In the Interest of K.L.
In the Interest of K.L.
Opinion of the Court
OPINION
Appellant H.L. appeals the termination of his parental rights to his four children, K.L., I.L., M.L., and D.L. In three issues, Appellant contends he had a right to effective assistance of counsel at the hearing resulting in the termination of his parental rights; his counsel was ineffective in not objecting to inadmissible hearsay evidence; and without the inadmissible hearsay, there is no evidence to support the trial court’s findings of fact and conclusions of law. Because we find no reversible error, we will affirm the trial court’s judgment.
Background Facts
The Texas Department of Protective and Regulatory Services (TDPRS) sought termination of Appellant’s parental rights to his four children, following an investigation into allegations that Appellant had sexually abused K.L., his oldest daughter. Appellant claimed he was financially unable to employ his own counsel and sought appointment of counsel to represent him in the termination proceedings. The trial court granted his request and appointed counsel to represent Appellant.
At the hearing on the TDPRS’s petition to terminate Appellant’s parental rights, five witnesses, including three Child Protective Services (CPS) caseworkers, testified about K.L.’s allegations of sexual abuse. At the conclusion of the proceedings, the trial court entered judgment terminating Appellant’s parental rights to all four of his children. The trial court concluded that Appellant had knowingly placed or knowingly allowed the children to remain in conditions or surroundings that endangered their emotional or physical well-being, engaged in conduct or knowingly placed the children with .persons who engaged in conduct that endangered their physical or emotional well-being, and that termination was in the children’s best interests.
Right to Effective Assistance of Counsel
This appeal requires the determination of two fundamental issues: does Appellant have a right to effective assistance of counsel in a termination' of parental rights case; and if so, was his trial counsel ineffective
This court recently confronted the issue of effective assistance of counsel in a parental rights termination case.
Unlike A.R.R. and the cases we relied upon in that opinion, Appellant in this case does not premise his effective assistance of counsel claim upon the Sixth Amendment. Rather, Appellant’s argument is based upon the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. Specifically, Appellant argues that this court should follow the Waco and Houston Courts of Appeals in holding that the statutory right to counsel embodies a due process right to effective assistance of counsel.
In B.L.D., the court relied upon United States Supreme Court authority that “[sjtate intervention to terminate the relationship between [a parent] and [the] child must be accomplished by procedures meeting the requisites of the Due Process Clause.”
While the Supreme Court of the United States has addressed an indigent parent’s constitutional right to appointed counsel in a termination of parental rights case under the Fourteenth Amendment’s Due Process Clause, the Court has never addressed the issue of effective assistance of counsel in
Texas is one such state that has adopted higher standards and granted indigent parents the right to appointed counsel in termination proceedings.
Historically, the United States Supreme Court has, without dispute, recognized that state intervention to terminate the relationship between a parent and child must be accomplished by procedures meeting the requisites of the Due Process Clause.
Due Process Standard
In Lassiter, the Court declined to extend a constitutional right to counsel in every termination proceeding.
While we do not believe Lassiter is dis-positive of the due process issue raised in this case, it is instructive with regard to the due process analysis applicable to termination cases. In Lassiter, the Court made the following observations:
For all its consequence, “due process” has never been, and perhaps can never be, precisely defined. “[Ujnlike some legal rules,” this Court has said, due process “is not a technical conception with a fixed content unrelated to time, place and circumstances.” Rather, the phrase expresses the requirement of “fundamental fairness,” a requirement whose meaning can be as opaque as its importance is lofty. Applying the Due Process Clause is therefore an uncertain enterprise which must discover what “fundamental fairness” consists of in a particular situation by first considering any relevant precedents and then by assessing the several interests that are at stake.19
In Lassiter, both the majority and three dissenters agreed that the nature of the process due in parental rights termination proceedings turns on a balancing of the three factors specified in Mathews v. Eldridge: (1) the private interest at stake; (2) the governmental interest; and (3) the risk of error or injustice.
Relevant Precedent
The United States Supreme Court has unanimously recognized that “termination decrees work a unique kind of deprivation,” involving the “awesome authority of the State to destroy permanently all legal recognition of the parental relationship,” noting that “[f]ew consequences of judicial action are so grave as the severance of natural family ties.”
