Appellant, L.A.A. a/k/a L.A.A.-M. ("Father"), asserts six issues challenging the legal and factual sufficiency of the evidence supporting the trial court's final decree terminating his parental rights to his three children, B.D.A., L.A.A.-M., and J.X.A. The panel's opinion dated July 24, 2017, reversed the trial court's decree and remanded for further proceedings. The Texas Department of Family and Protective Services ("the Department") moved for rehearing and en banc reconsideration of that opinion. We now grant the motion for rehearing, withdraw the July 24, 2017 opinion and judgment, and issue this opinion and judgment in their stead.1

Because we conclude that the record contains legally and factually sufficient evidence to support the trial court's having formed a firm belief or conviction that termination under Family Code section 161.001(b)(1) and (2) was warranted, we affirm the decree of the trial court.

*350Background

B.D.A., the eldest child involved in this suit, was born in October 2009 and is eight years old. Her brother, L.A.A.-M., was born in March 2011 and is now six. The youngest child, J.X.A., is a boy who was born in November 2012 and has just turned five years old.

In July 2012, before J.X.A. was born and when B.D.A. and L.A.A.-M. were two-and-a-half years and one year old, respectively, Father committed the first-degree felony offense of aggravated robbery with a deadly weapon and was held in jail until his trial. In February 2013, he was sentenced to fifteen years in prison. Father was still serving this sentence at the time of the final hearing in this termination case.

On December 15, 2014, in an effort to investigate a referral that the Department had received regarding abuse and neglect of B.D.A., L.A.A.-M., and J.X.A. by their mother,2 the Department filed an application for an ex parte order to place the family on a Child Safety Check Alert List. The Department alleged that it was unable to locate the family-including the mother, the father, and the maternal grandmother-so that it could investigate the reports. The trial court signed an order on December 15, 2014, finding that "[t]he Department has received a report of child abuse or neglect and is trying to investigate," that "[t]he Department has exhausted all means available to [it] for locating the Family and has been unsuccessful," and that the Department filed an application which included "[a] summary of the report of child abuse or neglect the Department is attempting to investigate and the Department's efforts to locate the family." The trial court "APPROVE[D] the Application and ORDER[ED] the HOUSTON POLICE DEPARTMENT to notify the Texas Crime Information Center to place the family on the Child Safety Check Alert List."

The children were removed from their mother's care in June 2015, following a referral of neglectful supervision of L.A.A.-M., who is hearing-impaired and autistic, resulting in his hospitalization for a "head scalp injury from a dog bite." The affidavit accompanying the Department's first amended petition asserted that, at the time of this incident, "the mother's whereabouts were unknown." When she arrived at the hospital, she "appeared to be intoxicated," and her "speech was slurred and she appeared lethargic." The Department investigator also averred that, among other indicators of intoxication, "mother fell asleep twice while answering hospital staff's questions" and that "it took two nurses to physically assist mother to the new room because mother could not walk without wobbling."

The Department's investigator spoke with the mother during L.A.A.-M.'s hospitalization, and, among other statements, the mother expressed her belief that Father "is incarcerated in Amarillo, Texas, and will be there for a long time," but she was unsure why he had been incarcerated. The Department's investigator averred that Father was actually serving a fifteen-year sentence in Huntsville, Texas.

The affidavit supporting the Department's first amended petition also included previous referrals of neglect and abuse of the children by the mother. An investigation into the mother's neglectful supervision of these children, conducted between November 27, 2012, and May 1, 2013, was disposed of with the notation "reason to *351believe"; two separate investigations into the mother's physical neglect and neglectful supervision of the children, conducted between July 17, 2014, and October 22, 2014, and between October 17, 2014, and December 18, 2014, were disposed of as "unable to complete" because the family could not be located.

The Department asserted that it had sought emergency temporary orders following the latest referral, in June 2015, on the ground that the mother could not care for the children upon L.A.A.-M.'s release from the hospital and "[t]he relative placement for [B.D.A. and J.X.A.] can no longer take care of them." The Department investigator also averred that, when it was determined that the relative keeping B.D.A. and J.X.A. while L.A.A.-M. was in the hospital could only keep them for a few weeks, he asked mother "to give me names, date of birth, and social security numbers for possible placement option[s] for her children." He stated that mother told him "all of the people she would want to be considered either [have] a criminal background or [do not] want to be involved with CPS." The First Amended Petition listed both the mother and Father as parties to be served, noting that Father was "[t]he alleged father of the children."

On June 25, 2015, the trial court signed an order containing the following findings:

3.1 Having examined and reviewed the evidence, including the sworn affidavit accompanying the petition and based upon the facts contained therein, the Court finds that all reasonable efforts, consistent with time and circumstances have been made by [the Department] to prevent or eliminate the need for removal of the children the subject of this suit from the home and to make it possible for the children to return home, but the continuation in the home would be contrary to the children's welfare.

3.2 The Court finds that:

3.2.1. there is an immediate danger to the physical health or safety of the children or the children have been the victims of sexual abuse and that continuation in the home would be contrary to the children's welfare; and

3.2.2. there is not time, consistent with the physical health or safety of the children and the nature of the emergency, to hold an adversary hearing or to make reasonable efforts to prevent or eliminate the need for removal of the children.

The trial court found that it was in the children's best interests to name the Department as their temporary sole managing conservator.

On July 9, 2015, the trial court also signed a "Temporary Order Following Adversary Hearing."3 It found that Father was not notified of the hearing and did not appear. Accordingly, the trial court signed an order appointing an attorney ad litem for Father, and the order stated that "[t]he attorney ad litem shall examine the record in this case and may present evidence to the court concerning the diligent effort to identify, locate, or serve said party." The trial court's temporary order also contained the following findings:

3.1 The Court finds there is sufficient evidence to satisfy a person of ordinary prudence and caution that: (1) there was a danger to the physical health or safety of the children which was caused by an act or failure to act of the person entitled to possession and for the children to remain in the home is contrary *352to the welfare of the children; (2) the urgent need for protection required the immediate removal of the children and makes efforts to eliminate or prevent the children's removal impossible or unreasonable; (3) notwithstanding reasonable efforts to eliminate the need for the children's removal and enable the children to return home, there is a substantial risk of a continuing danger if the children are returned home.

....

3.2 The Court finds that placement of the children with the children's noncustodial parent or with a relative of the children is inappropriate and not in the best interest of the children.

The trial court further ordered that the Department continue as the children's temporary managing conservator. The trial court ordered both the mother and Father to "execute an authorization for the release of [their own] and the children's (if needed) past, current or future medical and mental health records" and "to provide the Department with a list of the names and addresses of all physicians, psychologists, or other healthcare providers who have treated [them] or the children." Finally, the trial court ordered Father to "submit the Child Placement Resources Form provided under [Family Code section] 261.307, if the form has not previously been provided and provide the Department and the Court the full name and current address or whereabouts and phone number of any and all relatives of the subject children ... with whom the Department may place the subject children during the pendency of this suit, pursuant to § 262.201, Texas Family Code."

On July 14, 2015, the Department filed its "Second Amended Petition for Protection of Child for Conservatorship, and for Termination in Suit Affecting the Parent-Child Relationship," again naming Father as the children's "alleged" father and requesting service on him in prison or in court. The petition included the requests that the Department be given custody of his children; that Father's paternity be established; and if the court found that the parent-child relationship existed, and if "reunification with the father cannot be achieved," that Father's parental rights be terminated under one or more of the following Texas Family Code sections: section 161.001(b)(1)(D) (knowingly placing or allowing children to remain in conditions or surroundings that endangered their physical or emotional well-being); (E) (engaging in conduct or knowingly placing the children with person who engaged in conduct endangering their physical or emotional wellbeing); (F) (failing to support children in accordance with parent's ability for one year within six months of the filing of petition); (N) (constructively abandoning children for not less than six months, including not regularly visiting them or maintaining significant contact with them and demonstrating inability to provide them with safe environment); (O) (failing to comply with provisions of court order establishing actions necessary for parent to obtain return of children who had been in Department conservatorship for not less than nine months after their removal from their parent for abuse or neglect); and (Q) (knowingly engaging in criminal conduct that resulted in parent's conviction for offense and confinement and inability to care for children for not less than two years from filing of petition). The petition was served on Father's appointed attorney.

The second amended petition again requested that "each Parent, Alleged Father, or Respondent" "submit the Child Placement Resources Form provided under § 261.307" and "Provide the Department and the Court the full name and current address or whereabouts and phone number *353of any and all relatives of the children" with whom the Department might place them during pendency of the suit. And it requested that each parent "accurately identify that parent's net resources and ability to pay children support" and provide evidence of health insurance available for the children, their medical history, and their health care providers. It warned both parents that their parental rights might be subject to termination unless the parent was "willing and able to provide the children with a safe environment."

On August 4, 2015, the Department filed a status report indicating that it was making efforts to locate the missing parents by collecting "the alleged father's names for the children"; that the Department had attempted to serve Father in person on July 15, 2015; and that the Department had "attempted to place the children with relatives before [resorting] to foster care. There are no identified relatives by the mother that would be eligible to keep the children." The report also contained information regarding the parents' family plan of service and medical, dental, and psychological information for each child. Specifically regarding Father, the Department stated that he needed to submit to DNA testing and that "[a] Family Plan of Service will be requested after DNA confirms paternity."

On August 20, 2015, the trial court held a status hearing at which Father appeared through his attorney of record. At that hearing, the Department presented a family service plan directed to both parents, which included a description of the events that brought Father's children to the Department's attention in June 2015. The family service plan further outlined the Department's initial concerns regarding the children, including that the mother suffered from anxiety, depression, and insomnia but had no medication; she tested positive for cocaine and marijuana; she was leaving the children with inappropriate caregivers; she had been involved in four previous CPS referrals and had a history of fleeing from the Department; and she was not associating with her family and had limited outside support.

The court-ordered family plan required Father not only to submit to DNA testing to verify that he was the children's father but to "learn new behaviors that promote cooperation, stability, and a sense of self-worth among family members," to participate in therapy, to demonstrate an ability to "provide basic necessities such as food, clothing, shelter, medical care, and supervision" for the children, to "build a support network that will help ensure the safety of the child[ren]," and to "maintain housing that is safe and free of hazards and provide protection, food, and shelter for the children and family," and to "actively cooperate in fulfilling the agreed upon safety plan."

The trial court found, in its August 20, 2015 status order, that "all parties entitled to citation and notice have been served" and that the "service plans filed by the Department ... are reasonable, accurate, and in compliance with the previous orders of the Court." It further found that Father had not yet reviewed his service plan. And the trial court found that Father had not completed the Child Placement Resource Form or filed it with the court as required by Family Code section 261.307, and it again ordered Father to do so.

On November 9, 2015, the Department filed another permanency report with the trial court, outlining the progress of the case and details of the children's placements at that time. This report stated that Father's paternity had been established through DNA testing. On November 19, 2015, the trial court ordered a partial nonsuit as to the "Unknown Father" named in *354the Department's petition. The trial court also signed an order stating that a hearing was held on November 19, 2015, to determine the parentage of the children. The trial court found that Father appeared through his attorney, and it adjudicated Father as the father of B.D.A., L.A.A.-M., and J.X.A.

Finally, the trial court also signed a permanency hearing order following the hearing on November 19, 2015. The trial court made the following findings:

2.1 The Court, having reviewed the pleadings and considered all evidence and information required by law, including all service plans and Permanency Progress Reports filed by the Department, finds that all necessary prerequisites of the law have been satisfied....

