Cooper v. United States
Cooper v. United States
Opinion of the Court
Following a jury trial, Petitioner Ronnie Cooper was convicted of (1) distribution and possession with intent to distribute cocaine; (2) distribution and possession with intent to distribute cocaine base; (3) distribution and possession with intent to distribute marijuana; (4) money laundering; and (5) witness intimidation [See Doc. 398 in 2:09-cr-45]; United States v. Miller ,
This Court then sentenced Petitioner to a term of 360 months' imprisonment based, in part, on the application of the Career Offender Guidelines under U.S.S.G. § 4B1.1(a) [See Docs. 808, 841 in 2:09-cr-45]. The Court also imposed a sentence of eight years of supervised release and a $ 500 special assessment [Doc. 844 in 2:09-cr-45] and entered an order of forfeiture against Petitioner in the amount of $ 7 million [See
Petitioner and his co-defendants then appealed their sentences to the Sixth Circuit [Doc. 845 in 2:09-cr-45]. As to Petitioner, the Sixth Circuit held that "[t]he evidence at trial presented [Petitioner] to be one of Maddox's [a co-defendant] surrogates, conducting retail sales, buying kilograms of cocaine, and operating 'trap houses' from which he sold crack cocaine. In this sense, his role was intertwined and interdependent on the other members of the conspiracies, even if he did not work with them directly." Miller ,
After the Sixth Circuit's ruling, Petitioner filed a petition for a writ of certiorari with the Supreme Court [Doc. 966]. His petition was denied [Doc. 969 in 2:09-cr-45].
Petitioner then filed the present Motion to Vacate, Set Aside, or Correct His Sentence under
For reasons that follow, the Court finds that an evidentiary hearing is necessary, and Petitioner's § 2255 Motion [Doc. 1] will be GRANTED IN PART to the extent that Petitioner is entitled to an evidentiary hearing. Petitioner's Motion for Discovery [Doc. 11] will also be GRANTED.
II. Facts
Following a 2010 trial with six co-conspirators, a jury convicted Petitioner on several counts related to his alleged involvement in a drug distribution ring based out of Johnson City, Tennessee. Petitioner's brother-in-law, Sunnah Maddox, led the distribution ring. "The primary thrust of the drug-trafficking operation was to purchase kilogram quantities of cocaine, cook it into crack cocaine, and resell the drugs in smaller quantities." Miller ,
The DEA became aware of Maddox and Rush's operation after agents arrested a *784drug dealer who divulged that Maddox was his supplier. DEA agents "set up a transaction between [the dealer] and Maddox, and obtained a Title III wiretap on Maddox's phone that ultimately generated 25,000 intercepted communications."
"Based on their investigation, law enforcement officers .... orchestrated a traffic stop to catch Maddox and Rush, and a female courier en route to Atlanta to purchase a kilogram of cocaine. The officers found $ 31,500.00 in cash in the courier's car."
A grand jury in the Eastern District of Tennessee then returned a Third Superseding Indictment against Petitioner, Maddox, Rush, Carr, Miller, Dorsey, DeJesus, Ruffin, and others on twenty counts, to wit :
conspiracy to distribute and possess with the intent to distribute 5 kilograms or more of cocaine, in violation of21 U.S.C. §§ 841 (a)(1), (b)(1)(A), and 846 (Count 1); aiding and abetting the distribution of 500 grams or more of cocaine, in violation of21 U.S.C. §§ 841 (a)(1), (b)(1)(B), and18 U.S.C. § 2 (Count 2); conspiracy to distribute and possess with the intent to distribute marijuana, in violation of21 U.S.C. §§ 841 (a)(1), (b)(1)(D) and 846 (Count 3); aiding and abetting the distribution of marijuana, in violation of21 U.S.C. §§ 841 (a)(1), (b)(1)(D), and18 U.S.C. § 2 (Count 4); conspiracy to distribute and possess with the intent to distribute 50 grams or more of cocaine base, in violation of21 U.S.C. §§ 841 (a)(1), (b)(1)(A), and 846 (Count 5); conspiracy to launder money, in violation of18 U.S.C. §§ 1956 (a)(1)(A)(i) and 1956(h) (Count 6); distribution of cocaine and cocaine base and the aiding and abetting of cocaine base distribution, in violation of21 U.S.C. §§ 841 (a)(1), (b)(1)(B)-(C) (Counts 8 and 15); manufacturing and the attempt to manufacture 50 grams of cocaine base, in violation of21 U.S.C. §§ 841 (a)(1), (b)(1)(A) and 846 (Count 12); aiding and abetting of money laundering, in violation of18 U.S.C. §§ 2 and 1956(a)(1)(A)(i) (Count 13); unlawful possession of ammunition, in violation of18 U.S.C. §§ 922 (g)(1) and 924(e) (Count 16); and witness intimidation and conspiracy to commit witness intimidation, in violation of18 U.S.C. §§ 371 , 1512(b)(1), and 1513(b)(2) (Counts 18, 19 and 20).