In the context of criminal cases, the U.S. Supreme Court has long held that the right to counsel cannot be satisfied by mere “formal appointment” and that the “right to counsel is the right to the effective assistance of counsel.”
The root of the requirement that a criminal defendant must have the effective assistance of counsel was founded upon the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment in Powell v. Alabama.
Recent decisions, however, reveal that the Fourteenth Amendment’s Due Process Clause may require both the right to counsel and the right to effective assistance of counsel.
In Evitts, the court extended the principles set forth in Griffin and Douglas to hold that the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment also guarantees a criminal defendant the effective assistance of counsel on a first appeal of right.
The principles that emerge from United States Supreme Court precedents with regard to the right of effective assistance of counsel are: (1) once a state establishes certain rights, those rights may not be withdrawn without consideration of applicable due process norms; (2) due process requires “meaningful” process; and (3) meaningful process requires more than mere formal appointment of counsel: it also requires that counsel be effective.
Eldridge Due Process Factors
Eldridge sets forth three elements to be evaluated in deciding what due process requires: (1) the private interest at stake; (2) the government’s interest; and (3) the risk that the procedures will lead to erroneous decisions.
In Lassiter, the court stated:
[t]his Court’s decisions have by now made plain beyond the need for multiple citation that a parent’s desire for and right to “the companionship, care, custody and management of his or her children” is an important interest that “undeniably warrants deference and, absent a powerful countervailing interest, protection.”41
In termination proceedings, the State seeks not simply to infringe upon that interest but to end it. “If the State prevails it will have worked a unique kind of deprivation.”
The State’s Interest
With regard to the State, the United States Supreme Court has identified two interests at stake in termination proceedings: a parens patriae interest in preserving and promoting the welfare of the child and a fiscal and administrative interest in reducing the cost and burden of such proceedings.
[UJntil the State proves parental unfitness, the child and his parents share a vital interest in preventing erroneous termination of their natural relationship. Thus, at the fact finding, the interest of the child and his natural parents coincide to favor use of error-reducing procedures.47
Once the State establishes parental unfitness, however, its interest diverges from that of the parents at the dispositional stage in determining the child’s best interests.
However, unlike the State of New York’s bifurcated termination proceeding addressed in Santosky, Texas has a consolidated termination proceeding. Under section 161.001 of the family code, the petitioner seeking to terminate parental rights must establish one or more of the acts or omissions enumerated under subdivision (1) of the statute and must also prove that termination is in the best interest of the child.
We also note that Texas has adopted new deadlines for termination proceedings, in an effort to reduce any undue delay in such proceedings.
As for the State’s pecuniary interest, such interest is minimal in the situation presented here where the State has already granted indigent parents a right to counsel. Further, any pecuniary interest the State may have is hardly significant enough to overcome private interests as important as those presented here.
Risk of Error
We next consider both the risk of erroneous deprivation of private interests resulting from not imposing an effective assistance of counsel standard and the likelihood that imposing such a standard would reduce that risk.
While there is no constitutional right to counsel in every termination proceeding,
We recognize that, in the vast majority of cases, counsel will render effective assistance and therefore ensure that the termination decision is accurate and just. We further recognize that it is only in rare instances that counsel fails to provide effective assistance. However, it cannot be said that the ineffective assistance of counsel can never lead to an erroneous and unjust result. Although we realize that the risk of error may be slight, given the weight of the private interests at stake, the cost of even occasional error is sizable.
In the absence of a right to effective assistance of counsel, a parent whose parental rights are erroneously terminated due to counsel’s deficiencies has no meaningful remedy to cure such error. In contrast to a criminal case where a defendant can be relieved from the consequences of his counsel’s ineffective assistance, in a civil case the usual remedy for counsel’s deficiencies is through a malpractice suit seeking monetary damages.
Conclusion: The Right to Appointed Counsel Includes A Due Process Right to Effective Assistance of Counsel
To summarize our consideration of the Eldridge factors in parental rights termination proceedings: the private interest affected is commanding; the governmental interest in not employing an effective assistance of counsel standard is slight; and the risk of error from not employing such a standard is substantial. The weight of these factors, along with the principles set
Indeed, Texas courts have recognized claims, including due process claims, stemming from violations or alleged violations of the statutory right to counsel.