2.2 The Court has reviewed service plans, permanency report and other information submitted to the court to determine the safety and well-being of the children. ... The Court finds that the Department has made reasonable efforts, as identified in its service plans and/or Permanency Progress Reports, to finalize the permanency plan that is in effect for each child.

....

2.4 The Court has evaluated the Department's efforts to identify relatives who could provide the children with a safe environment if the children are not returned to a parent ... and to obtain the assistance of each parent to provide information necessary to locate an absent parent, alleged father, or relative of the child. The Court has further reviewed the efforts of the parent, alleged father or relative before the Court in providing information necessary to locate another absent parent, alleged father or relative of the children pursuant to § 263.306(a-1)(2)(B), Texas Family Code.

2.5 The Court has evaluated the parties' compliance with temporary orders and the service plan, and the extent to which progress has been made toward alleviating or mitigating the cause necessitating the placement of the children in foster care....

The trial court specifically found that Father "has not demonstrated adequate and appropriate compliance with the service plan." The trial court found that B.D.A. and J.X.A. were placed in a "relative's home" and that L.A.A.-M. was placed in "substitute care." The trial court found that neither parent was willing or able to provide the children with a safe environment and thus "[t]he children continue to need substitute care and the children['s] current placement[s are] appropriate for the children's needs."

On February 12, 2016, the Department filed another permanency report with the trial court. This report again provided information regarding the children's placements, current medical and mental health needs, and parental progress.

On February 26, 2016, the mother's attorney filed a counter-petition, also seeking to have Father's paternity to the children established and asking the trial court to name the mother as the children's managing conservator. The counter-petition stated, "If Co-Respondent, [Father's], paternity is established and [he] is appointed possessory conservator, he should be ordered to ... pay guideline child support."

Following a hearing on March 3, 2016, the trial court signed another permanency hearing order finding that Father appeared through his attorney of record. The trial court also found, again, following review of the "pleadings and ... all evidence and information required by law, including all service plans and Permanency Progress Reports filed by the Department," that *355Father had not demonstrated adequate and appropriate compliance with the service plan and that he was not willing or able to provide the children with a safe environment. In its March 3, 2016 order, the trial court allowed the mother to proceed with visitation with the children.

On May 2, 2016, the Department filed another Permanency Report. In its May 24, 2016 Permanency Hearing Order, the trial court again found that Father had not demonstrated adequate and appropriate compliance with the service plan. The trial court also ordered that the Department conduct a home study for a "fictive kin" placement-a friend with whom the mother intended to live.

In June 2016, finding that the mother had made significant progress in completing her family service plan, the trial court allowed the children to visit at the mother's residence with the Department's supervision. Subsequently, following a status hearing in August 2016, the trial court ordered that the children were to be returned to the mother by August 19, 2016. However, the children were again removed on an emergency basis and, on October 5, 2016, the trial court vacated its previous order allowing the children to live with their mother. The children were then placed with different foster families, and the Department sought to terminate the parental rights of both parents and to be named as the children's permanent managing conservator.

On December 15, 2016, the trial court held a trial. Father again appeared through his attorney of record and announced ready. The Department presented evidence of Father's conviction for aggravated robbery with a deadly weapon. The children's mother voluntarily relinquished her parental rights. Bridget Sharkey, the caseworker who had been working on the case for more than a year, testified that she believed termination of the mother's rights based on voluntary relinquishment was in the children's best interest because the Department "did try numerous times to work out arrangements to support the primary goal at the time of family reunification. Unfortunately, once the kids were placed with the mother, the kids' care started deteriorating.... The mom was not able to physically, financially, or emotionally be there for the children." Sharkey stated, "The children are actually getting more support in the placement that they are in at this time." She emphasized the problems that the mother had had throughout the pendency of the case, including the neglectful supervision that had occurred, and stated that "none of the dangers were alleviated that brought the children into care." Sharkey testified that the Department believed "that the children's best interest would be to stay in the placements that they are in and eventually become adoptive into a permanent placement where they will be stable and their needs can be met."

Sharkey then responded to the questions of the Department's counsel as follows:

Q. Where are the children currently placed?

A. The children are all in separate placements. They are all in foster homes. [L.A.A.-M.] is close to Austin and the other two children are in Harris and Fort Bend County.

Q. And the children are doing well in each of their placements?

A. Yes. All of their needs are being met in each individual placement.

Q. [L.A.A.-M.] has special needs, correct?

A. Yes.

Q. He's deaf?

A. Yes.

*356Q. He has-

A. I'm sorry. He has moderate hearing loss in one ear, severe hearing loss in the other ear. He's not completely deaf, but there is severe hearing damage.

Q. And his current placement is able to, in fact, much better than any other placement, address those needs, correct?

A. Yes.

Q. Okay. And so, just to follow up, you believe it's in the best interest that the parental rights be terminated today?

A. Yes.

Q. And we believe that it would provide more permanency for the children?

A. Correct, yes.

Regarding Father, the caseworker testified that the court-ordered DNA testing established his paternity as to all three children. She further testified that she reached out to the father and that "[h]e was mailed a family plan of service as well as a letter to notify him of the case." However, Father never "reached out" to the caseworker. The caseworker testified that, to her knowledge, Father never sent any letters or cards to his children. Sharkey testified that she believed it was in the children's best interest to terminate Father's parental rights because engaging in criminal conduct could endanger the children's safety and did not demonstrate good parenting skills. Sharkey again testified that termination of both parents' rights would provide more permanency for the children. Sharkey also testified that Father was sentenced in 2013 to fifteen years' confinement and that his release date was in 2028, which was then more than two years in the future, and his engaging in criminal conduct could endanger his children's safety.

Father's trial counsel questioned the caseworker regarding whether she could demonstrate that Father actually received the family service plan. The caseworker testified that the Department sent it by certified mail, but she did not bring the receipt to court. She also acknowledged that she had not spoken with Father personally. Father's counsel did not present any evidence regarding Father's ability to provide for the children's care while he was incarcerated.

Finally, the child advocate testified. She stated that she had worked on the case since November 13, 2015, that she was aware of all of the "ups and downs" of the case, and that she had seen the children in the different placements. The child advocate also testified that termination of both parents' rights was in the children's best interest, stating, "We did work with the mother, and she wasn't able to alleviate any of the concerns that brought the children into care including drug use, instability, emotional instability, [and] lack of a support system." The child advocate also noted the mother's history "of running from CPS and not following through." She observed that the children were young, that L.A.A.-M. "is in a placement that will hopefully become adoptive. It can meet all of his needs and the other two children are basic level children that deserve to find permanency."

The "Final Decree of Termination" issued on January 10, 2017. The trial court found "by clear and convincing evidence that termination of parent-child relationship between [Father] and the children ... is in the children's best interest." It further found clear and convincing evidence to support termination of Father's parental rights under subsections (D) and (E) of 161.001(b)(1) of the Texas Family Code for endangering his children's welfare, (N) for *357constructively abandoning them, (O) for failing to comply with the provisions of his family service plan, and (Q) for committing a criminal offense which resulted in his imprisonment and inability t o care for the children. See TEX. FAM. CODE ANN. § 161.001(b)(1) (West 2015).

Sufficiency of the Evidence Supporting the Trial Court's Predicate Findings for Termination

In his first five issues, Father challenges the sufficiency of the evidence to support the trial court's findings pursuant to Family Code section 161.001(b)(1)(D), (E), (N), (O ), and (Q).

A. Standard of Review

The burden of proof in termination of parental rights cases is "clear and convincing evidence." In re J.F.C. , 96 S.W.3d 256, 263 (Tex. 2002) (citing Santosky v. Kramer , 455 U.S. 745, 769, 102 S.Ct. 1388, 1403, 71 L.Ed.2d 599 (1982) ); see TEX. FAM. CODE ANN. § 161.001(b). " 'Clear and convincing evidence' means the measure or degree of proof that will produce in the mind of the trier of fact a firm belief or conviction as to the truth of the allegations sought to be established." TEX. FAM. CODE ANN. § 101.007 (West 2014). This is an intermediate standard that falls between the "preponderance of the evidence" standard used in ordinary civil proceedings and the "reasonable doubt" standard used in criminal proceedings. Santosky , 455 U.S. at 769, 102 S.Ct. at 1403 ; State v. Addington , 588 S.W.2d 569, 570 (Tex. 1979).

When the legal sufficiency of the evidence to support termination is challenged, as here, the reviewing court looks at all the evidence in the light most favorable to the termination finding to determine whether a reasonable trier of fact could have formed a firm belief or conviction that the finding was true. In re J.O.A. , 283 S.W.3d 336, 344 (Tex. 2009) ; In re J.F.C. , 96 S.W.3d at 266. The court must assume that the factfinder resolved disputed facts in favor of its finding if a reasonable factfinder could do so. In re J.O.A. , 283 S.W.3d at 344 ; In re J.F.C. , 96 S.W.3d at 266. It should disregard all evidence that a reasonable factfinder could have disbelieved or found to be incredible. In re J.O.A. , 283 S.W.3d at 344 ; In re J.F.C. , 96 S.W.3d at 266. If, after conducting a legal sufficiency review of the evidence in the record, the court determines that no reasonable factfinder could have formed a firm belief or conviction that the matter to be proved was true, the court must conclude that the evidence on that matter is legally insufficient. In re J.O.A. , 283 S.W.3d at 344 ; In re J.F.C. , 96 S.W.3d at 266.

In a factual sufficiency review, the court weighs the evidence favoring the decision against the evidence disfavoring it. In re J.O.A. , 283 S.W.3d at 345 ; In re J.F.C. , 96 S.W.3d at 266 ; In re R.W. , 01-11-00023-CV, 2011 WL 2436541, at *9 (Tex. App.-Houston [1st Dist.] June 16, 2011, no pet.) (mem. op.) ("For legal sufficiency purposes, we consider those factors that support the finding that termination was in the child's best interest. We then balance the factors presented in the legal sufficiency argument against the evidence that undercuts any finding that termination is justified under the statute."). The evidence is factually insufficient in a parental rights termination case if, in light of the entire record, the disputed evidence that a reasonable factfinder could not have credited in favor of the finding is so significant that a factfinder could not reasonably have formed a firm belief or conviction regarding termination. In re J.O.A. , 283 S.W.3d at 345 ; In re J.F.C. , 96 S.W.3d at 266. The court of appeals should "explain in its opinion *358'why it has concluded that a reasonable factfinder could not have credited disputed evidence in favor of the finding.' " In re J.O.A. , 283 S.W.3d at 345 ; see In re J.F.C. , 96 S.W.3d at 266-67.

A single predicate finding under Family Code section 161.001(b)(1) is sufficient to support a judgment of termination when there is also a finding that termination is in the child's best interest. In re A.V. , 113 S.W.3d 355, 362 (Tex. 2003) (affirming termination decree based on one predicate without reaching second predicate found by factfinder and challenged by appellant). Thus, if multiple predicate grounds are found by the trial court, the Texas courts will affirm on any one ground because only one is necessary for termination of parental rights. See In re T.G.R.-M. , 404 S.W.3d 7, 13 (Tex. App.-Houston [1st Dist.] 2013, no pet.).

