Duke v. Confederated Tribes of Grand Ronde

*237ORDER AFFIRMING ENROLLMENT COMMITTEE DETERMINATION

I. ISSUE PRESENTED

Petitioner is appealing the Enrollment Committee’s decision to deny his application for enrollment in the Confederated Tribes of the Grand Ronde Community of Oregon. Mr. Duke’s claim on appeal is that the Enrollment Committee’s decision was arbitrary and capricious, or violated his constitutional rights under federal law because the Enrollment Committee retroactively applied the wrong version of the Tribal Constitution in making its enrollment determination. Mr. Duke claims that the Constitution in effect either (1) at the time his previous application for enrollment was submitted in 1991 and which was denied at that time, or (2) at the time a lineal ancestor’s blood quantum was changed should have been applied by the Enrollment Committee in their enrollment determination.

II.BACKGROUND

On July 27, 1999, the Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA) conducted an election by eligible Tribal members to amend the Tribal Constitution. At the election, the amendment was approved by a considerable majority of the Tribal membership. On September 14, 1999, the Secretary of *238the Interior approved the amendment and it became effective. The amendment altered, and, in certain respects increased, the Tribal membership requirements. Following the effective date of the amendment, the Tribal Enrollment Committee applied that amendment to pending applications for Tribal membership, including Petitioner’s application, which was filed on September 28, 1999.

In 1991, Mr. Duke applied for membership in the Tribe and was denied, apparently on the basis that he had insufficient blood quantum. On July 14, 1999, the blood quantum of Mr. Duke’s great-grandfather, Melvin Jeffers, was increased to 9/16th degree Indian blood by Tribal Council Resolution No. 093-99.

The Enrollment Committee reviewed the enrollment application filed on behalf of Mr. Duke and denied the application because he did not meet the new Constitutional enrollment requirement that he have a parent who was a Tribal member at the time of his birth. Mr. Duke’s mother did not become a member of the Tribe until 1990. Mr. Duke was informed of the Enrollment Committee’s initial decision by letter dated March 9, 2000, signed by the Tribal Council Chairperson. Mr. Duke requested the reconsideration of the Enrollment Committee’s decision by letter. A request for reconsideration was also made by Kay L. Colman, identifying herself as family spokesperson, by letter dated May 2, 1999. The Committee met to consider the appeal of its initial decision by Mr. Duke and his family spokesperson and decided to uphold its earlier decision of denial. Mr. Duke was informed of the Enrollment Committee’s decision on reconsideration by letter dated June 7, 2000, signed by Margo Mercier, Enrollment Coordinator. Mr. Duke then appealed the Enrollment Committee’s decision to this Court.

Petitioner has claimed, as set forth above, that the Enrollment Committee’s decision was wrong. Petitioner has asserted his claims and reasons why he believes the decision was in error. The Court assures Petitioner that it has read the record individually, and has carefully considered this case separately on its own merits.

III. STANDARD OF REVIEW

In these proceedings, the Court’s standard of review is limited. The Court can reverse or remand only if it finds that the Enrollment Committee’s decision was “arbitrary and capricious or a violation of Tribal Constitutional rights.” Enrollment Ordinance § (d)(4)(H).

IV. ANALYSIS

The many cases before the Court involve a myriad of facts and claims. As explained below, however, the Court has determined that the cases fall into two general categories: (1) those where the applications for enrollment were filed before the effective date of the Constitutional amendment, i.e. September 14, 1999, and (2) those where the applications were filed after that date. Applicants whose cases fall in the first category are entitled to a remand to the Enrollment Committee to allow the Committee to reconsider the applications under the terms of the former Constitutional requirements for Tribal membership. Those whose cases fall into the second category cannot prevail in this proceeding given the limitations on the Court’s scope of review and the deference to which the Tribe, its Tribal Council, and its Enrollment Committee are entitled.

Petitioner is not entitled to a remand or to have his application considered under the terms of the former Constitutional provision.