Due process requires “meaningful” process.
We conclude that Appellant, having been granted the right to appointed counsel, has the right to effective assistance of counsel. Like the right to counsel afforded criminal defendants, the statutory right to counsel afforded to indigent parents in termination proceedings would be a futile gesture unless it also includes the right to the effective assistance of counsel. Accordingly, we hold that the statutory right to appointed counsel afforded to indigent parents in termination proceedings embodies a due process right that counsel render effective assistance. We sustain Appellant’s first issue.
Ineffective Assistance of Counsel
Having concluded Appellant had a right to effective assistance of counsel, we turn to his second and third issues and his claims that he received ineffective assistance. Before addressing Appellant’s con
Standard of Review
Given the United States Supreme Court’s analogy of termination proceedings and criminal proceedings, we believe the correct standard for reviewing counsel’s effectiveness is that applied in criminal cases under Strickland.
In evaluating the effectiveness of counsel under the first prong, we look to the totality of the representation and the particular circumstances of each case.
The second prong of Strickland requires a showing that counsel’s errors were so serious that they deprived the defendant of a fair trial, i.e., a trial whose result is rehable.
Admissible Hearsay Under Section 104.006
Appellant contends his trial counsel was wholly ineffective in failing to object to inadmissible hearsay testimony from five witnesses who testified about KL.’s statements of sexual abuse by Appellant. Because their testimony was the only evidence on which his parental rights were terminated, Appellant contends there is no evidence to support the trial court’s judgment of termination; therefore, but for his counsel’s unprofessional errors, the result of the hearing would have been different.
Three of the complained of witnesses were CPS caseworkers. Alana
The remaining two witness were K.L.’s therapist, Gail Martin, and a defense witness, Cecil Addison, who was a volunteer for the Tarrant County Child Advocates. Both of these witnesses testified generally about KL.’s allegations of sexual abuse by Appellant.
Appellant complains that the testimony of the these five witnesses was inadmissible hearsay because it did not meet the requirements of family code section 104.006, which provides for the admission of hearsay statements of child victims.
In 1997, the Legislature amended the family code to permit the admission of hearsay statements by child victims in termination-of-parental-rights proceedings. Section 104.006 provides that under certain circumstances, a statement made by a child 12 years of age or younger that describes alleged sexual abuse against the child is admissible.
Appellant first contends that it is unclear whether the statute permits the admission of a statement by a child who is older than 12 years at the time of trial. Appellant argues that the statute does not apply where, as in this case, the child is past the age of 12 at the time of trial and capable of testifying about the alleged abuse.
The TDPRS contends that Appellant’s argument misconstrues the plain language of section 104.006. We agree. The statute applies to “statement[s] made by a child 12 years of age or younger.”
With regard to the statements testified to by Kanak, Martin, and Addison, the record shows that the statements about which Martin testified were made when K.L. was 18 years old. The record is unclear when the statements testified to by Addison and Kanak were made. However, as explained below, we need not consider the admissibility of these statements under section 104.006.
Appellant next argues that the testimony regarding KL.’s statements of sexual abuse were inadmissible hearsay
Initially, we note that Appellant misstates the statute’s procedural prerequisites to admissibility. Section 104.006 does not require the trial court to make a finding that the witness’ statement in lieu of the child’s testimony is necessary to protect the child’s welfare if the child does not testify. Rather, the statute allows admission of the statement if the trial court makes a finding that the statement is reliable and:
(1) the child testifies or is available to testify at the proceeding in court or in any other manner provided for by law; or
(2) the court determines that the use of the statement in lieu of the child’s testimony is necessary to protect the welfare of the child.89
Thus, only if a child is unavailable to testify is the trial court required to make a finding that admission of the witness’ statement in lieu of the child’s testimony is necessary to protect the child’s welfare.
Section 104.006 is the civil analog of article 38.072 of the code of criminal procedure, in that both govern the admissibility of hearsay statements by child abuse victims.