B. Analysis

We first consider whether there is legally and factually sufficient evidence to support termination of Father's parental rights under Subsection (Q). Family Code section 161.001(b)(1)(Q) provides that the court may order the termination of the parent-child relationship if it finds by clear and convincing evidence that the parent has "knowingly engaged in criminal conduct that has resulted in the parent's: (i) conviction of an offense; and (ii) confinement or imprisonment and inability to care for the child for not less than two years from the date of filing the petition." TEX. FAM. CODE ANN. § 161.001(b)(1)(Q).

When a party seeking termination has established that the incarcerated parent will remain in confinement for the requisite period, the parent must then produce some evidence as to how he would provide or arrange to provide care for the child during his incarceration. In re H.B.C. , 482 S.W.3d 696, 702 (Tex. App.-Texarkana 2016, no pet.) ; Hampton v. Tex. Dep't of Protective & Regulatory Servs. , 138 S.W.3d 564, 567 (Tex. App.-El Paso 2004, no pet.) ; In re Caballero , 53 S.W.3d 391, 395-96 (Tex. App.-Amarillo 2001, pet. denied). If the parent meets that burden of production, the party seeking termination then has the burden of persuasion to show that the parent's provision or arrangement would not satisfy the parent's duty to the child. In re H.B.C. , 482 S.W.3d at 702 ; In re E.S.S. , 131 S.W.3d 632, 639-40 (Tex. App.-Fort Worth 2004, no pet.) ; see also Hampton , 138 S.W.3d at 567 (holding that party seeking termination must persuade trial court that parent's stated arrangements would not satisfy parent's duty or obligation to child).

The Department named Father as a respondent in its petition filed on July 14, 2015. At trial, the Department presented evidence that, in 2012, Father committed the first-degree felony offense of aggravated robbery with a deadly weapon; that he was sentenced to fifteen years' confinement; and that his release date is more than two years from the date the petition was filed. The trial court signed its final decree of termination on January 10, 2017.

The record demonstrates that Father has not adequately cared for or supported the children and that he has made no arrangements for their care during his incarceration other than leaving them with their mother, who subjected the children to endangerment and neglect and who ultimately relinquished her rights to the children. The caseworker testified that Father had no contact with the children or with the caseworker while this case was pending. He did not make any efforts to produce some evidence as to how he would provide or arrange to provide care for the children during his incarceration. See In re H.B.C. , 482 S.W.3d at 702.

*359This evidence supports the trial court's forming a firm belief or conviction that Father knowingly engaged in criminal conduct that resulted in his conviction of aggravated robbery, his imprisonment, and his inability to care for the children for not less than two years from the date of the filing of the petition. See TEX. FAM. CODE ANN. § 161.001(b)(1)(Q) ; In re A.V. , 113 S.W.3d at 360-61. Thus, we conclude that there is legally and factually sufficient evidence to support termination of Father's parental rights to all three children under subsection 161.001(b)(1)(Q), if there is likewise evidence that termination is in the children's best interest.

Additionally, we observe that the trial court also made findings supporting termination of Father's parental rights under several other subsections of 161.001(b)(1), including subsections D (endangering conditions), E (endangering conduct), and N (constructive abandonment). See TEX. FAM. CODE ANN. § 161.001(b)(1). While only one basis for termination must be proved, there was evidence that Father left the children in endangering conditions by leaving them with their mother, a drug addict who demonstrated no ability either to overcome her addiction or to provide safe surroundings for the children. Thus, the record indicates that Father's criminal conduct left the children in a situation in which they suffered from neglect and, in L.A.A.-M.'s case, injury. See In re S.M.L. , 171 S.W.3d 472, 479 (Tex. App.-Houston [14th Dist.] 2005, no pet.) (holding that parent's imprisonment is factor that factfinder may consider because incarceration means that parent is absent from child's daily life and unable to provide support, negatively impacting child's living environment and emotional well-being). This evidence further justifies termination of Father's parental rights under subsections (D) and (E) of section 161.001(b)(1).

Moreover, there was unrebutted evidence that Father constructively abandoned the children by failing to reach out to or communicate with them or to take any steps to provide them with a safe environment, as required by his family service plan during the entire time the children were in the Department's care and during the pendency of the termination proceedings. There was also uncontroverted evidence that the children had been in the custody of the Department for more than nine months after their removal from their mother's home for abuse and neglect, justifying termination of Father's parental rights under subsection (N). See TEX. FAM. CODE ANN. § 161.001(b)(1)(N) (providing that termination is appropriate when there is clear and convincing evidence that child has been in Department's custody for at least six months; that it made reasonable efforts to return child to parent; that parent has not regularly visited or maintained significant contact with child; and that parent has demonstrated inability to provide child with safe environment).

Thus, we conclude that the evidence was legally and factually sufficient to support, at a minimum, at least one predicate finding under Family Code section 161.001(b)(1). See In re A.V. , 113 S.W.3d at 362. We overrule Father's issues on these grounds and turn to the question of whether the Department proved that termination of Father's parental rights was in the best interest of the children.

Sufficiency of the Evidence Supporting the Trial Court's Best Interest Finding

In his sixth issue, Father argues that the evidence was legally and factually insufficient to support the trial court's finding *360that termination of his parental rights was in the best interest of the children.

A. Standard of Review

In addition to a predicate violation, the Department must establish by clear and convincing evidence that termination is in the best interest of the children. TEX. FAM. CODE ANN. § 161.001(b)(2).

There is a strong presumption that the best interest of the child will be served by preserving the parent-child relationship. In re J.F.C. , 96 S.W.3d at 294 ; see TEX. FAM. CODE ANN. § 153.131(b) (West 2014). Because of the strong presumption that maintaining the parent-child relationship is in the best interest of the child and the due process implications of terminating a parent's rights without clear and convincing evidence that termination is in the child's best interest, "the best interest standard does not permit termination merely because a child might be better off living elsewhere. Termination should not be used to merely reallocate children to better and more prosperous parents." In re W.C. , 98 S.W.3d 753, 758 (Tex. App.-Fort Worth 2003, no pet.).

The factfinder may consider a number of factors to determine the best interest of the child, including the desires of the child, the present and future physical and emotional needs of the child, the present and future emotional and physical danger to the child, the parental abilities of the people seeking custody, programs available to assist those people in promoting the best interest of the child, plans for the child by those people or by the agency seeking custody, the acts or omissions of the parent that may indicate that the existing parent-child relationship is not appropriate, and any excuse for the acts or omissions of the parent. Holley v. Adams , 544 S.W.2d 367, 371-72 (Tex. 1976).

In some cases, undisputed evidence of only one factor may be sufficient to support a finding that termination is in the best interest of the child; in other cases, there could be "more complex facts in which paltry evidence relevant to each consideration mentioned in Holley would not suffice" to support termination. In re C.H. , 89 S.W.3d 17, 27 (Tex. 2002). A "best interest" analysis is not limited to the Holley factors; other factors may be considered. Holley , 544 S.W.2d at 372 ; see In re C.H. , 89 S.W.3d at 27.

B. Analysis

Here, multiple factors support the trial court's finding that termination of Father's parental rights was in the children's best interest. There was direct evidence that Father committed a violent felony that resulted in his imprisonment when his oldest child, B.D.A., was not-yet three and his youngest, J.X.A., had not yet been born. He remained in prison at the time of trial and the Department presented evidence that his sentence did not expire until 2027.4 Thus, he had been and will continue to be imprisoned for the majority of the children's childhoods. The trial court made multiple orders to effectuate the Department's ability to locate Father, establish his paternity through genetic testing, and otherwise provide him with notice of the Department's case. Although Father participated in the DNA testing to establish his paternity, Sharkey testified that she was not aware of any communications between Father and the children and that *361he had never "reached out to her." Nothing in the record demonstrated that Father had any willingness or ability to provide his children with a safe environment, and, instead, the children were left exclusively in the care of their mother who endangered their wellbeing and ultimately relinquished her parental rights to the children. By contrast, both Sharkey and the child advocate testified that the children's current placements were meeting their needs. They both asserted that termination would best afford the children an opportunity for permanence, referencing the extensive efforts that the Department had made to work with the mother-including reuniting the family briefly and searching, albeit fruitlessly, for a family or fictive kin placement for the children.

Regarding the children's ages and physical and mental vulnerabilities, they were seven, five, and four at the time of trial. Thus, the children's young ages render them vulnerable if left in the custody of a parent unable or unwilling to protect them or to attend to their needs. See TEX. FAM. CODE ANN. § 263.307(b)(1) (West Supp. 2017); Holley , 544 S.W.2d at 371-72 ; In re J.G.M. , No. 04-15-00423-CV, 2015 WL 6163204, at *3 (Tex. App.-San Antonio Oct. 21, 2015, no pet.) (mem. op).

Evidence regarding the circumstances of harm to the children, including current and future danger to the children and the family's history, weigh in favor of terminating Father's parental rights. See TEX. FAM. CODE ANN. § 263.307(b)(2), (3), (7). He committed a violent crime resulting in a lengthy imprisonment and made no efforts to provide a safe environment for his children during his incarceration. Rather, the children were left in the care of their mother, who had problems with drug abuse and was very unstable. She was repeatedly referred to the Department for neglectful supervision of the children and eventually relinquished her parental rights. Father never contacted Sharkey-the children's caseworker for more than year-to obtain information regarding the children or to communicate his plans or desires for the children. See Adams v. Tex. Dep't of Family & Protective Servs. , 236 S.W.3d 271, 280 (Tex. App.-Houston [1st Dist.] 2007, no pet.) (parent's history of failing to provide children with stable and nurturing environment demonstrates termination of parental rights in best interest of children); In re T.G.R.-M. , 404 S.W.3d at 15 (noting that each time parent was jailed, parent was absent from child's life and unable to provide for child's physical and emotional needs).

Father argues that the children are placed in separate foster homes. However, both the Department caseworker and the child advocate testified that the children's current placements were in their best interests and that the placements were meeting the children's needs. Sharkey testified that the current placement of L.A.A.-M., who is both autistic and profoundly hearing-impaired, was much better able to address his special needs than any other placement. The child advocate also testified that L.A.A.-M.'s placement in particular would hopefully become adoptive and that all of the children deserved a chance at finding permanent homes. This would not be possible if Father maintained his parental rights. Father cannot point to any evidence in the record that he was willing or able to provide for the children's welfare.

Father also argues that the caseworker, Sharkey, never spoke with him. However, numerous orders of the trial court contained findings that the Department made efforts to serve Father with proper notice and that he was served with the petition and family service plan. Sharkey testified to this fact as well. Furthermore, the record *362indicates that he was represented by counsel beginning on July 9, 2015, that both his attorney and the Department made efforts to identify him, to serve him with notice, to establish his paternity to the children, and to provide him with information regarding the case. According to the trial court's findings in its status order, Father's attorney appeared on his behalf at every hearing, including the final hearing. The trial court's orders also contain numerous findings that Father was not making adequate progress with his family plan of service and could not provide the children with a safe environment.

In In re V.V. , an en banc panel of this Court found both legally and factually sufficient support for termination in a record similar to the one presented here. 349 S.W.3d 548, 557-58 (Tex. App.-Houston [1st Dist.] 2010, pet. denied) (en banc). There, the trial transcript consisted of five pages of testimony, in which the caseworker testified the father was incarcerated when the case began, was personally served, had contact with the Department on one occasion when his DNA test was conducted, had a criminal record, made no contact with the agency, and made no attempt to check on the welfare of his child. Id. at 552, 579. The caseworker further testified that the child's current family had provided a "very stable" environment for the child and that it was in the child's best interest for her to remain in their care and not in the care of the father. Id. at 552. The father had engaged in conduct that endangered the child and had an extensive criminal history. Id.