At trial, Maddox's one-time roommate and friend, Jamie Rush, testified on behalf of the Government. Rush was charged along with the other defendants; however, as a part of his plea agreement, he agreed to testify. Rush testified that, in 2004, he and Maddox "began procuring about 1.5 kilograms of powder cocaine per month and cooking it into crack cocaine to sell. This amount eventually increased to one kilogram every week or two from a source that Maddox found in Atlanta."
*785Miller ,
The government did introduce evidence against Petitioner at trial: "[t]he bulk of the government's evidence [against Petitioner] came from two jailhouse informants: Trewayne Sanders and Daniel Ballinger. Sanders testified that he witnessed [Petitioner] sell powder cocaine to Sanders' father on several occasions in New York. Ballinger testified that, while in jail together, [Petitioner] told him that [Petitioner] 'was buying kilos of crack, of powder cocaine from a Mexican, and he was coming from Utica, New York, to Tennessee to sell drugs.' "
The Government also "introduced an intercepted text message exchange between [Petitioner] and Maddox that ... discussed $ 1,100 worth of cocaine. There was also a recorded phone conversation between the two men about an unknown drug, during which [Petitioner] indicated to Maddox that he had enough supply at the time."
As to the money-laundering scheme, "Rush testified that he and Maddox wired money from the sale of drugs through Western Union to other co-conspirators and to Maddox's family members using fake names."
Finally, as to Petitioner's charge for witness intimidation, the Government introduced the following:
[a] recording of a voicemail message Maddox left for Rush, calling him a 'fucking rat bitch' and threatening that he had 'better watch his step out there nigga cause he ain't safe.' Maddox then immediately called [Petitioner] and told him to 'green light on' Rush, which an FBI cryptanalyst testified usually means to order to kill or seriously harm a person. Maddox told [Petitioner] that he was 'going to smash' and 'beat the breaks off' of Rush for cooperating with law enforcement. He also instructed [Petitioner] 'if you come in contact with Rush, don't let him talk that sweet talk shit" and 'make sure he don't talk that love talk with niggas, you know what I mean'-to which [Petitioner] responded, 'Yeah no doubt, no doubt' and 'No sir.'
Maddox then called and told Ruffin that he wanted a 'universal beat down' of Rush and wanted to 'physically destroy' and 'change Rush's whole face.' Ruffin shared with Maddox that 'the goons' had already been sent 'out after' Rush.
In addition, Ballinger-the jailhouse informant-testified that [Petitioner] warned him not to snitch on [Petitioner] because 'where they from, they kill snitches, and they've got enough money *786out there to have Ballinger and his family killed.'
Based on the evidence and testimony from numerous witnesses, the jury convicted the defendants on various counts, including some lesser-included offenses.
After the jury returned a guilty verdict against all defendants, Petitioner filed motions for a new trial
Petitioner and the other defendants then appealed their sentences to the Sixth Circuit [Doc. 845 in 2:09-cr-45]. Petitioner argued on appeal that the evidence against him was insufficient
Petitioner then retained the firm Paul, Weiss, Rifkind, Wharton & Garrison, LLP ("Paul Weiss"), to represent him in the present
During the meeting, Rush told the investigators that Petitioner did not have any involvement in Maddox's drug operation. "He described [ ] [Petitioner] as a stand-up guy who got roped into the investigation based on some bad circumstances." [Doc. 1014 at ¶ 5 in 2:09-cr-45]. Rush said he met with law enforcement officials on several occasions before trial and told them that Petitioner "was not at all involved." [Id. at ¶ 7; Doc. 1013 at ¶ 7 in 2:09-cr-45 ("Mr. Rush told us that [Petitioner] was never involved with Sunnah Maddox's drug operation.") ]. Rush, however, could not recall the names of the individuals to whom he provided such information [Doc. 1013 at ¶ 8 in 2:09-cr-45; Doc. 1014 at ¶ 7 in 2:09-cr-45].