The record shows that this case was tried before the trial court and that the issue -regarding the admissibility of the witnesses’ statements under section 104.006 was both presented to and considered by the court. Near the end of the proceedings, the TDPRS requested the trial court to proceed “only on the admissible hearsay statements that have been introduced,” under the provisions of section 104.006. Following arguments of counsel, and based on the evidence presented, the trial court found that it was not in KL.’s best interest that she be made to testify. The trial court also informed the parties that the court would allow her to testify, albeit in á restrictive environment, and no party indicated she was not available to testify. However, no party requested her testimony. Because the trial court could have concluded K.L. was available to testify, the trial court was not required to make a finding that the witnesses’ testimo
Appellant appears to argue that the trial court failed to make a reliability determination under section 104.006 because the trial court failed to make a specific, express finding as to the reliability of KL.’s statements. However, in admitting the testimony regarding K.L.’s statements, the trial court implicitly found KL.’s statements in this case reliable.
Additionally, nothing in section 104.006 indicates that, in a bench trial, the trial court must consider the admissibility of hearsay statements at any specific time during the proceedings. In a bench trial, an experienced judge exercises the functions of a jury and is charged with the responsibility of assessing the credibility of the witnesses, logically evaluating the evidence, rationally resolving factual disputes on the basis of such evidence, and correctly applying the law to the facts.
After considering the evidence before the trial court, and the statutory requisites of section 104.006, we cannot say the trial court abused its discretion in admitting either Rossi’s or Long’s testimony regarding KL.’s statements of sexual abuse. Counsel is not ineffective for failing to object to admissible evidence.
In light of our holding that Rossi’s and Long’s testimony was properly admitted and that counsel was not ineffective for failing to object to such testimony, we need not consider Appellant’s additional arguments with regard to the admissibility of their testimony. Likewise, we need not consider the admissibility of the other three witnesses’ testimony. Even were we to conclude counsel was ineffective in failing to object to their testimony, it would not have resulted in any prejudice to Appellant in that Rossi’s and Long’s testimony provides legally sufficient evidence to support the trial court’s judgment terminating Appellant’s parental rights.
Conclusion
Having concluded that Appellant is entitled to the effective assistance of counsel,
CAYCE, C.J. concurs without opinion.
. In re B.L.D., 56 S.W.3d 203, 211 (Tex.App.Waco 2001, no pet.); In re J.M.S., 43 S.W.3d 60, 63 (Tex.App.-Houston [1st Dist.] 2001, no pet.).
. See In re B.B., 971 S.W.2d 160, 172 (Tex.App.-Beaumont 1998, pet. denied); Arteaga v. Tex. Dep’t of Protective & Regulatory Servs., 924 S.W.2d 756, 762 (Tex.App.-Austin 1996, writ denied); In re J.F., 888 S.W.2d 140, 143 (Tex.App.-Tyler 1994, no writ); Posner v. Dallas County Child Welfare Unit, 784 S.W.2d 585, 588 (Tex.App.-Eastland 1990, writ denied); Howell v. Dallas County Child Welfare Unit, 710 S.W.2d 729, 734-35 (Tex.App.-Dallas 1986, writ ref'd), cert. denied, 481 U.S. 1018, 107 S.Ct. 1898, 95 L.Ed.2d 505 (1987).
. See In re A.R.R., 61 S.W.3d 691, 695 (Tex.App.-Fort Worth 2001, pet. denied).
. Id.
. B.L.D., 56 S.W.3d at 211 (citing Santosky v. Kramer, 455 U.S. 745, 753, 102 S.Ct. 1388, 1394, 71 L.Ed.2d 599 (1982)).
. B.L.D., 56 S.W.3d at 211-12; see also In re J.M.S., 43 S.W.3d at 63 (agreeing with the Waco Court of Appeals in concluding that the mandatory appointment of counsel includes a corresponding right to hold appointed counsel accountable if they are ineffective).
. See Lassiter v. Dep't of Soc. Servs., 452 U.S. 18, 27-32, 101 S.Ct. 2153, 2159-62, 68 L.Ed.2d 640 (1981).
. Id.
. Id. at 33-34, 101 S.Ct. at 2163.
. Id. at 34, 101 S.Ct. at 2163.
. Tex. Fam.Code Ann. § 107.013 (Vernon 2002).
. See Santosky, 455 U.S. at 753, 102 S.Ct. at 1394; see also Lassiter, 452 U.S. at 24-32, 101 S.Ct. at 2158-62; Lassiter, 452 U.S. at 37, 101 S.Ct. at 2165 (Blackmun, J. dissenting); Lassiter, 452 U.S. at 59-60, 101 S.Ct. at 2176 (Stevens, J. dissenting).