On that record, the Court found enough evidence to conclude that the father endangered his child and that termination of his parental rights was in the child's best interest. Id. at 557-58. In its best interest analysis, the Court reasoned the evidence was sufficient to conclude that the child was not bonded to the father "because he has not taken care of her since her birth," the father's incarceration "leaves the child without a stable environment and without a reliable source of food, clothing, shelter, and emotional support," and the father had failed to seek information about his child's well-being or about being reunified with her. Id. at 558.

Similar reasoning compels the same conclusions in this case. See In re J.O.A. , 283 S.W.3d at 344 ; In re J.F.C. , 96 S.W.3d at 266. Father committed a dangerous felony when his children were infants or not yet born. He was convicted and sentenced. He was served and was presented with his family service plan-both via certified mail and by presenting the plan to his counsel. Father submitted to DNA testing and was provided with results showing he was the children's father. Nevertheless, he made no contact with the Department and did not attempt to communicate with or inquire about his children. He made no arrangements to provide for their care during his incarceration, other than to leave them in the care of their mother, who subjected them to extreme neglect and eventually voluntarily relinquished her parental rights. By contrast, at the time of the final hearing, all of the evidence indicated that the individual needs of each child were being met in their current placements. In particular, L.A.A.-M.'s placement was addressing his extreme special needs as a partially deaf and autistic child "much better than any other placement."

Under the legal sufficiency standard and the analysis provided by V.V. , this evidence clearly constitutes evidence sufficient to support the conclusion that termination was in the children's best interest. Father engaged in conduct which was dangerous to his children, lacked a bond with his children because he was incarcerated *363and made no effort to communicate with them, and was unable to provide the children with a stable environment, food, clothing, shelter, or emotional support. See Holley , 544 S.W.2d at 371-72 ; see also TEX. FAM. CODE ANN. § 263.307(b)(12) (providing that parent's ability to demonstrate adequate parenting skills, including providing children with minimally adequate health and nutritional care, guidance and discipline appropriate to child's physical and psychological development, and safe physical home environment, is factor in determining best interest of child).

On the date Father is set to be released, B.D.A. will be almost eighteen, L.A.A.-M. will be sixteen, and J.X.A. will be fourteen. During none of the time prior to Father's release will the children be eligible for adoption so long as Father retains his parental rights, and during none of that time will Father be in a position to exercise his parental rights in the best interests of the children. Nor has he attempted in the past to establish any connection with the children or to provide in any way for their welfare, despite his family service plan and other court orders.

Likewise, the evidence, when balanced neutrally, was clearly sufficient to support termination under the factual sufficiency standard. See In re V.V. , 349 S.W.3d at 557-58 (finding both legally and factually sufficient evidence in support of termination where father, like Father here, was incarcerated and uninvolved in his children's lives). Weighing the evidence in favor of the trial court's decision to terminate Father's parental rights against the evidence disfavoring termination, the evidence supporting termination far outweighs any contrary evidence. See In re J.O.A. , 283 S.W.3d at 344 ; In re J.F.C. , 96 S.W.3d at 266. Father has not at any time taken an active role in the children's lives. He committed robbery with a deadly weapon and was either in jail or in prison beginning in 2012, when B.D.A. was two, L.A.A.-M. was one, and J.X.A. was not yet born. While he was incarcerated, the Department received numerous referrals of child neglect and abuse directed toward the children. He could not meet their present needs and had made no attempts do so. His only participation in the case was, essentially, to provide a DNA sample to confirm his paternity. By contrast, the Department presented testimony that the children's needs were being met by their current placements, including the special needs of L.A.A.-M. We conclude, in light of the entire record, that any disputed evidence is not so significant that the factfinder could not reasonably have formed a firm belief or conviction regarding termination. See In re J.O.A. , 283 S.W.3d at 344 ; In re J.F.C. , 96 S.W.3d at 266.

We acknowledge that the record here is sparse. Ideally, the Department would provide a more extensive trial record containing evidence presented during the various prior hearings and would thoroughly present its case in the final hearing. However, the record is sparse with respect to Father because his complete lack of contact with the children and lack of involvement with their lives leaves little to record. The record demonstrated that the majority of the Department's efforts at family reunification focused on the children's mother, as Father was a violent felon who had been incarcerated since before his third child was ever born, who had made no attempt to have contact with the children, and who had not and could not provide for their needs.

In determining whether to terminate Father's parental rights, the trial court was empowered not only to take into account the evidence presented at the final hearing but to take judicial notice of its own records, including its numerous orders *364and the findings contained within them, requiring the Department to locate Father after the children were removed from their mother, to establish his paternity through DNA testing, and to otherwise present him with notice of the case involving his children. See Gardner v. Martin , 162 Tex. 156, 345 S.W.2d 274, 276 (1961) ("It is well recognized that a trial court may take judicial notice of its own records in a cause involving the same subject matter between the same, or practically the same, parties."); Asplundh Tree Expert Co. v. Abshire , 517 S.W.3d 320, 344 n.13 (Tex. App.-Austin 2017, no pet.) ("[A] trial court is presumed to have taken notice of its own records in a case because '[a] trial judge judicially knows what has previously taken place in the case on trial.' ") (quoting Estate of Hoskins , 501 S.W.3d 295, 310 (Tex. App.-Corpus Christi 2016, no pet.) ); C.S. v. Tex. Dep't of Family & Protective Servs. , No. 03-17-00229-CV, 2017 WL 3471072, at *3 (Tex. App.-Austin Aug. 9, 2017, no pet.) (mem. op.) ("[A] trial court may take judicial notice of its previous orders and findings of fact from the same case.") (citing In re E.W. , 494 S.W.3d 287, 300 n.12 (Tex. App.-Texarkana 2015, no pet.) and In re A.O. , No. 04-12-00390-CV, 2012 WL 5507107, at *3 (Tex. App.-San Antonio Nov. 14, 2012, no pet.) (mem. op.) ); In re K.F. , 402 S.W.3d 497, 505 (Tex. App.-Houston [14th Dist.] 2013, pet. denied) ("A trial court may take judicial notice of the records in its own court filed in the same case, with or without the request of a party."); see also In re E.C.R. , 402 S.W.3d 239, 248-49 (Tex. 2013) (considering previous order and findings of trial court, among other evidence, in determining that evidence was sufficient for trial court to find by clear and convincing evidence that child was removed for abuse or neglect, as required to satisfy Family Code section 161.001(b)(1)(O) ); In re J.E.H. , 384 S.W.3d 864, 870 (Tex. App.-San Antonio 2012, no pet.) (trial court may take judicial notice of its own records in matters that are generally known, easily proven, and not reasonably disputed, but may not take judicial notice of truth of allegations in its records); In re J.J.C. , 302 S.W.3d 436, 446 (Tex. App.-Houston [14th Dist.] 2009, pet. denied) ("[T]he trial court is presumed to judicially know what has previously taken place in the case, and the parties are not required to prove facts that the trial court judicially knows.") (internal quotations omitted). As discussed above, this record was clearly sufficient for the trial court-and for this Court-to form a firm belief or conviction that termination of Father's parental rights was warranted.

We conclude that the evidence was both legally and factually sufficient to support the trial court's finding that termination of Father's parental rights was in the children's best interest. We overrule Father's sixth issue.

Conclusion

Accordingly, we affirm the decree of the trial court.

A majority of the Court voted to deny en banc reconsideration. See Tex. R. App. P. 49.7.

Chief Justice Radack and Justice Jennings, Keyes, Higley, Bland, Massengale, Brown, Lloyd, and Caughey participated in the vote to determine en banc reconsideration.

Justices Jennings, Massengale, and Brown voted to grant en banc reconsideration.

Michael Massengale, Justice, Dissenting Opinion on Rehearing

DISSENTING OPINION ON REHEARING

The termination of an incarcerated father's parental rights may be justified to *365facilitate adoption of his children, but only after the necessity of such a grave action has been proved by clear-and-convincing evidence to serve the children's best interest. An essential intermediate step is a judicial process that demonstrates the justification for the State's disruption of the natural bonds that connect a family. For the reasons explained in the panel's original opinion,1 the Department of Family and Protective Services failed to carry its burden at trial. I replicate that analysis below, supplemented with specific responses to the errors introduced by the court's new substitute opinion.

Rather than supporting a firm belief or conviction that termination would be in the children's best interest, the record before us raises more questions than it answers. Did the Department make reasonable efforts to provide appropriate services to facilitate the children building or maintaining a healthy relationship with their incarcerated father, who could be released from prison as soon as July 2019? Were all the children's eligible relatives considered as possible kinship placements? And what is the plan for the children to achieve permanency, particularly in light of the separation of three siblings into separate placements, with no evidence of their placement history in foster care or of prospective adoptive placements?

The children can't live with their father in prison, but that fact alone doesn't justify terminating their last formal legal connection to their natural family. Evaluating the evidence in light of the Holley v. Adams factors used to evaluate whether termination of parental rights is in the children's best interest,2 I conclude that the Department failed to carry its burden of proof by clear-and-convincing evidence. I would reverse and remand to the trial court for further proceedings.

Background

For most or all of the lives of the three young children involved in this parental-termination proceeding, their father has been in jail or prison. The children were removed from the mother's custody, and the Department of Family and Protective Services filed a petition seeking to terminate the parental rights of both the mother and the father. Just before trial, the mother voluntarily relinquished her parental rights. Our review of the sufficiency of the evidence on appeal is limited to the information received into evidence at trial (which is comprehensively detailed in this dissenting opinion), as well as any matter the trial court properly could have judicially noticed.

Trial was held before a master on December 15, 2016. Before offering witness testimony, the parties offered exhibits into evidence. The mother tendered into evidence her affidavit of voluntary relinquishment of parental rights. The Department then offered nine exhibits into evidence. The first six exhibits were the children's three birth certificates and three letters certifying that each child had not been the subject of a prior suit affecting the parent-child relationship. The Department also offered the father's judgment of conviction for aggravated robbery with a deadly weapon, a family service plan for the father, and the trial court's order establishing the father's parentage.

The father's family service plan was dated July 29, 2015, and the Department's "Permanency Goals" for each child were *366identified as "Family Reunification."3 The plan included the following description of the "reason for Child Protective Services involvement":

On June 16, 2015, the Texas Department of Family and Protective Services (DFPS and/or the agency) received a referral for neglectful supervision of [L.A.A.-M.], by his mother, [S.M.]. According to the referral the child, [L.A.A.-M.], sustained a head scalp injury from a dog bite while at [the mother's] friend's house party and at the time of the incident the mother's whereabouts were unknown. The referral indicated the mother appeared to be intoxicated and attempted to drive herself to the hospital but was stopped by EMT, asked to ride in the EMT truck, and mother agreed. At the hospital, the mother's speech was slurred and she appeared lethargic. According to the referral, while at the hospital, it was very difficult to wake the mother and a doctor tried pressing on her chest to wake her up. It was reported that the mother fell asleep twice while answering hospital staff questions.... According to the intake report, while moving [the] child to the new hospital room, it took two nurses to physically assist mother to the new room because the mother could not walk without wobbling. The TXDFPS requested to be named Emergency Temporary Managing [Conservator] of the children. At this time, the mother, [S.M.], has a C-SCAL alert out of the 313th District Court in Harris County Texas (Cause # 2014-06547J) because she has a history of fleeing from DFPS in the past.^[4 ^] The child, [L.A.A.-M.] was discharged. Clear Lake Hospital was cooperative until CPS could find suitable placement for the child due to him being a[u]tistic ; and the fact that the mother is not an appropriate caregiver for him at this time. The relative placement for the other two children, [B.D.A.] and [J.X.A.], could no longer take care of them. Due to there being no other appropriate placements that have been identified to care for the three children and ongoing danger, TXDFPS was granted [temporary managing conservatorship].