*239Retroactive application of Constitutional Amendment I. The reason for the distinction between those who are entitled to a remand and those who are not relates to the so-called presumption against retroactivity. The general rule is that, absent some affirmative evidence of a contrary intent, a change in the law or a new law is presumed to operate prospectively only. 21 Charles A. Wright and Kenneth W. Graham, Jr., Federal Practice and Procedure, § 5124 at 591 (1977). See also Norman J. Singer, 2 Statutes and Statutory Construction, § 41:4 at 388 (6th ed 2001) (“Retrospective operation is not favored by the courts and a law will not be construed as retroactive unless the act clearly, by express language or necessary implication, indicates that the legislature intended a retroactive application.”) The presumption applies to constitutional amendments, as well as to legislative enactments. Nelson v. Ada, 878 F.2d 277, 280 (9th Cir. 1989).

The rule is based on a principle of fairness.

“[T]he presumption against retroactive legislation is deeply rooted in our jurisprudence, and embodies a legal doctrine centuries older than [the federal] Republic. Elementary considerations of fairness dictate that individuals should have an opportunity to know what the law is and to conform their conduct accordingly; settled expectations should not be lightly disrupted. For that reason, the ‘principle that the legal effect of conduct should ordinarily be assessed under the law that existed when the conduct took place has timeless and universal appeal.’ ” Kaiser [Aluminum & Chemical Corp. v. Bonjorno], 494 U.S. [827], at 855, 110 S.Ct. 1570, 108 L.Ed.2d 842 [ (1990) ] (Scalia, J., concurring).

Landgraf v. USI Film Products, 511 U.S. 244, 265, 114 S.Ct. 1483, 128 L.Ed.2d 229 (1994). Singer, 2 Statutes and Statutory Construction, § 41:2 at 377(“It is a fundamental principle of jurisprudence that retroactive application of laws in usually unfair.”)

In determining whether a change in the law can operate retrospectively, a court’s “first task is to determine whether [those who enacted it] ha[ve] expressly prescribed the [new law’s] proper reach.” Id. at 280, 114 S.Ct. 1483. If those who enacted a new law have explicitly said that it should operate retroactively, then “there is no need to resort to judicial default rules.” Id.

“When, however, the [new law] contains no such express command, the court must determine whether the new [law] would have retroactive effect, la, whether it would impair rights a party possessed when he acted, increase a party’s liability for past conduct, or impose new duties with respect to transactions already completed. If the statute [or constitutional amendment] would operate retroactively, our traditional presumption teaches that it does not govern absent clear [evidence of] intent favoring such a result.” Id.

In these proceedings, the Court’s standard of review is limited. The Court can reverse or remand only if it finds that the Enrollment Committee’s decision was “arbitrary and capricious or a violation of Tribal Constitutional rights.” Enrollment Ordinance § (d)(4)(H). By definition, however, it is arbitrary and capricious to apply the wrong source of law — here the wrong constitutional provision — to a decision. See United Kingdom v. United States, 238 F.3d 1312, 1319 n. 8 (11th Cir. 2001); United States v. Mietus, 237 F.3d 866, 870 (7th Cir. 2001). The issue thus becomes whether the Enrollment Committee erred in apply*240ing the new Constitutional amendment to applications that were filed before the amendment became effective.

The Tribe does not contend that anything in the new Constitutional amendment signaled, clearly or otherwise, that it was intended to operate retrospectively. This Petitioner appears pro se. In similar contemporaneous cases before the Court, in which Petitioners are represented by counsel, and in which the claim is the same, the attorneys have argued that in fact a contrary intent was signaled.1 They rely on the official notiee of the Constitutional election, to which a sample ballot was attached. That sample ballot indicated that the amendment was designed “to increase requirements for enrollment” in the Tribe. The sample ballot then indicated that, “[i]f the proposed amendment passes, any application lor Tribal enrollment submitted after the approval date of the amendment will qualify for enrollment in the Grand Ronde Tribe if * * Petitioners argue that the phrase “submitted after the approval date of the amendment” suggested that the amendment would apply only prospectively. The Tribe disagrees and contends that “[t]he notice simply provided one example of when the new Constitutional requirements would be applied and is silent as to the treatment of applications filed before the Constitutional amendment’s effective date,” but not processed until later.