. 519 U.S. 102, 119, 117 S.Ct. 555, 565, 136 L.Ed.2d 473 (1996).
. See id. at 125, 117 S.Ct. at 568.
. Lassiter, 452 U.S. at 27-32, 101 S.Ct. at 2159-62.
. M.L.B. v. S.L.J., 519 U.S. 102, 110-11, 117 S.Ct. 555, 561 (1996) (recognizing that although the federal constitution guarantees no right to appellate review, it is fundamental that once a state affords that right, it must be kept free of unreasoned distinctions that can only impede open and equal access to the courts); Evitts v. Lucey, 469 U.S. 387, 401, 105 S.Ct. 830, 839, 83 L.Ed.2d 821 (1985) (stating that when a state opts to act in a field where its action has significant discretionary
.Evitts, 469 U.S. at 400-01, 105 S.Ct. at 838.
. Id.; see also Santosky, 455 U.S. at 753, 102 S.Ct. at 1394 (holding that state intervention to terminate the relationship between a parent and child must be accomplished by procedures meeting the requisites of the Due Process Clause).
. Lassiter, 452 U.S. at 24-25, 101 S.Ct. at 2158 (citations omitted).
. Id. at 27-32, 101 S.Ct. at 2159-62; id. at 37-38, 101 S.Ct. at 2165 (Blackmun, J. dissenting); Mathews v. Eldridge, 424 U.S. 319, 335, 96 S.Ct. 893, 903, 47 L.Ed.2d 18 (1976).
. Compare Lassiter, 452 U.S. at 31-32, 101 S.Ct. at 2161-62, with Lassiter, 452 U.S. at 41, & n. 8, 101 S.Ct. at 2167, & n. 8 (Black-mun, J. dissenting).
. Santosky, 455 U.S. at 754, 102 S.Ct. at 1395.
. M.L.B. at 119, 127-28, 117 S.Ct. at 565, 569-70.
. Id. at 127, 117 S.Ct. at 569.
. Id. at 119-20, 127-28, 117 S.Ct. at 565-66, 569-70.
. Id. at 125, 117 S.Ct. at 568.
. Avery v. Alabama, 308 U.S. 444, 446, 60 S.Ct. 321, 322, 84 L.Ed. 377 (1940) (stating “[t]hat a person who happens to be a lawyer is present at trial alongside the accused, however, is not enough to satisfy the constitutional command.... An accused is entitled to be assisted by an attorney, whether retained or appointed, who plays the role necessary to ensure that the trial is fair.”); McMann v. Richardson, 397 U.S. 759, 771 n. 14, 90 S.Ct. 1441, 1449 n. 14, 25 L.Ed.2d 763 (1970); Evitts, 469 U.S. at 395, 105 S.Ct. at 835 (citing Avery, 308 U.S. at 446, 60 S.Ct. at 322).
. Evitts, 469 U.S. at 397, 105 S.Ct. at 837.
. Id. at 396, 105 S.Ct. at 836.
. Powell v. Alabama, 287 U.S. 45, 71, 53 S.Ct. 55, 65, 77 L.Ed. 158 (1932); see Robert S. Catz & Nancy Lee Firak, The Right To Appointed Counsel in Quasi-Criminal Cases: Towards An Effective Assistance of Counsel Standard, 19 Harv. C.R.-C.L. L.Rev. 397, 444-45 (1984).
. Gideon v. Wainwright, 372 U.S. 335, 341-42, 83 S.Ct. 792, 794-95, 9 L.Ed.2d 799 (1963); see Robert S. Catz & Nancy Lee Firak, The Right To Appointed Counsel in Quasi-Criminal Cases: Towards An Effective Assistance of Counsel Standard, 19 Harv. C.R.C.L. L.Rev. 397, 446 (1984).
. Evitts, 469 U.S. at 392-93, 105 S.Ct. at 834; Douglas v. Cal, 372 U.S. 353, 357-58, 83 S.Ct. 814, 816-17, 9 L.Ed.2d 811(1963).
. Douglas, 372 U.S. at 355-58, 83 S.Ct. at 815-17.