(Emphasis supplied.) The family service plan form included spaces to identify "family strengths and supports" and "community supports," each of which were filled out with the words "Not Applicable."

Under the heading "Family and CPS Concerns Related to Risk and Safety," the family service plan identified the following "Initial Concerns" as of July 29, 2015:

All children are 5 years old and under and [are] unable to protect themselves [if] danger occurs. [L.A.A.-M.] is autistic and can be violent if his mother is not in his sight . [L.A.A.-M.] is non-verbal.

The mother, [S.M.], stated she suffers from anxiety, depression and insomnia. [The mother] stated she doesn't have any medication because she doesn't have the funds to get her medication. [The mother] tested positive for cocaine and *367marijuana by hair follicle. [L.A.A.-M.] is autistic, but can't take any medication because he's too young.

It's unknown if [the mother] left her children to inappropriate caregivers because she failed to provide information about the whereabouts of her children.

[The mother] disclosed she was a victim of sexual abuse by a family member. There were 4 previous CPS cases ... 1 cause her children to be removed, 2 unable to complete cases because the family couldn't be located and 1 physical abuse case that was ruled out. It's unknown if [the mother] has her children exposed to people who's not appropriate.

It's unknown where the children were living during the investigation. [The mother] stated they were living with a cousin , but wasn't able to provide an address of where the cousin lived. It's unknown if the home was unsanitary or clean. [The mother's] family support is unknown because she stated she doesn't associate with her family since her last CPS case when admitted to the Santa Maria Hostel.

[The mother] stated she didn't want to be involved with CPS and only went to the hospital to [have] her son treated for dog bite injuries, but [not] for CPS to take her children. [The mother] has been untruthful about where her children were.

[The mother] had limited outside support that can help her with her children due to communications abandoned and family conflict.

(Emphasis supplied.) The plan identified the following "Service Plan Goals (Changes Needed to Reduce Risk)":

Parent will demonstrate an understanding of and ability to provide for the special needs of the child. Parent will demonstrate the willingness and ability to protect the child from harm.

Parent will learn new behaviors that promote cooperation, stability, and a sense of self-worth among family members. Parent will actively participate in therapy to understand how their own abuse/neglect as a child may impact their current parenting style.

Parent will demonstrate an ability to provide basic necessities such as food, clothing, shelter, medical care, and supervision for the child. Parent will demonstrate the ability to put the needs of the children ahead [of] their own.

Parent will build a support network that will help ensure the safety of the child. Parent will demonstrate ability to protect the child from harm.

Family will understand and support efforts to deal with issues related to their prior maltreatment; including but not limited to counseling, medical care, or drug treatment of the child.

Parent will maintain housing that is safe and free of hazards and provide protection, food, and shelter for the child and family. Parent will demonstrate an ability to use willing and appropriate friends and relatives to help with the child.

Parent will actively cooperate in fulfilling the agreed upon safety plan in order to control the risk of abuse or neglect.

Under the heading "Tasks and Services," the plan included one item that was "assigned to" the parents:

[F]ather ... will submit to DNA testing. Upon verification, the Family Plan of Service may be modified. [Father] is currently incarcerated with a projected release date of July 14, 2027. Services will be requested if there is a sooner release date.

(Emphasis supplied.) The plan identified a person to be contacted by a parent for information about the family service plan or the children. The contact person was *368identified as Deitra E. Smith, and a phone number was provided.

The family service plan included a page for the parents to acknowledge receipt of the plan. It included signature lines for up to four parents, a caseworker, and a supervisor. The document offered into evidence was signed on August 6, 2015 by caseworker Bridgette Sharkey and a supervisor, but it was not signed by any parent.5

The Department presented two witnesses. Caseworker Sharkey testified that at the time of trial, B.D.A. was seven years old, L.A.A.-M. was five years old, and J.X.A. was four years old. DNA testing confirmed that each is the child of the appellant father.

The caseworker initially was asked to explain why it was in the children's best interest to terminate the mother's parental rights based on her voluntary relinquishment. She explained that the Department attempted "numerous times to work out arrangements to support the primary goal at the time of family reunification." The caseworker said the care of the children "started deteriorating" when they "were placed with the mother." She testified that the mother "was not able to physically, financially, or emotionally be there for the children."

The caseworker said the children were "actually getting more support in the placement that they are in." She noted that the mother tested "positive again for drugs when she went through the program once all of the requests and referrals were made for drug services, individual therapy," and "none of the dangers were alleviated that brought the children into care." The caseworker then stated, "along with, of course, [L.'s] neglectful supervision."6 She concluded: "And so, because of that we believe that the children's best interest would be to stay in the placements that they are in and eventually become adoptive into a permanent placement where they will be stable and their needs can be met."

With respect to the father, the caseworker confirmed that his paternity was proved by DNA test. Asked whether "throughout this case" she had "reached out to" the father, she agreed and testified that "he was mailed a family plan of service as well as a letter to notify him of the case." The Department's lawyer then asked, "Has he reached out to you?" She responded, "No." She further agreed with the lawyer that, to her knowledge,7 the father had not "sent any letters, any cards *369to his children," and he was sentenced in 2013 to a 15-year prison sentence, meaning it would be "over two years before he gets out." She confirmed that she was asking the court to terminate the father's parental rights, that she did not believe it shows "good parenting skills to engage in criminal conduct," and that "a parent who engages in criminal conduct could endanger the children's safety."

With respect to the children's current foster placements at the time of trial, the caseworker testified: "The children are all in separate placements. They are all in foster homes. [L.A.A.-M.] is close to Austin and the other two children are in Harris and Fort Bend County." She confirmed that "the children are doing well in each of their placements," and she testified that "all of their needs are being met in each individual placement." With specific reference to L.A.A.-M., the caseworker confirmed that he "has special needs." She testified: "He has moderate hearing loss in one ear, severe hearing loss in the other ear. He's not completely deaf, but there is severe hearing damage." She agreed with the Department's lawyer's suggestion that "his current placement is able to, in fact, much better than any other placement, address those needs." She concluded by agreeing with the lawyer that termination of parental rights "would provide more permanency for the children." There were no objections to any of the caseworker's direct testimony.

On cross-examination by the father's lawyer, the caseworker conceded that she had not ever "personally spoken with the father."

She then was asked about the father's receipt of the family plan of service:

Q. And do you have any evidence that he actually received the family plan of service besides just putting it in the mail?

A. We do mail certified.

Q. Did you, by chance, bring a receipt of the certified mail?

A. No. But I did speak with his sister as well as-

Attorney: Objection, Judge. Hearsay.

A. Oh, okay.

Q. So we don't have any evidence for the Court to see that he actually got his service plan, do we?

A. No.

(Emphasis supplied.8 )

No other questions were asked of the caseworker by the father's lawyer, or by the guardian ad litem for the children.

*370The second and final witness at the termination trial was Barbara Grimmer, who testified when the Department called "Child Advocates" as a witness. Grimmer's precise role and the basis for her personal knowledge about the case were not explained.9 The Department's lawyer asked: "Barbara how long have you been on this case?" She testified: "We began working on this case November 13th of 2015."10 The Department asked: "You've seen the kids in their different placements?" Grimmer *371responded: "Yes, between my volunteer and I." The Department then asked, "And have you seen their current placements?" Grimmer responded, "The volunteer has seen the two children here," referencing B.D.A. and J.X.A. She further testified that Child Advocates had not "been to the Austin placement" for L.A.A.-M. Instead, Grimmer said that the volunteer had "been communicating on a regular basis with the public school there, the school for the deaf, the caregiver, and the educator on his special school placement here and making sure that they are all in touch with one another."

Grimmer testified that termination of both parents' parental rights was in the best interest of all three children. She explained:

We did work with the mother, and she wasn't able to alleviate any of the concerns that brought the children into care including drug use, instability, emotional instability, lack of a support system.

She does have a pattern of CPS involvement and of running from CPS and not following through although she did work hard initially on this case, she wasn't able to keep up that stability and that sobriety. The kids are now-they are young. [L.A.A.-M.] is in a placement that ... hopefully will become adoptive. It can meet all of his needs and the other two children are basic level children that deserve to find permanency.

On cross-examination, the mother's lawyer asked: "Do the children know what's going on?" Grimmer responded that they knew they were removed from their mother, "the caregiver explained to them that Mom was sick," and she did not know if the children knew "anything beyond that." She testified that Child Advocates agreed there should be "a goodbye visit between mother and the children," to provide "good closure for the kids."

Grimmer asked that the court retain Child Advocates on the case "[u]ntil permanent placements are found." She gave no testimony about the father, and the father's lawyer did not cross-examine her.

The father had no witnesses and rested his case without offering any evidence.

In its closing argument, the Department argued that the father's criminal conduct endangered the children. The lawyer further asserted: "He has not written, called, or financially supported his children since they've been in the Agency's care. He failed to do any services on the family service plan that was ordered by this Court." The Department also argued that the father would remain in prison more than two years from the beginning of the case.

The father's attorney argued that the court should make no findings pertaining to the father, suggesting there could be no basis for an endangerment finding against the father because he had been incarcerated since 2013, before the children were removed from their mother's care.

The trial court found that the father had committed the predicate acts of endangerment, constructive abandonment, failure to comply with a court order, and having been convicted of an offense resulting in imprisonment and inability to care for his children for not less than two years from the date of filing the petition.11 The trial court also found that termination of the father's parental rights was in the best interest of the children.12 Having made these findings, the trial court terminated the father's parental rights to B.D.A., *372L.A.A.-M., and J.X.A.13 The Department was named sole managing conservator of the children.

Two weeks after the entry of the trial court's final termination order, the father's appointed trial counsel filed a motion to withdraw and for appointment of appellate counsel. On the same date, he filed a notice of appeal. These were the only two filings made by the father's appointed trial lawyer and included in the appellate record.

The trial court appointed a new attorney ad litem to represent the father on appeal. The father and the Department submitted appellate briefs, and the appeal was set for oral argument.14 In the course of oral argument, the father's appellate lawyer conceded that he had never communicated with the father about the appeal.15 We abated the appeal and remanded the matter for the district court judge to hold a hearing in which the father would participate. We ordered the judge to determine whether the father wished to pursue an appeal, and to make any findings of fact, conclusions of law, or other recommendations that the trial court deemed appropriate. The father participated in the hearing by telephone and confirmed his desire to appeal. We reinstated the appeal the next day.

In our original opinion, this panel unanimously reversed the final termination order *373for insufficient evidence that termination was in the best interest of the children. The Department filed a motion for rehearing, which the panel granted.

