Burke v. State
Burke v. State
Opinion of the Court
OPINION ON APPELLANT’S PETITION FOR DISCRETIONARY REVIEW AND ON THE STATE’S AMENDED PETITION FOR DISCRETIONARY REVIEW
Pursuant to Texas Rule of Appellate Procedure 50, we have reconsidered our prior opinion upon Appellant’s petition for discretionary review and upon the State’s amended petition for discretionary review. Our opinion and judgment of June 17,1999 are withdrawn and the following are substituted.
FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
On June 24, 1997, Appellant William Burney Burke drove his automobile while intoxicated, ran a red light, and collided with the automobile driven by Armón
In five issues on appeal, Appellant argues that the trial court erred in denying his motion for new trial because (1) his plea of guilty to the reckless aggravated assault charge was involuntary, (2) the trial court should have sua sponte withdrawn his plea of guilty to the reckless aggravated assault charge when the evidence raised an issue of innocence, (3) his conviction under the general aggravated assault statute violated his right to due course of law pursuant to article I, section 19 of the Texas Constitution because the intoxication assault statute specifically proscribes the same conduct, (4) his conviction under the general aggravated assault statute violated due process pursuant to the Fifth and Fourteenth Amendments to the United States Constitution because the intoxication assault statute specifically proscribes the same conduct, and (5) the trial court’s instruction to the jury to convict and assess the second degree felony punishment under the general aggravated assault statute before determining the third degree felony punishment under the special intoxication assault statute violated his right to a fair and impartial jury determination of punishment for the intoxication assault.
DOUBLE JEOPARDY VIOLATION
In its original brief, the State argued that Appellant’s briefing was inadequate, that any constitutional error was waived by Appellant’s failure to object at trial, that the trial court did not abuse its discretion in denying Appellant’s motion for new trial, and that the State may properly prosecute an offender under both sections 22.02(a)(1) and 49.07 of the penal code. In its amended petition for discretionary review, the State argues that “Appellant never complained that conviction for both offenses was barred by double jeopardy.”
We are mandated to construe briefing rules liberally.
Turning to the merits of Appellant’s complaint, the court of criminal appeals has recently examined a similar issue, and we are guided by that court’s analysis.
Considering the legislative intent of both statutes, the court of criminal appeals noted that effective September 1, 1994, the Texas Legislature moved the intoxication manslaughter portion of the involuntary manslaughter statute to a new section of the penal code consisting of intoxication offenses.
As the gravamen of manslaughter and intoxication manslaughter is the death of an individual, the gravamen of reckless aggravated assault and intoxication assault is serious bodily injury to an individual. We therefore conclude that reckless aggravated assault causing serious bodily injury and intoxication assault causing serious bodily injury are the same offense for due process and due course of law purposes when they involve the same victim. Imposing convictions for both offenses in this situation violates due process and due course of law, even when the sentences are concurrent. We hold that the trial court abused its discretion in denying Appel
We must now consider the proper remedy. The State relies on Landers v. State
The issue before us in this case is whether the conviction for the general offense, reckless aggravated assault, or the conviction for the specific offense, intoxication assault, survives. The Ervin court instructs us that “[w]hen multiple offenses are prosecuted at a single trial, the Double Jeopardy Clause 'prevent[s] the sentencing court from prescribing greater punishment than the legislature intended.’ ”
The Blockburger test’s status as a “mere rule of statutory construction” raises an inverse conclusion as well: the Blockburger test cannot authorize two punishments where the legislature clearly intended only one. And, that status raises the possibility that there exist other rules of statutory construction that may be employed to help ascertain whether a legislature intended multiple punishments.20
When the legislature proscribes certain conduct by both a general statute and a specific statute, we look to other rules of statutory construction to help ascertain whether the legislature intended multiple punishments. One such rule of statutory construction is the rule that if the conflict between the general provision and the special or local provision is irreconcilable, the special or local provision prevails as an exception to the general provision.