.Id. at 358, 83 S.Ct. at 817.
. Evitts, 469 U.S. at 393-97, 105 S.Ct. at 834-37.
. Id. at 400-01, 105 S.Ct. at 838.
. Id. at 396, 105 S.Ct. at 836.
. See M.L.B., 519 U.S. at 110-11, 117 S.Ct. at 560-61; Douglas, 372 U.S. at 358, 83 S.Ct. at 817; Evitts, 469 U.S. at 396, 400-01, 105 S.Ct. at 836, 838.
. Lassiter, 452 U.S. at 26-27, 101 S.Ct. at 2159-60.
. Id. at 27, 101 S.Ct. at 2159 (citing Mathews, 424 U.S. at 335, 96 S.Ct. at 903).
. Id. at 27, 101 S.Ct. at 2159-60.
. Id. at 27, 101 S.Ct. at 2160.
. Santosky, 455 U.S. at 759, 102 S.Ct. at 1398.
. Id. at 759, 102 S.Ct. at 1397; Lassiter, 452 U.S. at 27, 31, 101 S.Ct. at 2160-61; see also M.L.B., 519 U.S. at 118, 117 S.Ct. at 565.
. Santosky, 455 U.S. at 766, 102 S.Ct. at 1401.
. Lassiter, 452 U.S. at 27, 101 S.Ct. at 2160.
. Santosky, 455 U.S. at 760-61, 102 S.Ct. at 1398.
. Id. at 760-61, 102 S.Ct. at 1398.
. Tex. Fam.Code Ann. § 161.001.
. See In re DM., 58 S.W.3d 801, 807 (Tex.App.-Fort Worth 2001, no pet.).
. Tex. Fam.Code Ann. § 161.001.
. Santosky, 455 U.S. at 766-67, 102 S.Ct. at 1402.
. Tex. Fam.Code Ann. § 263.405.
. See Lassiter, 452 U.S. at 28, 101 S.Ct. at 2160.
. See Santosky, 455 U.S. at 761, 102 S.Ct. at 1399.
. Lassiter, 452 U.S. at 27-32, 101 S.Ct. at 2159-62.
. See Tex. Fam.Code Ann. § 107.013.
. See Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 685-86, 104 S.Ct. 2052, 2063-64, 80 L.Ed.2d 674 (1984); 519 U.S. at 128, 117 S.Ct. at 570. This statutory right may not be taken away without due process of law. Cf. Steny v. State, 959 S.W.2d 249, 257 (Tex.
. See Santosky, 455 U.S. at 764, 102 S.Ct. at 1400.
. Compare Rylander v. State, 75 S.W.3d 119, 125 (Tex.App.-San Antonio 2002, pet. granted) with Peeler v. Hughes & Luce, 909 S.W.2d 494, 496 (Tex. 1995) (citing Cosgrove v. Grimes, 774 S.W.2d 662, 665 (Tex. 1989)).
. See Santosky, 455 U.S. at 759, 102 S.Ct. at 1398 (noting that juvenile delinquency adjudications, civil commitment, deportation, and denaturalization, at least to a degree, are all reversible official actions, but that, once affirmed on appeal, a New York decision terminating parental rights is final and irrevocable, and stating that "few forms of state action are both so severe and so irreversible”); In re A.K.V., 747 A.2d 570, 576-79 (D.C.Ct.App. 2000) (concluding that malpractice suit is not an apt remedy in termination cases and that monetary damages are wholly inadequate in such cases).
. In re A.K.V., 141 A.2d at 576-79.
. See In re T.R.R., 986 S.W.2d 31, 37 (Tex.App.-Corpus Christi 1998, no pet.) (holding that trial court’s failure to appoint parent an attorney ad litem in termination proceeding was reversible error constituting official mistake for purposes of bill of review); Odoms v. Batts, 791 S.W.2d 677, 680 (Tex.App.-San Antonio 1990, no writ) (holding that trial court's failure to appoint parent an attorney ad litem in termination proceeding was reversible error); Turner v. Lutz, 654 S.W.2d 57, 59-60 (Tex.App.-Austin 1983, no writ) (holding that, regardless of harmless error standard applied, the conclusion is that the trial court’s failure to comply with the mandatory requirements for appointment of counsel under former section 11.10(a) is reversible error; the issues involved in the termination of parental rights are of such a serious nature that the trial court’s error cannot be treated in any other way); see also In re M.I.M.L., 31 S.W.3d 347, 355-56 (Tex.App.-San Antonio 2000, pet. denied) (holding indigent mother’s due process rights were not violated by trial court's failure to appoint attorney ad litem for her until six months after parental termination suit was filed against her where counsel was appointed, giving mother a year to prepare for trial, when Department of Protective and Regulatory Services made clear its intent to pursue dual-track of both termination and reunification).