Analysis

Because of the natural family connections at stake,16 we strictly scrutinize termination proceedings on appeal.17

In proceedings to terminate the parent-child relationship, the Department must establish by clear-and-convincing evidence that the parent committed one of the acts or omissions listed in Family Code Section 161.001(b)(1) and that termination is in the best interest of the child.18 Both elements must be established, and the failure to prove either a predicate act or that termination is in the best interest of the child will prove fatal to the Department's case.19 The same evidence may be probative of both a predicate act and the best interest of the child.20 In the parental-termination context, the clear-and-convincing standard is "the measure or degree of proof that will produce in the mind of the trier of fact a firm belief or conviction as to the truth of the allegations sought to be established."21 A lack of evidence will not satisfy this burden, and "conjecture is not enough."22

The purpose of the State's initiation of proceedings to terminate the parent-child relationship is "to protect the best interests of the children, not to punish parents for their conduct."23 "[I]n securing what is in the best interests of the child, the State is not pursuing a retributive or punitive *374aim, but a 'purely remedial function: the protection of minors.' "24

"When presented with legal and factual sufficiency challenges, the reviewing court first reviews the legal sufficiency of the evidence."25 In a legal-sufficiency review of a final order terminating parental rights, we consider "the evidence in the light most favorable to the judgment," meaning that we "must assume that the factfinder resolved disputed facts in favor of its finding if a reasonable factfinder could do so."26 We "disregard all evidence that a reasonable factfinder could have disbelieved or found to have been incredible."27 If "no reasonable factfinder could form a firm belief or conviction" that the matter on which the State bears the burden of proof is true, then we "must conclude that the evidence is legally insufficient."28 Conclusory testimony, even if uncontradicted, does not satisfy the clear-and-convincing evidence standard applied to parental termination cases.29

I. Scope of evidentiary review

Because my colleagues have based their analysis on a different factual scenario than the one analyzed in this dissent, I must begin with a preliminary discussion of what information does and doesn't properly factor into our appellate review.

The scope of our review of the sufficiency of the evidence includes all evidence admitted at trial, as well as any other evidence the trial court properly could have judicially noticed.30 We may presume that the trial court took judicial notice of its record without any request being made and without announcement that it has done so.31 This judicial notice encompasses the facts that "documents in the file are a part of the court's files, that they were filed with the court on a certain date, and that they were before the court at the time of the hearing."32 However, the "trial court may not take judicial notice of the truth of *375factual statements and allegations contained in the pleadings, affidavits, or other documents in the file."33 In addition, a judge may not take judicial notice of a fact that he has learned over the course of litigation.34 "Personal knowledge is not judicial knowledge."35

This court's analysis correctly states-but fails to correctly apply-the limits on implied judicial notice of information in the trial court's record. Despite acknowledging that the trial court could not take judicial notice of "the truth of allegations in its records" or of "facts recited in [an] affidavit" that was not "admitted as evidence during trial," this court repeatedly violates these principles by reciting information reflected in the record as if it were evidence admitted at trial. For example, in an apparent effort to suggest the futility of any effort to investigate the father's family for potential kinship placements, this court states that in response to the Department's initial inquiry about possible placement options for the children, the mother reported that they all had criminal backgrounds or didn't want to be "involved with CPS." This information appeared in an affidavit filed to support the initial removal of the children,36 but that affidavit was not offered into evidence at trial, and its substance was not offered into evidence by any other means. Similarly, this court states:

On August 4, 2015, the Department filed a status report indicating that the Department was making efforts to locate missing parents by collecting "the alleged father's names for the children"; that the Department had attempted to serve Father in person on July 15, 2015, and that the Department had "attempted to place the children with relatives before [resorting] to foster care. There are no identified relatives by the mother that would be eligible to keep the children."

If procedurally relevant to the appeal it could be permissible to observe the mere fact that a status report was filed and stated certain information, but this court provides no reason for incorporating this information suggesting an investigation of the parents' relatives, even though it was not admitted into evidence. The only apparent reason is to suggest the substance of the status report somehow negates the feasibility of offering services to the father and his family, and thus to bolster the case for terminating the father's parental rights.

This court's opinion contains many other examples of information not offered into evidence, but nevertheless incorporated into its analysis of the sufficiency of the evidence. This information couldn't have been properly considered by the trial court, or by this court, as evidence supporting termination of the father's parental rights. Compounding the error, after relying upon information outside the evidentiary record to bolster its analysis, this court fails to acknowledge other information in the record that cuts against its conclusion, or to explain why it considered some but not all relevant information found in the record.37 These fatal flaws in the scope of *376evidence reviewed by this court infect its entire sufficiency analysis.

II. Best interest of the child

In determining whether the evidence in this case would permit a reasonable factfinder to form a firm belief or conviction that termination of the father's parental rights was in the children's best interest, we consider the nonexclusive Holley factors. These include (1) the children's desires, (2) the current and future emotional and physical needs of the children, (3) the current and future physical danger to the children, (4) the parental abilities of the person seeking custody, (5) whether programs are available to assist the person seeking custody in promoting the best interests of the children, (6) plans for the children by the person seeking custody, (7) stability of the home, (8) acts or omissions of the parent that may indicate that the parent-child relationship is improper, and (9) any excuse for acts or omissions of the parent.38 The Department was not required to prove all of these factors, and the absence of evidence about some factors would not preclude the factfinder from reasonably forming a strong conviction that termination is in the children's best interest, particularly if the evidence was undisputed that the parental relationship endangered the safety of the child.39 Some cases, however, will present complex facts in which "paltry evidence" relevant to each Holley factor would not suffice to uphold a factfinding that termination is required.40

The Holley factors provide structure for a child-focused best-interest analysis, and in the over 40 years since Holley was decided, there have been significant advances in the law and public policy governing child-protection cases. The last decade has seen special emphasis placed on promoting placement of removed children with relatives, known as "kinship placements," as a preferred alternative to placing children with unrelated caregivers. There also has been a new emphasis on keeping siblings together when possible. While these concerns always would have been relevant to an analysis using the Holley factors, recent legislation has given these considerations additional definition and focus.

Concern for the emotional and physical needs of children removed from their parents led to the passage in 2008 of the federal Fostering Connections to Success and Increasing Adoptions Act.41 Two of the Fostering Connections Act's primary goals were to improve outcomes for children by promoting kinship placements and helping removed children maintain connections with their siblings.42

Title I of the Fostering Connections Act encourages and supports kinship placements *377as the first option for removed children. The Act provides federal funds to be used by the states to support kinship placements.43 Use of these funds is conditioned upon states adopting the Fostering Connections requirements, including its kinship- and sibling-placement requirements.44 The Act requires participating states to exercise due diligence to identify and notify within 30 days of removal all adult relatives of the child, including any identified by the child's parents, of their right to participate in the care and placement of the child.45 With respect to sibling placement, the Act requires participating states to make reasonable efforts to place siblings together unless the state documents that it was not in the best interest of one or more of the siblings.46

Texas subsequently enacted a statute directing the Department to establish a Permanency Care Assistance (PCA) program as contemplated by the Fostering Connections Act to support kinship placement, and to adopt rules to "ensure that the program conforms to the requirements for federal assistance as required by" the Act so that Texas could receive and use federal funds available to support the PCA program.47 The Legislature amended the Family Code to require identification and notification of relatives about placement eligibility within 30 days of removal.48 The Department then adopted rules governing the PCA program consistent with the requirements of the Fostering Connections Act,49 and it updated the Child Protective Services Handbook to include the notification requirements related to identification and notification of relatives about placement eligibility within 30 days of removal, and the sibling-placement requirements.50

Our strict scrutiny of this appeal requires us to consider the evidentiary record *378in light of the Holley factors, to evaluate whether the State carried its burden to prove, by clear-and-convincing evidence, the best interest of the children was served by terminating their father's parental rights.

A. Holley factor (1): The desires of the children

At the time of trial, the children's ages ranged from four to seven, and they had been in the temporary managing conservatorship of the Department for more than a year. No evidence was introduced about any desires expressed by the children. The Department argues that the record established that the father "had no contact with the children," and therefore the trial court could conclude "that he had no relationship or bond with them."

The father has been incarcerated for much of his children's lives, including the entire time since J.X.A.'s birth, which could suggest that the children may not be bonded to him. On the other hand, there was no evidence that the father was not still married to the children's mother, which could suggest that the natural bonds among the members of this family persisted. There simply was no affirmative evidence about the children's connection with him or lack thereof. There also was no evidence that the children bonded to any surrogate parent with whom they might be presumed to desire to establish a "forever home."51 And although referenced in permanency reports to the court,52 there was no evidence at trial about the children's bonds with each other, which could be relevant to their desires in light of the Department putting them in separate foster placements.

The Department relies on In re A.H.L.53 to argue that the father's lack of contact with the children would permit the trial court to conclude he had no relationship or bond with them, and that this is relevant to evaluating evidence of the children's desires. The evidence in A.H.L. was materially different and distinguishable, as the child in that case was "bonded to his foster parents," who had "cared for him and provided for his continuing special medical and developmental needs" and with whom the child had been "since he was discharged from the hospital as an infant."54 In contrast, this case lacked evidence about bonding or continuity of care in a *379foster family.55

The burden of proof at trial was on the Department, and while there was no evidence of communications between the father and the children, the evidence likewise did not show a lack of contact between the father and his children. The only evidence in this regard was the caseworker's testimony that she had no personal knowledge that the father sent "any letters, any cards" to the children. The caseworker's testimony did not establish the extent of her personal familiarity with the children. The factfinder could not infer from the caseworker's lack of personal knowledge about any letters or cards from the father that there were none. Moreover, the caseworker's testimony did not address whether the father communicated with the children by means other than letters or cards, such as through their mother. Combined with the lack of evidence that the children had bonded to their foster parents with whom they had been placed for an unspecified period of time, the evidence viewed in the light most favorable to the judgment did not support any inferences about the children's desires.

B. Holley factor (2): The emotional and physical needs of the children now and in the future

The evidence of the children's current and future emotional and physical needs was sparse and conclusory. The caseworker was asked if the children were "doing well in each of their placements." She testified: "Yes. All of their needs are being met in each individual placement."

As shown by reports filed with the trial court and included in the appellate record, the caseworker had worked on this case for more than a year by the time of the termination trial in December 2016. She had filed progress reports prior to status hearings that addressed the medical, social, educational, and mental-health status of each of the children. The caseworker did testify that L.A.A.-M. had "moderate hearing loss in one ear, severe hearing loss in the other ear. He's not completely deaf, but there is severe hearing damage." This was evidence of one child's specific physical need, and the caseworker agreed with the Department's lawyer's suggestion that "his current placement is able to, in fact, much better than any other placement, address those needs." She did not testify about any particular emotional or physical needs of the other two children.

The Child Advocates representative's testimony similarly lacked any detail about the children's emotional and physical well-being at the time of trial. With respect to L.A.A.-M., the witness testified that a volunteer had communicated "on a regular basis with the public school there, the school for the deaf, the caregiver, and the educator on his special school placement ... making sure that they are all in touch with one another." There was no evidence about the duration of the current placement or its successes or challenges, other than to assert it could "meet all of his needs." Nothing specific was said about the other two children. The volunteer had "seen" them, but no evidence was provided about their particular physical or emotional needs, other than a characterization of them as "basic level children that deserve to find permanency."