In Ervin, the court of criminal appeals expressly held that the State may waive an illegal portion of a judgment and maintain the remainder of the plea agreement.
The court further suggested that this was done at the State’s suggestion. Nothing could be further from the truth. The State’s position regarding the appropriate remedy was noted in her brief and at oral argument: if conviction and punishment for both offenses was found unconstitutional, the correct remedy was to affirm the more serious offense. The panel opinion not only ignored the State’s Brief and oral argument, it misrepresented the true position of the parties.
We direct the State to its conclusion and prayer in its original brief: “Appellant suffered no reversible error. Therefore, the State prays that his conviction be affirmed. In the alternative, if this Court concludes that prosecution under art. 22.02(a)(1) was improper, this Court should affirm the conviction under art. 49.07, intoxication assault.”
After reviewing Appellant’s petition for discretionary review and the State’s amended petition for discretionary review, we conclude that the appropriate remedy is to vacate Appellant’s conviction under the general reckless aggravated assault statute and to affirm his conviction under the specific intoxication assault statute. Consequently, we vacate Appellant’s conviction under count one of the indictment, violation of section 22.02(a)(1) of the penal code, and affirm his conviction under count three of the indictment, violation of section 49.07 of the penal code.
FAIR AND IMPARTIAL JURY DETERMINATION OF PUNISHMENT
In his fifth issue, Appellant again argues that the trial court erred in denying his motion for new trial. Specifically, Appellant contends that by improperly instructing the jury to convict and to assess the second degree felony punishment under the general aggravated assault statute before determining the appropriate third degree felony punishment under the spe
The court of criminal appeals has held that when the trial court follows the rules of evidence and otherwise properly conducts the trial at punishment, improperly joined offenses that are later vacated on appeal do not fatally flaw the punishment trial on the surviving offense.
HOLDING
We vacate Appellant’s conviction under count one of the indictment, violation of section 22.02(a)(1) of the penal code, and affirm his conviction under count three of the indictment, violation of section 49.07 of the penal code. We reform the trial court’s judgment to delete the fifteen-year sentence under count one for reckless aggravated assault. As reformed, we affirm the trial court’s judgment.
RICHARDS, J. filed a dissenting opinion.
. See Tex. Penal Code Ann. § 22.02(a)(1) (Vernon 1994).
. See id. § 49.07.
. By entering a plea of guilty without a plea bargain, Appellant has waived all non-jurisdictional errors occurring prior to the entry of his guilty plea, including claimed deprivation of federal due process. See Jack v. State, 871 S.W.2d 741, 743 (Tex.Crim.App. 1994); Helms v. State, 484 S.W.2d 925, 927 (Tex.Crim.App. 1972). Appellant’s issues on appeal, however, all challenge the trial court's denial of his motion for new trial. Appellant therefore complains of errors occurring after the entry of his guilty plea, which are not waived by the Helms rule. See Brown v. State, 943 S.W.2d 35, 41 (Tex.Crim.App. 1997); Jack, 871 S.W.2d at 744 (noting that court of criminal appeals has routinely addressed merits of claims of error alleged to have occurred at or after entry of non-negotiated guilty plea, notwithstanding Helms rule). Appellant’s complaint therefore is not barred by the Helms rule.
. See Tex.R.App. P. 38.1(e), 38.9; Maida v. Fire Ins. Exch., 990 S.W.2d 836, 839 (Tex.App.— Fort Worth 1999, no pet.).
. See Maida, 990 S.W.2d at 839.
. See generally Cook v. State, 940 S.W.2d 623, 639 (Tex.Crim.App. 1996) (noting "the due process concern upon which the double jeopardy doctrine is ultimately based”), cert. denied, 522 U.S. 821, 118 S.Ct. 75, 139 L.Ed.2d 35 (1997).