. S.C.D. v. Etowah County Dep’t of Human Res., 2002 WL 31270285, *1-2, - So.2d -(Ala.Civ.App. Oct. 11, 2002); Lawson v. Reynolds, 2002 WL 1486484, *6 (Alaska-July 10, 2002); In re Appeal in Maricopa County Juvenile Action No. JS-4942, 142 Ariz. 240, 689 P.2d 183, 185 (Ct.App. 1984); In re Kristin H., 46 Cal.App.4th 1635, 54 Cal.Rptr.2d 722, 736-41 (1996); State v. Anonymous, 179 Conn. 155, 425 A.2d 939, 942-43 (1979); L.W. v. Dep’t of Children and Families, 812 So.2d 551, 554-56 (Fla.Dist.Ct.App. 2002); In re A.H.P., 232 Ga.App. 330, 500 S.E.2d 418, 421-22 (1998); In re R.G., 165 Ill.App.3d 112, 116 Ill.Dec. 69, 518 N.E.2d 691, 700-01 (1988); In re I.T., E.T., and R.T., 740 N.E.2d 1261, 1265 (Ind.Ct.App. 2000); In re D.W., 385 N.W.2d 570, 579 (Iowa 1986); In re T.M.C., 26 Kan.App.2d 297, 988 P.2d 241, 243-44 (1999); In re Stephen, 401 Mass. 144, 514 N.E.2d 1087, 1090-91 (1987); Powell v. Simon, 171 Mich.App. 443, 431 N.W.2d 71, 74 (1988); In re G.L.H., 614 N.W.2d 718, 720 (Minn. 2000), cert. denied, 531 U.S. 967, 121 S.Ct. 403, 148 L.Ed.2d 311 (2000); In re J.C., 781 S.W.2d 226, 227-28 (Mo.Ct.App. 1989); New Jersey Div. of Youth and Fam. Svcs. v. V.K., 236 N.J.Super. 243, 565 A.2d 706, 712-13 (App.Div. 1989), cert. denied, 495 U.S. 934, 110 S.Ct. 2178, 109 L.Ed.2d 507 (1990); In re James W.H., 115 N.M. 256, 849 P.2d 1079, 1080-81 (Ct.App. 1993); In re Matthew C., 227 A.D.2d 679, 682, 641 N.Y.S.2d 753 (N.Y.App.Div. 1996); In re Oghenekevebe, 123 N.C.App. 434, 473 S.E.2d 393, 396 (N.C.Ct.App. 1996); In re Heston, 129 Ohio App.3d 825, 719 N.E.2d 93, 95 (1998); In re D.D.F., 801 P.2d 703, 705-07 (Okla. 1990), cert denied, 500 U.S. 922, 111 S.Ct. 2027, 114 L.Ed.2d 113 (1991); State ex rel. State Office for Setvices to Children and Families v. Hammons, 169 Or.App. 589, 10 P.3d 310, 312-13 (2000); In re Adoption of T.M.F., 392 Pa.Super. 598, 573 A.2d 1035, 1039-40 (1990); State ex rel. C.C., 48 P.3d 244, 247-49 (Utah Ct.App. 2002); In re Moseley, 34 Wash.App. 179, 660 P.2d 315, 318 (1983); In re M.D.(S)., 168 Wis.2d 995, 485 N.W.2d 52, 53-55 (1992).