No other evidence was elicited at trial about the specific emotional or physical *380needs of the children, whether they enjoyed a special bond with each other, or other information that was included in the progress reports filed with the court. The reports are part of the clerk's record, and their contents presumably were known to the judge and all participants in the trial, but because they were not admitted into evidence the court as factfinder was not free to consider those facts in making its determination.56 Similarly, despite what knowledge the trial participants may have shared, the witnesses did not testify about whether L.A.A.-M. was still diagnosed as autistic (as mentioned in the family service plan), the severity of that condition, the scope of his special needs in that regard, or, importantly, the degree to which that impacted the Department's ability to place him with his siblings. There was no evidence about the emotional effect of separating the three children, and no evidence that any of the foster parents had expressed any desire to adopt any of them.

Thus, there was conclusory testimony that in L.A.A.-M.'s current placement hearing loss was being addressed "much better than any other placement," and more generally, "all" of the children's needs were being met in each individual placement. But considered in light of the Department's clear-and-convincing evidentiary burden, the evidence relating to this factor was paltry at best.57 Because the testimony was conclusory, it was arguably no evidence at all.58

C. Holley factor (3): The emotional and physical danger to the children now and in the future

The Department argues that the father endangered his children by committing "a serious and dangerous felony" when they were young, vulnerable, and in need of care. The children were thus subjected to the risk of being left without the care of a father, which especially endangered them when their mother could not care for them and now that she has relinquished her parental rights.

Children who are not looked after by either of their parents "undeniably" are "in serious danger of physical and emotional injury."59 Imprisonment is a factor to be considered by the trial court on the issue of endangerment,60 and it also factors into evaluating the best interest of a child.61

At trial, the Department introduced the judgment of the father's conviction for aggravated robbery with a deadly weapon. There was no evidence that any child was endangered directly by the father's criminal conduct, nor was there evidence that *381the father had engaged in any pattern of repeated criminal activity.62 The judgment of conviction did not include any enhancement allegations, suggesting the absence of relevant criminal history.

The evidence showed that the father was sentenced to a 15-year prison term for aggravated robbery with a deadly weapon. The father could not care for his children directly until his release.63 An incarcerated parent may provide support or care for his children through another person, such as a spouse, relative, or friend "who has agreed to assume the incarcerated parent's obligation to care" for the children.64 Except for the mother, who was involved in trying to preserve her connection to the children until they were removed from her a month before trial, the record lacks any information about the availability, or unavailability, of any other relative or surrogate who could care for the children on the father's behalf.

Additionally, the caseworker testified that the father did not correspond with his children by cards or letters, and he did not "reach out" to her. To the extent that failure to communicate with the children or the Department could have suggested a lack of fatherly concern about the children, which can be considered endangering behavior,65 the record before us shows only that the father did not reach out to caseworker Sharkey. There was no evidence that if the father reached out to the Department, he would have done that through her. Indeed, the evidence suggests to the contrary. The family service plan listed another person, Deitra E. Smith, as the person for him to contact for information about the plan or his children, and it provided her phone number. Sharkey did not testify that the father never contacted the Department, only that the father never reached out to her. There was no evidence that Sharkey made any effort to determine whether the father contacted Smith or any other representative of the Department.66 There also was no evidence that Sharkey made any effort to determine whether the father communicated with the children through their mother.

D. Holley factors (4) & (6): Parental abilities and plans for the children by individuals or agency seeking custody

The Holley factors include consideration of the parental abilities of the "individuals seeking custody," as well as the plans for the children "by these individuals or by the agency seeking custody."67 The Department argues there was no evidence that the father "demonstrated any ability to care for the children or meet their needs,"

*382and he failed to present any evidence that he had a plan for the children's care. The father's incarceration significantly constrains his parental abilities.

The lack of evidence about the father's plans is a significant concern, but it remained the Department's burden to present clear-and-convincing evidence that his parental rights should be terminated. At least as troubling as the father's failure to present evidence of his plans, for our purposes, is the Department's "failure to present evidence concerning the children while in foster care as well as its future plans" for them.68 Although the Supreme Court of Texas has held that "the lack of evidence about definitive plans for permanent placement and adoption cannot be the dispositive factor," it nevertheless has acknowledged that evidence about placement plans and adoption is "relevant to best interest."69

The Department sought to assume permanent custody of the three children, yet there was no evidence at trial about the placement histories of the children, or that the Department is generally successful in its role as a surrogate parent.70 There also was no evidence about the people who were caring for the children at the time of trial. The appellate record does not include any information about the parental abilities of the children's caregivers or the nature of the environments they provided for the children. The record also did not show that the current placements were seeking continued custody of the children.

As to the children's future, the Department presented no clear evidence of its plans. The caseworker did testify to a belief that "the children's best interest would be to stay in the placements that they are in and eventually become adoptive into a permanent placement where they will be stable and their needs can be met," suggesting that the Department planned for the children to remain in their current foster homes pending some future "permanent placement." Similarly, the Child Advocates representative expressed views that L.A.A.-M.'s placement would "hopefully become adoptive" and that B.D.A. and J.X.A. "are basic level children that deserve to find permanency."71

The lack of evidence of a plan to achieve permanency does not imply that the children would be destined to lengthy foster *383placements. But as children age, it becomes more difficult to place them and to keep siblings together.72 It was the Department's burden to prove by clear-and-convincing evidence that termination of the father's rights was in the children's best interests, but it "offered no evidence regarding its plan for placement of the children," suggesting "it is as likely as not that the children will remain in long-term foster care or even be separated" if their father's rights are terminated.73

In sum, the evidentiary record contains essentially no positive information about the parental abilities of any person seeking custody. The father's current incarceration is a negative indication about his parental abilities now and for the period of time relevant to these children, and the record is silent about the availability of a relative or other surrogate to provide care on behalf of the father during his incarceration. The evidentiary record is silent about the parental abilities of the Department in general, and of the current foster parents more specifically (other than the caseworker's general and conclusory opinion that "all" of the children's "needs are being met"), and there is no evidence that the current foster parents themselves are seeking custody. The lack of evidence about a plan for the children raises serious doubts that their circumstances will improve by terminating the rights of the father, although termination would be a necessary precondition to achieving permanency by way of adoption by non-relatives.

E. Holley factor (5): Availability of programs to assist the person seeking custody in promoting the best interests of the children

The Department contends that the father failed to participate in "any meaningful services offered him," but the evidence suggests an absence of services offered to the father. In the "Tasks and Services" section of the family service plan, the father was assigned only one task: to "submit to DNA testing," which he did.74

The plan did not contemplate that the Department would administer its typical services to the father,75 apparently due to *384his incarceration. Indeed, the plan stated: "Services will be requested if there is a sooner release date." Significantly, there was no evidence about services that are designed specifically for incarcerated parents and their children,76 or that any such services were offered to the father and his children.77 Because the Department's goal for the children for over one year after their removal was "family reunification,"78 the trial court was obliged to periodically review the family service plan and determine whether it adequately ensured reasonable efforts were made to enable the parents to provide a safe environment for the children.79

Although there was no evidence presented about it at trial, we can take judicial notice that the Legislature has required the Department to provide other programs that promote the best interest of the children by attempting to place them with relatives, when appropriate.80 When a child is removed from her home and taken into the State's care, the Department has an affirmative duty to identify the child's adult relatives, and to inform them about the case and how they can provide support or care for the child.81 In particular, the Family Code imposes a nondiscretionary duty on the Department to "use due diligence to identify and locate" the child's relatives within the third degree of consanguinity and to seek information from each parent and relative of the child.82 To facilitate the search for potential kinship placements, the Family Code requires that as "soon as possible after initiating an investigation of a parent," the Department must give the parent information relating to the *385investigation procedure, including a child placement resources form to identify potential "relative caregivers or designated caregivers."83 Once relatives are identified, a variety of programs are available in Texas to provide financial and psychosocial support to adults who become caregivers to their minor relatives in the foster-care system.84

The clerk's record reflects that on July 9, 2015, the trial court entered a temporary order following an adversary hearing. The order noted that the mother appeared in person and through her attorney of record, but the father was not notified and did not appear. The trial court found that the mother had submitted the child placement resources form but the father had not. It ordered "each parent" to submit the form if it had not been provided previously. Finally, it ordered the Department to "continue to evaluate substitute caregiver options" until it identified "a relative or other designated individual qualified to be a substitute caregiver." Every subsequent status hearing order noted that the father appeared only through his attorney of record and that he had not completed the child placement resources form, filed it with the court, or submitted it to the Department.85

The Department presented no evidence at trial about its efforts, if any, to satisfy its duty under the Family Code to investigate potential kinship placements for the benefit of the children. The only evidence in the record about what was sent to the father is the return of service from when he was served with the petition, and the caseworker's trial testimony. She was asked if she had "reached out" to the father, and she replied only that he "was mailed a family plan of service as well as a letter to notify him of the case." The caseworker's letter was not offered into evidence, and there was no proof that the father received it. She testified that she never spoke to him.

Although there are programs available to facilitate and assist placement of the children with their relatives, the Department presented no evidence that they were utilized, and no evidence to explain why not. The family service plan entered into evidence made reference to "a cousin" who had kept the children previously and an *386initial "relative placement" for B.D.A. and J.X.A.; the Department provided no evidence about whether services were offered to those relatives or why these or other relative placements are not available to the children now. In her testimony, the caseworker referenced the father's "sister," yet the record includes no evidence about whether that aunt of the children was considered as a possible kinship placement, and whether services were offered to her.

Finally, as previously noted, the Department sought permanent custody of the children and there was no evidence that any of the current foster placements are seeking custody. The Department presented no evidence of programs that would be available to it or to assist the foster parents or future adoptive parents.

F. Holley factor (7): The stability of the home or proposed placement

The Department argued that evidence concerning stability of the home weighs in favor of termination because of the father's incarceration and his failure to make an effort to provide the children with a safe and stable environment. The father's prison sentence prevents him from personally caring for the children. The Department also contends that the evidence that the children are doing well in their respective placements demonstrates that it "had made plans for the children which were meeting their needs."

The father's incarceration is not the only factor destabilizing the home lives of these children. The evidence presented at trial did not address the duration of the then-current placements of the children, which the caseworker asserted were meeting "all" of the children's needs. The Child Advocates representative expressed no opinion about the stability of the separate homes where B.D.A. and J.X.A. had been placed; she said only that they "deserve to find permanency." She also said that the placement for L.A.A.-M. "hopefully will become adoptive."

Simply put, the Department presented conclusory testimony that the children's immediate needs were being met in their separate foster placements, but it did not present evidence of stability, either in the current placements or in any proposed permanent placement.86 No party offered evidence about any stability proposed to be achieved by the termination of the father's parental rights.87

*387G. Holley factors (8) & (9): Acts or omissions of the parent that may indicate that the parent-child relationship is improper, and any excuse for such acts or omissions

The father was serving a 15-year sentence for aggravated robbery, making him unavailable to care for his children. The caseworker testified that, to her knowledge, the father did not send his children cards or letters while the case was pending. As previously noted, this limited evidence did not prove the father did not communicate with his children, and this is not proof of an improper relationship.

The Department also relies on the fact that the father did not appear at any of the status hearings or at trial to present evidence on his own behalf. The father was incarcerated at the time of all of those hearings, and his participation would have required a bench warrant or court permission for him to participate by phone. The father's failure to participate in the trial could be perceived as inconsistent with a proper parent-child relationship, but that did not diminish the Department's burden to prove its case at trial, and it made no evidentiary record to demonstrate the absence of good cause for the father's non-participation. As the father presented no evidence at trial, there was no indication of his excuses, if any, for failing to participate in the proceedings.