The Court need not resolve this dispute to resolve this case. Even if the notice is not taken as an affirmative sign of an intent to apply the new amendment prospectively only, nothing about the amendment evidences the opposite intention. That is, nothing suggests that the Tribal members who voted on the amendment intended that it wmuld apply retroactively. Absent such affirmative evidence of intent, the “default” assumption is that the amendment does not apply retroactively. Landgraf, 511 U.S. at 272, 114 S.Ct. 1483.

The more difficult question is whether applying the new amendment to enrollment applications filed before the effective date of the amendment truly amounts to a “retroactive” application of the new law. In this context, “retroactive” or “retrospective” application is an imprecise term of art that reflects several concerns, such as whether a change in the law is substantive or procedural, but that is always grounded in concepts of fairness. Singer, 4 Statutes and Statutory Construction, § 41:4 at 399; Landgraf, 511 U.S. at 270, 114 S.Ct. 1483 (“The presumption against retroactivity has consistently been explained by reference to the unfairness of imposing new burdens on persons after the fact.”)

In arguing that the new amendment permissibly may be applied to enrollment applications filed before its effective date, the Tribe relies on several propositions. First, the Tribe suggests that the presumption against retroactive application arises only when “vested” rights are involved. That limitation might apply if this were a due process issue, but the presumption of retroactivity extends beyond that constitutional principle to any situation where it would be unfair to apply a law retrospectively to events that occurred or to proceedings that were commenced before the law’s effective date. See Landgraf, 511 U.S. at 272, 114 S.Ct. 1483(“while the constitutional impediments to retroactive legislation are now modest, prospectivity remains the appropriate default rule”) (emphasis in original); *241Singer, § 41:5 at 411-12(presumption against retroactivity not same as due process constraints). “Vested” rights need not be involved in order for the presumption against retroactivity to apply. Landgraf, 511 U.S. at 275 n. 29, 114 S.Ct. 1483; Scott v. Boos, 215 F.3d 940, 947 (9th Cir. 2000).2

The Tribe also emphasizes what it apparently views as being language of limitation in Landgmf and other similar cases. Relying on that language, the Tribe argues that “the presumption against retroactivity is not triggered.” The Tribe asserts that:

“Application of the Amendment to Petitioner’s pending enrollment application neither (1) impaired the rights Petitioner possessed when [he/she] acted because the Petitioner did not have a right to enrollment and did not acquire a right to enrollment at the time [he/she] filed [his/her] application; (2) increased Petitioner’s liability for any past conduct; or (3) imposed new duties with respect to transactions already completed because the filing of an enrollment application is not a completed transaction.”

Although the Tribe’s argument is based on language taken from Landgraf,3 its argument isolates particular phrases and stresses those isolated bits of language, at the expense of the central teaching and the spirit of the decision. In that decision the court explicitly recognized that “[a]ny test of retroactivity will leave room for disagreement in hard cases, and is unlikely to classify the enormous variety of legal changes with perfect philosophical clarity.” 511 U.S. at 270, 114 S.Ct. 1483. But the touchstone is fairness. Id, at 270, 114 S.Ct. 1483. See also TwoRivers v. Lewis, 174 F.3d 987, 993 (9th Cir. 1999) (“the three factors” — listed above — “qualify as a ‘sufficient, rather than a necessary, condition for invoking presumption against retroac-tivity,’ ” quoting Hughes Aircraft Co. v. United States ex rel Schumer, 520 U.S. 939, 947, 117 S.Ct. 1871, 138 L.Ed.2d 135 (1997) (emphasis in Hughes)). To determine fairness (and thus, retroactivity), rather than focusing on labels or isolated bits of text taken out of context, the Court must determine whether it is fair to apply the new Constitutional amendment to those who submitted their enrollment applications before the effective date of the amendment. For the reasons that follow, the Court determines that such an application of the new amendment simply would not be fair.