.Anonymous, 425 A.2d at 942-43; A.H.P., 500 S.E.2d at 421-22; R.G., 116 Ill.Dec. 69, 518 N.E.2d at 700-01; J.T., 740 N.E.2d at 1265; D.W., 385 N.W.2d at 579; Stephen, 514 N.E.2d at 1090-91; Powell, 431 N.W.2d at . 74; J.C., 781 S.W.2d at 227-28; V.K., 565 A.2d at 712-13; James W.H., 849 P.2d at 1080-81; Matthew C., 227 A.D.2d at 682, 641 N.Y.S.2d 753; Oghenekevebe, 473 S.E.2d at 396; Heston, 719 N.E.2d at 95; Hammons, 10 P.3d at 312-13; C.C., 48 P.3d at 247-48; M.D.(S)., 485 N.W.2d at 53-55.
. Stephen, 514 N.E.2d at 1090-91; J.C., 781 S.W.2d at 227-28; Matthew C., 227 A.D.2d at 682, 641 N.Y.S.2d 753; Oghenekevebe, 473 S.E.2d at 396; Hammons, 10 P.3d at 312; C.C., 48 P.3d at 248; M.D.(S)., 485 N.W.2d at 54.
. Douglas, 372 U.S. at 358, 83 S.Ct. at 817.
. Id.
. 519 U.S. at 110-11, 117 S.Ct. at 560-61; Evitts, 469 U.S. at 400-01, 105 S.Ct. at 838 (noting that State-granted right to appeal would be unique among state actions if it could be withdrawn without consideration of applicable due process norms); see also Sterry, 959 S.W.2d at 257 (concluding that criminal defendant has no constitutional right to have jury assess punishment, but does have statutory right to have jury assess punishment, and this valuable statutory right may not be taken away without due process of law); Moore v. Barr, 718 S.W.2d 925, 926 (Tex.App.-Houston [14th Dist.] 1986, no writ) (recognizing that elected political candidate enjoyed vested property right which could not be taken away without due process of law).
. R.G., 116 Ill.Dec. 69, 518 N.E.2d at 700.
. Id.
. See In re D.A.S., 973 S.W.2d 296, 298 (Tex. 1998) (orig. proceeding) (stating that, although there has been no determination on whether a juvenile has a constitutional right to counsel on appeal, the Legislature’s mandate that juveniles receive the assistance of counsel on appeal warrants the extension of the Anders procedure to juvenile appeals).
. 466 U.S. at 687, 104 S.Ct. at 2064.
. Id.; Thompson v. State, 9 S.W.3d 808, 812 (Tex.Crim.App. 1999).
. Strickland, 466 U.S. at 687, 104 S.Ct. at 2064.
. Strickland, 466 U.S. at 688-89, 104 S.Ct. at 2065.
. Id. at 690, 104 S.Ct. at 2066.
. Thompson, 9 S.W.3d at 814.
. Strickland, 466 U.S. at 689, 104 S.Ct. at 2065.
. Id. at 687, 104 S.Ct. at 2064.
. Id. at 694, 104 S.Ct. at 2068.
. Id.
. Id. at 697, 104 S.Ct. at 2070.
. Tex Fam.Code Ann. § 104.006.
. Id.
. Id.
. Id.
. Id.
. TexCode Crim. Proc. Ann. art. 38.072 (Vernon Supp. 2002).
. Long V. State, 800 S.W.2d 545, 547 (Tex. Crim.App. 1990).
. See id.
. See Norris v. Norris, 56 S.W.3d 333, 346 n. 7 (Tex.App.-El Paso 2001, no pet.) (stating that when trial court gives express findings on at least one element of a claim, but omits other elements, implied findings on the omitted unrequested elements are deemed to have been made in support of the trial court's ruling).
. Vickery v. Comm’n for Lawyer Discipline, 5 S.W.3d 241, 251 (Tex.App.-Houston [14th Dist.] 1999, pet. denied).
. See Wright v. Wright, 65 S.W.3d 715, 718 (Tex.App.-Eastland 2001, no pet.) (concluding that in bench trial where trial court explicitly stated that it based its ruling on the law and the evidence in the case and that it did not consider any religious matters in making its decision, trial court did not abuse its discretion in commenting on religious matters).
. Johnson v. State, 977 S.W.2d 725, 729 (Tex.App.-Fort Worth 1998, pet. ref’d); Johnson v. State, 987 S.W.2d 79, 86 (Tex.App.Houston [14th Dist.] 1998, pet. ref’d).
. See Tex.R.App. P. 47.1.
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