As to the phone conversation between Maddox and Petitioner where Maddox said to "green light" Rush, Rush stated that "he never took this call seriously or worried for his safety.... if there were any real threat on his life, [Rush] would have been placed in protective custody." [Doc. 1013 at ¶ 6 in 2:09-cr-45; Doc. 1014 at ¶ 9 in 2:09-cr-45].
Rush told the investigators that he felt that Petitioner "had gotten a 'raw deal.' He said that, since [ ] [Petitioner's] only connection was that he was married to Sunnah Maddox's sister, it was unfortunate that [ ] [Petitioner] had been lumped in with the members of the drug conspiracy." [Doc. 1014 at ¶ 10 in 2:09-cr-45].
The investigators asked Rush to sign an affidavit attesting to the statements he had made to them. Rush told the investigators that he would need to "speak with his probation officer and consider whether he wanted to get directly involved." [Id. at ¶ 8]. Rush's probation officer, Jennifer Douglass, later contacted one of the investigators and stated that Rush had approached her about signing an affidavit [Id. ]. USPO Douglass informed the investigator that she had "concerns with his participation." [Id. ].
Approximately one month later, after several attempts to contact USPO Douglass, Petitioner's attorney, Mr. Markquart, received a call from her [Doc. 1012 at ¶ 9 in 2:09-cr-45]. USPO Douglass stated to Markquart that "she would be instructing [Rush] not to participate." [Id. at ¶ 12].
Later, USPO Douglass emailed Mr. Markquart [Doc. 1026-2 in 2:09-cr-45]. In that email, USPO Douglass said that she advised Rush "that if he wishe[d] to participate in [Markquart's] investigation then [she] w[ould] seek guidance from the Court in how to do so in an appropriate manner." [Id. ]. However, Rush instructed Douglass that "he [did] not wish to participate in the investigation and in fact, the only reason he spoke to [Markquart's] investigator[s] in the first place is that they were 'being a nuisance to his friends and family.' " [Id. ]. Rush said that he did not want to participate "and 'just wanted to get on with his life.' " [Id. ]. USPO Douglass concluded that, if Rush changed his mind, then she would seek guidance from the Court on how to proceed. [Id. ].
Based on the investigators' conversations with Rush, Petitioner advances the argument that the Government violated Petitioner's rights by not disclosing exculpatory evidence under Brady v. Maryland
The Government responded in opposition and contends that no Brady violation occurred [Doc. 8]. The Government supported its response with affidavits from Assistant United States Attorneys Donald Taylor and Robert Reeves as well as three law-enforcement officials-all of whom stated that Rush did not make any statements to them to the effect that Petitioner was not involved in Maddox's drug conspiracy.
III. Analysis
A.
Under
A petitioner bears the burden of demonstrating an error of constitutional magnitude which had a substantial and injurious effect or influence on the criminal proceedings. Reed v. Farley ,
Rule 4(b) of the Rules Governing Section 2255 Proceedings in the United States District Courts requires a district court to summarily dismiss a Section 2255 motion if "it plainly appears from the face of the motion, the attached exhibits, and the record of the prior proceedings that the movant is not entitled to relief." See also Pettigrew v. United States ,
*789B. Hearsay Objection to Affidavits
Petitioner has submitted affidavits signed by his counsel's investigators in support of the alleged Brady violations. The Government objects to the affidavits on the basis that they contain inadmissible hearsay, to wit , the affidavits purport to represent statements Mr. Rush made to the investigators about what he had previously told law enforcement.
In dealing with this hearsay objection, the starting point is Rule 8(a) of the Rules Governing § 2255 Proceedings , which provides in relevant part, "If the motion is not dismissed, the judge must review the answer, any transcripts and records of prior proceedings, and any materials submitted under Rule 7 to determine whether an evidentiary hearing is warranted." While the Federal Rules of Evidence ordinarily exclude affidavits as hearsay, such rules are inapplicable to § 2255 proceedings to the extent the Supreme Court has prescribed some other rule for admitting or excluding evidence. See Fed. R. Evid. 1101(e). And, here, the Supreme Court has prescribed such a rule. Specifically, Rule 7 of the Rules Governing § 2255 Proceedings permits the consideration of affidavits as part of the record. Taken together, these rules authorize the Court to decide whether to consider affidavits and to hold a hearing. United States v. Coleman , No. 13-65-JMH-CJS,
C. Failure to Disclose Exculpatory Evidence in Violation of Brady
In their affidavits, Petitioner's counsel's investigators state that Rush told them that he explained to law enforcement in pretrial interviews that Petitioner had nothing to do with Maddox's drug-distribution ring. Petitioner contends that the Government committed a Brady violation when it failed to disclose Rush's exculpatory statements to Petitioner's counsel.