* * *

In light of the foregoing analysis of evidence presented relating to the Holley factors, we must determine whether a reasonable factfinder could form a firm belief or conviction that termination of the father's parental rights was in the best interest of the children.88 My conclusion is based on the particular deficiencies of the record in this case, and it should not be misconstrued as a suggestion that the Department is required, to satisfy its burden, to prove all the kinds of evidence discussed below in every case.

It bears repeating that termination of parental rights is not a civil punishment that may be meted out to any incarcerated parent. Depending on the circumstances, termination of parental rights ultimately may be a consequence of a crime, but the children in this case were entitled to due process, reasonable efforts to facilitate the preservation of the natural connection to their family, and a trial where the State was held to its burden of proof.

We should acknowledge the inherent limits of our appellate review, and the possibility, even the likelihood, that there may be additional facts and circumstances in this case that, if proved at trial, could have justified the termination of parental rights. But the Department, the attorneys ad litem, and the trial court also must understand the same limitations of appellate review. When the termination of parental rights is justified to create an opportunity for a child to have a chance for a better life with a new forever family because it is in her best interest, to accomplish that result, the judges and officers of the court must respect due process by documenting a sufficient measure of evidence in a record that supports that outcome.

On the face of this appellate record, there is no meaningful evidence that the Department, the guardian ad litem, the trial court, or even the father's own attorneys *388ad litem ensured that services which might have been available actually were offered to the father. Such services were not only important for the father to protect his rights as a parent, they were important to protect the children's right to maintain bonds with their family. The services could have been provided but not documented. From the appellate record, we can't know.

More importantly, there is no meaningful evidence that other services and programs intended to alleviate the plight of the three children involved in this case were utilized. The Department did not prove that it investigated potential kinship placements on both the mother's and father's sides of the family. This was important not only to protect the rights of the parents, but also to protect the rights of the children to an opportunity to maintain their natural family bonds to each other and to relatives who are more likely than unrelated foster parents to provide the permanency these children deserve.

Reviewing the evidence presented to the trial court, there was no basis upon which to conclude that the children, at this stage, desire termination of their father's parental rights.

Terminating the incarcerated father's parental rights was not shown to improve the outlook for the current and future emotional and physical needs of the children. At the time of trial, the current placements had the three siblings separated from one another. The Department did not show why this was necessary, and it presented no evidence that it planned to keep the siblings together to the extent possible. The Department did not show that even with available services, such as Fostering Connections, there was no kinship placement that could serve the children's needs at least as well as any foster placement.

While the fact of the father's prison sentence resulting in his incarceration for up to 15 years had the effect of endangering the children, terminating the incarcerated father's parental rights was not shown to reduce any current or future physical danger to the children.

The Department and its foster placements were not shown to have better parental abilities than any possible kinship placement. Among several factors distinguishing this case from In re V.V. ,89 which my colleagues identify as controlling authority, in this case there was no evidence of a stable foster placement for the children. In contrast, the child in V.V. had been placed with the same "very stable" family for over a year, since she was four months old, and had become "very much" bonded to them.90

*389There was not sufficient evidence at trial for a reasonable factfinder to form a firm belief that the Department exercised reasonable efforts to render appropriate services to the father, or to offer Fostering Connections or other services to potential kinship placements. There also was no evidence about services that were available to foster parents or unidentified future adoptive parents.

The Department presented no evidence about the likelihood that it could find permanent unrelated placements for any of the children. It presented no evidence about the children's placement history, by which the prospect of a future permanent placement might be evaluated. It presented no meaningful evidence that terminating the father's parental rights would increase the likelihood that the children would be placed in a stable home.

The father's criminal activity that has rendered him ineligible to serve as a day-to-day parent is an important consideration that has contributed significantly to his children's unfortunate circumstance. But there was no evidence of a pattern of criminal behavior, nor was there evidence that his criminal behavior directly endangered any child. There was no direct evidence from the father of any excuse for not participating in services or offering a substantive defense at trial, but the Department, which bore the burden of proof, did not present any evidence to negate an appearance that the father's non-involvement could be attributable to a systemic failure to offer him a meaningful opportunity to defend his interest in preserving a connection to his children.

The Department's arguments rely heavily on the father's failure to produce evidence relating to various Holley factors, but a lack of evidence contradicting a finding does not constitute evidence supporting the finding.91 The Department bore the burden of proof at trial by clear-and-convincing evidence, and the final termination order cannot be justified merely by blaming the father for his past failures. The objective of the proceeding was to achieve the best outcome for the children. In the absence of evidence that the Department adequately sought out kinship placements, so as to justify placing these children with unrelated foster parents instead, and in the absence of any evidence of an intention to keep the siblings together to the extent possible or a justification for the three separate placements at the time of trial, the evidence that termination is in the children's best interest at the time of trial was not clear and convincing.

This court's opinion methodically highlights selected facts in the light most favorable to the judgment-including information the trial court could not have considered because it wasn't admitted into evidence. But ultimately my colleagues misapply the standards of review by failing to also consider the weakness of that evidence when subjected to an exacting review of the entire record with a healthy regard for the constitutional interests at stake, to determine whether a factfinder reasonably could form a firm belief or conviction about the truth of the State's allegations.92 This court's *390opinion goes beyond depicting the evidence in the light most favorable to the judgment, and instead repeatedly draws improper and attenuated inferences.

In summary, while purporting to review for both legal and factual sufficiency, this court has failed to engage the entire record to seriously evaluate whether the evidence met the standard of clear-and-convincing proof. The court's analysis makes no mention of the record of caseworker (and guardian ad litem) inaction relative to the incarcerated father, and no mention of any other deficiencies of the evidence presented by the Department. The clearest example of the court's failure to apply the proper standard of review is its express acknowledgement that it shifted the burden of proof to the father, stating that "the record is sparse in part because of Father's own conduct." And in a betrayal of its apparent confidence that it must be in the best interest of children to have the rights of an incarcerated parent terminated, the court excuses the failure to offer services to the father, observing with approval that the Department focused all its efforts on the mother.

A father can forfeit his parental rights by abdicating his responsibilities to his children.93 But he cannot by his misdeeds procedurally forfeit his children's right to an adjudication by clear-and-convincing evidence that the termination of parental rights is in their best interest. This court's best-interest analysis is misguided because the burden of proof in a parental-termination case begins and ends with the Department, and no arguments about the failure of the father to present evidence can substitute for the Department's failure to prove its case.94

III. Termination of an incarcerated parent unable to care for a child ( Family Code § 161.001(b)(1)(Q) )

In addition to concluding that the Department adequately proved that termination of the father's parental rights was in the best interest of the children, this court also holds that the burden of proof shifted and the father failed to disprove the elements of Family Code section 161.001(b)(1)(Q). That predicate ground for termination applies when the Department proves by clear-and-convincing evidence that the parent has "knowingly engaged in criminal conduct that has resulted in the parent's: (i) conviction of an offense; and (ii) confinement or imprisonment and inability to care for the child for not less than two years from the date of filing the petition." TEX. FAM. CODE § 161.001(b)(1)(Q).

Several Texas intermediate courts of appeals have employed a shifting burden to require a parent shown to be incarcerated for the period required by the statute to produce evidence of how he would arrange for a child's care during the period of confinement.95 Our court has endorsed this interpretation allowing the Department to shift part of its burden of proof to a parent,96 but the Supreme Court of Texas never has done so.

Significantly, this interpretation of Section 161.001(b)(1)(Q) can be traced to decisions *391that pre-date the adoption and implementation of the Fostering Connections Act. Thus, in 2001 the Amarillo court of appeals reasoned that requiring the Department to prove an incarcerated mother's inability to care for her child "would place an unreasonable burden on the Department and judicial resources" because "the Department would not only be required to locate every relative or other person with whom the parent had a close relationship, but to establish that none of them would provide care for the child."97 Regardless of the merits of this reasoning in 2001, it is no longer persuasive for purposes of a best-interest analysis, when federal and state law now require the State to investigate potential kinship placements and to implement them when possible.98

The Family Code requires the Department to justify the termination of parental rights by proving its case by clear-and-convincing evidence. The statute does not contemplate that the Department can be relieved of its burden of proof by proving one part of an element, thereby forcing the parent to come forward to disprove the remaining elements of the termination case. It was not sufficient to prove that the father was incarcerated for "not less than two years from the filing of the petition"; to justify termination pursuant to Section 161.001(b)(1)(Q), the Department also was required to present clear-and-convincing proof that the father was unable to care for the child. In other parental-termination contexts the Supreme Court has held that a lack of evidence contradicting a finding does not constitute evidence supporting the finding.99 Contrary to cases which have suggested it is an "unreasonable burden" to require that all elements of the Q ground be proved, it is now the policy of the Department to "make every effort" to identify a qualified kinship caregiver,100 and therefore it is not unreasonable to apply the statute as written to require evidence about availability of relatives as an aspect of the clear-and-convincing proof necessary to prove that an incarcerated parent is unable to care for a child.

This panel is bound by prior precedents of this court allowing the Department to shift its burden of proof under Family Code section 161.001(b)(1)(Q). The en banc court should reconsider that interpretation of the statute.101 I would overrule those precedents, but a majority of the en banc court has declined to do so.

Conclusion

The bottom line of this appeal is that the father's parental unfitness due to his incarceration, in and of itself, isn't dispositive of *392proceedings in which the ultimate concern is the best interest of the children. Termination of an incarcerated biological parent's parental rights is not always necessary to achieve permanency for a child, particularly when a relative can provide a legally permanent, nurturing family.102 Termination of this father's rights might be necessary to achieve permanency for these children, but the Department has not yet proved that to be the case.

Considering the evidence and the Holley factors, and despite the fact of the father's incarceration, I conclude that on the record before us, no rational factfinder could form a firm belief or conviction that termination of the appellant father's parental rights was in the best interest of B.D.A., L.A.A.-M., and J.X.A.103 The children have been separated from each other and from the rest of their family in a foster-care system that has not provided them any stability. The ultimate inference to be drawn from this record is that Department still can and still should exercise reasonable efforts to offer services to this family. We should reverse the judgment of the trial court, render partial judgment denying the Department's petition to the extent it sought the termination of the father's parental rights,104 and remand this case to the trial court for further proceedings. After the Department satisfies its legal duties to attempt to keep this family intact, if termination of the natural parent-child relationship is determined to offer the children their best opportunity to achieve permanency, then it should prove that case at trial.

I understand the concern that, on this record, this incarcerated father has not shown any ability to provide the care and support that his children need.105 But even if a termination order proves to be a necessary *393step on the road to permanency for these kids, it is not sufficient to achieve that goal. The due process required to justify a termination of parental rights is not mere formality. The same process required to justify a parental termination also illuminates a path forward to help the State serve the best interests of the children by placing them in circumstances most likely to nurture and support them as they mature toward adulthood. On the sparse record before us, we can have no confidence that termination of the father's rights is in the best interest of these kids.

The law sets a high evidentiary bar for termination of parental rights. We do not alleviate the plight of Texas foster children by lowering that bar and perpetuating diminished judicial expectations of the proof that must be presented by the Department. Because the family involved in this case has not gotten the process it deserves, I respectfully dissent.