The distinction between procedural and substantive laws sometimes is used to distinguish between those laws that presumptively can and those that generally should not be applied retrospectively. Singer, § 41:4 at 399. To the extent that distinction is an informative one, the new amendment here certainly is Substantive. More significantly, “[rjegardless of whether a statute is ‘substantive’ or ‘procedural,’ it may not apply to cases pending at the time of its enactment if the new statute would prejudice the rights of one of the parties.” Chenault v. U.S. Postal Service, 37 F.3d 535, 539 (9th Cir. 1994). In these cases, applying the new amendment manifestly would prejudice the rights of those *242who applied before its effective date. The Tribe relies on a case holding that when an administrative rule is changed after an application is filed, the new rule may be applied. Pine Tree Med. Associates v. Secretary of HHS, 127 F.3d 118, 121-22 (1st Cir. 1997). But an administrative rule is not a constitutional provision; one reasonably expects the latter to be considerably more permanent and to have considerably more stature and significance. Changing one is simply not the equivalent of amending the other.

The Tribe also cites Ortiz v. INS, 179 F.3d 1148, 1156 (9th Cir. 1999), and Talanoa v. INS, 397 F.2d 196, 200 (9th Cir. 1968). Those decisions appear to rely on a presumption in favor of retroactive application of changes in immigration law. That unusual assumption is contrary to the customary presumption, described above. In addition, the validity of that assumption appears particularly questionable after the United States Supreme Court’s recent decision in INS v. St. Cyr, 533 U.S. 289, 313-25, 121 S.Ct. 2271, 2286-93, 150 L.Ed.2d 347 (2001) applying the usual Landgmf presumption against retroactivity in the context of an INS case.

In sum, although the question may be a somewhat close one and although its resolution is not free from all doubt, the Court is convinced that it would be unfair to change the rules that apply to those applicants who submitted their applications before the effective date of the new amendment. The Court finds the situation is akin to eases in which a statute of limitations is shortened after an action has been filed. In such a situation, the new shortened statute of limitations may not be applied retroactively because to do so would prejudice the plaintiff. See In re Apex Exp. Corp., 190 F.3d 624, 642-43 (4th Cir. 1999); TwoRiver, 174 F.3d at 993. Similarly here, applying the new, more-demanding, Constitutional requirements to applicants who filed before the new amendment became effective would unfairly prejudice them.

It follows that the new Constitutional amendment cannot be applied to those applicants who filed before the amendment’s effective date.

The issues which then arise for this Petitioner are whether the new Constitutional amendment, or the application of it to Petitioner’s case, is arbitrary or capricious or violates any Tribal Constitutional rights, or whether there are any other claims which support a reversal or remand in this case.

Blood Quantum. Petitioner contends that, in the past, the Tribe has made an error in computing blood quantum. Petitioner avers that those errors led to the current denial of membership, and that the Tribe had some independent obligation to correct the errors. Neither of these claims falls within the Court’s limited scope of review.

Petitioner asserts that once the blood quantum was corrected, the Enrollment Committee should have applied the law in effect at the date on which the proper blood quantum should have been determined. Once again, mistakes made and not yet corrected at the time of application for membership cannot be remedied by this Court, and review of that error is not within the Court’s authority.

That the Court has not accepted the arguments and pleas of many of the Petitioners in these cases does not mean that the Court is not moved by Petitioners’ often poignant complaints that families have been split, with some in the Tribe and some not, and that individuals have been cut off from a Tribe and a heritage that is meaningful and significant to them. But it is the Tribe’s responsibility to define its membership, not the Court’s. If those *243pleas are to have any effect, they must be made to the Tribal leadership and to the Tribal members who have the authority to shape the membership and the future of the Tribe. The Court has neither the responsibility nor the authority. The Court can only enforce the law, as it has done in this opinion and in these cases.

Y. CONCLUSION

The Enrollment Committee’s decision to deny Petitioner’s enrollment application was not arbitrary and capricious or a violation of Petitioner’s Constitutional rights.

IT IS HEREBY ORDERED:

The decision by the Enrollment Committee is affirmed.