the endorsement, it did arise out of the maintenance or use of that hoist for raising the ambulance which was damaged, and such damage occurred while the ambulance in question was actually on the hoist. The use of the hoist might even, in one sense, be said to have been a part, at least, of the cause of the damages incurred, because, if the ambulance had not been up on the hoist, it might, like other vehicles in plaintiff’s garage, have been rolled to safety. In any event, we think the absence of causal connection is immaterial, and this Court has expressly so held in the ease of Ludlow v. Life & Casualty Insurance Co. of Tennessee, 31 Tenn.App. 508, 217 S.W. (2d) 361, 362, 13 A.L.R.(2d) 480. In that case, Mrs. Louise L. Ludlow was the beneficiary under a policy issued to her deceased husband, Frank Ludlow, by the defendant insurance company. Deceased was accidentally killed in an automobile wreck while the policy was in force, but deceased was not driving and was in no way responsible for the accident which caused his death, although he had been drinking and was at the time intoxicated. Liability was denied by the insurance company
“By no stretch of language can we read into this policy a requirement or condition that a causal connection must be shown where the insured has placed himself within the exception in question.
“We are of the opinion that the Chancellor was in error in holding that it was necessary for the insurer to show causal connection between the insured’s drinking intoxicants and his injury. Therefore, the defendant’s assignment of error on this question is sustained.” Ludlow v. Life & Casualty Ins. Co., 31 Tenn. App. 518-519, 217 S.W.(2d) 365.
In the Ludlow case, the holding that the absence of causal connection was immaterial resulted in a judgment in favor of the insurance company, whereas, in the instant case, our holding that the absence of causal connection is immaterial will result in a judgment in favor of the
For the reasons stated, the judgment of the Circuit Court will he reversed and judgment entered in this Court in favor of the plaintiff, O. T. Hartley, d/b/a Hartley’s Auto Service, and against the defendant Lumberman’s Mutual Casualty Company, for the sum of $1798.94, together with interest there on from September 26, 1962, the date on which the suit in this cause was filed, and all of the costs of the cause.
Reference
- Full Case Name
- O. T. HATTLEY, d/b/a Hattley's Auto Service v. LUMBERMAN'S MUTUAL CASUALTY COMPANY
- Cited By
- 1 case
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- Published