Within the context of Brady , "suppression by the prosecution of evidence favorable to an accused ... violates due process where the evidence is material, either to guilt or to punishment, irrespective of the good faith or bad faith of the prosecution."
The Government does not take issue with the fact that: (1) Rush's alleged pre-trial statements about Petitioner were favorable to Petitioner; and (2) the Government did not disclose to Petitioner's counsel that Rush had made exculpatory statements about Petitioner.
Petitioner contends that the Government's failure to divulge Rush's exculpatory statements prejudiced the defense of his case because such statements go to the very heart of the issue of guilt or innocence. Ultimately, Petitioner was convicted on Counts 1, 3, 5, 6 and 20 of the Indictment for conspiracy to distribute cocaine, crack, and marijuana, and to commit money laundering and witness intimidation. [See Doc. 398 in 2:09-cr-45]. Petitioner maintains that the jury would have found him to be not guilty of all charges had the Government shared with them Rush's alleged exculpatory statements. Petitioner also points out that that Rush did not implicate Petitioner in the conspiracy during his lengthy trial testimony; therefore, his exculpatory statements would not have contradicted his trial testimony. Petitioner also relies upon United States v. Tavera , a case involving AUSA Taylor in which a finding was made that Taylor did not disclose exculpatory evidence in light of Brady.
While Tavera provides a helpful Brady analysis, this Court does not conclude-based on the Tavera court's finding that AUSA Taylor violated Brady -that a similar violation occurred in this case. Rather, the Court will fully and fairly apply the Brady analysis without any presuppositions. See Montgomery v. Bobby ,
After reviewing the trial and appellate records against the backdrop of the Brady standard, the Court cannot conclude that a jury would have found Petitioner guilty beyond a reasonable doubt as to the elements of the drug conspiracy counts of the Indictment had the jury been apprised of Rush's alleged exculpatory statements. See Kyles ,
D. The Government Denies that it Failed to Disclose Exculpatory Evidence
As indicated, Petitioner's counsel's investigators assert that Rush stated that he told law-enforcement officials that Petitioner had nothing to do with Maddox's drug conspiracy. The Government, on the other hand, insists that Rush made no such statements to law enforcement, and it was not in possession of the exculpatory evidence that Petitioner asserts was improperly withheld from him. Petitioner is entitled to an evidentiary hearing because the investigators' affidavits directly contradict those presented by the prosecution and law enforcement. See Valentine ,
There is a factual dispute as to whether Rush told law enforcement that Petitioner was not involved in the drug conspiracy. In reviewing a § 2255 motion in which a factual dispute arises, "the habeas court must hold an evidentiary hearing to determine the truth of the petitioner's claims." Id. at 333 (quoting Turner ,
IV. Conclusion
For the reasons set forth above, the Court finds that Petitioner is entitled to an evidentiary hearing to resolve the disputed facts which underlie his § 2255 motion. Petitioner's Motion to Vacate, Set Aside or Correct his Sentence under § 2255 [Doc. 1] is, therefore, GRANTED IN PART , but only to the limited extent that Petitioner will be given an opportunity to participate in an evidentiary hearing. To this end, the Court will provide written notification to the parties of a scheduled date for the evidentiary hearing.
Petitioner's Motion for Discovery [Doc. 11] is also GRANTED , and Petitioner may proceed with discovery as outlined in his Motion.
IT IS SO ORDERED.
[Doc. 643 in 2:09-cr-45]
[Doc. 644 in 2:09-cr-45]
[Doc. 705 in 2:09-cr-45]
Miller ,
It should be noted that Rush did not explicitly inculpate Petitioner at trial; rather, "[t]he bulk of the government's evidence [against Petitioner] came from two jailhouse informants: Trewayne Sanders and Daniel Ballinger." Miller ,
See Docs. 1026-3, 1026-4, 1026-5, 1026-6, and 1026-7 in 2:09-cr-45.
As will be discussed below, the Government asserts that Rush never made the alleged exculpatory statements about Petitioner to law enforcement. Consequently, it could not have disclosed this information to Petitioner.
Miller ,
Section § 2255(f)(4)'s requirement that a petitioner exercise reasonable diligence to discover the factual predicate underlying his claims does not require a petitioner to repeatedly seek out information that the government unconstitutionally failed to disclose despite having notice that petitioner sought the very information suppressed. Jefferson v. United States ,
Reference
- Full Case Name
- Ronnie COOPER v. United States
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- 1 case
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- Published