. See Jones v. State, 586 S.W.2d 542, 544 (Tex.Crim.App. 1979); Muncy v. State, 505 S.W.2d 925, 925 (Tex.Crim.App. 1974); see also Pine v. State, 889 S.W.2d 625, 627 (Tex.App. — Houston [14 th Dist.] 1994, pet. ref'd), cert. denied, 516 U.S. 914, 116 S.Ct. 300, 133 L.Ed.2d 206 (1995); Garner v. State, 858 S.W.2d 656, 661 (Tex.App. — Fort Worth 1993, pet. ref'd); York v. State, 848 S.W.2d 341, 342 (Tex.App. — Texarkana 1993, pet. ref'd).
. See Ex parte Ervin, 991 S.W.2d 804 (Tex.Crim.App. 1999).
. See id.
. Id. at 817.
. Landers v. State, 957 S.W.2d 558, 559-60 (Tex.Crim.App. 1997).
. Ochoa v. State, 982 S.W.2d 904, 908 (Tex.Crim.App. 1998).
. See, e.g., State v. Mancuso, 903 S.W.2d 386, 388 (Tex.App. — Houston [1 st Dist.] 1995) (holding that because specific provisions of mandatory community supervision law control over general provisions of habitual offender law, trial court was required to sentence defendant under specific terms of mandatory community supervision law rather than general terms of habitual offender law), aff'd, 919 S.W.2d 86 (Tex.Crim.App. 1996).
. Ex parte Ervin, 991 S.W.2d at 807 (quoting Missouri v. Hunter, 459 U.S. 359, 366, 103 S.Ct. 673, 678, 74 L.Ed.2d 535 (1983)).
. Id.
. See Tex. Gov’t Code Ann. § 311.026 (Vernon 1998); see also Mayo v. State, 4 S.W.3d 9, 11-12 (Tex.Crim.App. 1999) (applying § 311.026).
. Mills v. State, 722 S.W.2d 411, 414 (Tex.Crim.App. 1986).
. In its amended petition for discretionary review, the State argues that in our first opinion we cited "a legal platitude ('the general governs over the specific’) without any analysis, and fashionfed] a remedy that is inapplicable to the error found. If the panel is correct, then [the court of criminal appeals] should have affirmed the intoxication manslaughter, not the manslaughter conviction, in Ervin." The State misunderstands our first opinion. Indeed, we held the exact opposite, that the specific intoxication assault statute prevails over the general aggravated assault statute. See Burke v. State, 995 S.W.2d 851 (Tex.App. — Fort Worth 1999, pet. filed). We would also point out that the court of criminal appeals did affirm the intoxication manslaughter conviction, not the manslaughter conviction, in Ervin. See Ex parte Ervin, 991 S.W.2d at 817 (directing trial court to vacate manslaughter conviction and retain intoxication manslaughter conviction).
.See Ex parte Ervin, 991 S.W.2d at 817.
. See Callins v. State, 780 S.W.2d 176, 193-94 (Tex.Crim.App. 1986), cert. denied, 497 U.S. 1011, 110 S.Ct. 3256, 111 L.Ed.2d 766 (1990).
. See State v. Gonzalez, 855 S.W.2d 692, 696 (Tex.Crim.App. 1993) (noting that court of criminal appeals has consistently held that decision on motion for new trial rests within sound discretion of trial court).
Dissenting Opinion
dissenting.
I respectfully dissent. While I agree with the majority that one of the sentences assessed must be deleted for reason of a double jeopardy violation, I do not believe that we should delete the greater sentence — -the fifteen-year sentence for aggravated assault. Rather, I believe the law dictates that we reform the judgment so as to delete the lesser sentence — the ten-year sentence for intoxication assault. See Landers v. State, 957 S.W.2d 558, 559-60 (Tex.Crim.App. 1997).
Reference
- Full Case Name
- William Burney BURKE, Appellant, v. the STATE of Texas, State
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- 16 cases
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- Published