Zarate v. State
Zarate v. State
Opinion of the Court
On June 30, 2015, a Starr County Grand Jury returned an indictment against Appellant Salvador Zarate Jr. for two counts of bribery and one count of possession of a controlled substance, less than one gram, alleged to have occurred on December 24, 2014. After several days of trial, on April 14, 2016, the jury returned a guilty verdict on the two counts of bribery and a not-guilty verdict on the possession of a controlled substance. The trial court sentenced Zarate to five-years' confinement in the Institutional Division of the Texas Department of Criminal Justice, suspended and probated for a term of five years. Zarate's motion for new trial was denied by the trial court.
On appeal, Zarate contends (1) the evidence is legally insufficient to support the jury's bribery convictions, (2) the trial court erred in denying his requested entrapment instruction, (3) trial counsel provided ineffective assistance of counsel by failing to seek a continuance when Daisy and Harry Rich failed to comply with the State subpoenas, and (4) the trial court erred in requiring Zarate to forfeit his tax refund as a condition of probation and pay court costs in both bribery counts. Because the trial court erred in charging court costs in two bribery charges stemming from a single criminal action, we reform the trial court's judgment to reflect court costs of $334.00; we affirm the judgment as reformed.
FACTUAL BACKGROUND
The State's first witness was Starr County Sheriff's Officer Justin Falcon. Officer Falcon testified that he was working in the jail, on December 24, 2014, when he received a call from Justice of the Peace Salvador Zarate Jr. instructing him to reduce the bonds for both Daisy Rich and Harry Rich from $30,000.00 each to $5,000.00 each. Officer Falcon explained that although it was not unusual for justices of the peace to call and reduce a bond over the telephone, the Riches had been arrested earlier that same day for manual delivery of a controlled substance, and it was rare that a justice of the peace would *265call and change a bond within a matter of hours.
Investigator Ismael Guerra, with the 229th Judicial District Attorney's Office, took the stand and testified that he was contacted by Investigator Trinidad Lopez on December 24, 2014, with information "that Justice of the Peace Salvador Zarate Jr., was going to reduce a bond on two individuals that one of our other investigators had previously arrested, and that he was going to get some currency in return." Because the individual asking to make the exchange was Investigator Lopez's wife, Investigator Guerra took charge of the investigation.
Rachel Elizondo, a legal secretary and part-owner in Starr Bail Bonds, testified that shortly after lunch she received a call from Irvin Rich. Irvin informed Elizondo that his parents had been arrested and their bonds had been set at $30,000.00 each. After Elizondo told him the costs associated with the bonds, Irvin told Elizondo that "they didn't have that kind of money." She testified that he called her back a short time later and,
told me that they had kind of gotten some money to see if they can bond them out. And when I asked him what was going on, he started to tell me that the Judge had asked for money, and he could lower those bonds to an amount where they could afford to pay and get them out.
Elizondo testified that Irvin told her than an agreement was made that they were going to pay Justice of the Peace Zarate $500.00 and he was going to reduce the bonds to $5,000.00 each. It was her understanding that the arrangements had already been made. She further testified that she knew that paying to have bonds lowered was illegal and that her husband, Investigator Lopez, overheard the conversation and that he even spoke directly to Irvin.
Elizondo continued that she had never worked with law enforcement before that day and she had never dealt directly with Zarate. During the next several hours, she had multiple telephone conversations with Zarate. They were originally supposed to meet at the parking lot of the Border Town Store; Zarate later called Elizondo and told her to go to his office. Prior to arriving at Zarate's office, Elizondo was outfitted with a watch capable of audio and video recording. She was also provided $500.00 in marked bills and surveillance was arranged outside Zarate's office.
Immediately upon her arrival, Zarate told Elizondo that he had already lowered the bonds. There was no discussion of price with Zarate. He told her, "What they sent you with is fine with me. There is no problem." Zarate was adamant that he could not "get any money," and then directed Elizondo to "[p]ut whatever there." Elizondo put the money on the table in front of Zarate. She confirmed there was already an agreement and, "[t]hey just send me with this." To which Zarate responded, "Okay. Well, whatever is fine. What they gave you. There is no problem with me. There is no problem with that. Don't worry about it. Don't worry about it." Elizondo testified Zarate then "laughed."
On several occasions Elizondo told Zarate that she did not want anyone to think that she took money. "I don't want for there to be any missing money, or there was money left over if something happened." Zarate assured her, "No, no, no. What they gave you, that's for me. That's it." He assured her "it's already lowered for the man .... Yes, I already lowered both of them." When she asked for paperwork, Zarate assured her that he spoke to "Falcon at the jail." As she left, Zarate *266told her to "tell [the attorney for whom she worked] to do a motion to reduce bond, and for him to send it to me whenever he has a chance."
Elizondo testified that on two different occasions, Zarate appeared nervous and questioned Elizondo whether she was wearing a wire. She further averred that the $500.00 was for the purpose of lowering the bonds for Daisy and Harry Rich; it was not for a political contribution and it was not a donation.
After Elizondo left Zarate's office, Zarate exited the building and was at his pickup truck when Investigator Guerra approached Zarate and advised him that they were conducting an investigation of "something illegal that was going on in his office." Investigator Guerra asked Zarate if he had anything in his pockets. Zarate took the money out of his pocket; he knew that he had exactly $540.00 in his pocket; he also had a box of cigarettes. Investigator Guerra testified that he personally recovered the money at the Justice of the Peace's office in La Victoria, Rio Grande City, Starr County, Texas; the money was in the possession of Salvador Zarate Jr. Investigator Guerra verified it was the same marked bills that he had previously provided to Elizondo.
Zarate told Investigator Guerra that the money was his and, after Investigator Guerra told Zarate the money was going to be seized, Zarate stated that it "was going to leave him without any Christmas money." Investigator Guerra also received permission from Zarate to search Zarate's pickup truck. He identified a bag that was located in the pickup truck as the "same bag that Justice of the Peace Zarate walked out with from inside his office." Investigator Guerra further testified that he has known Zarate since 2004 and that he was familiar with the bag; it was the same bag that Zarate always takes inside the jail. Investigator Guerra explained Zarate keeps all of his paperwork to magistrate defendants in the bag. Inside the bag, the officers found a "Marlboro cigarette box with no cigarettes, only a clear, corner-cut, classic baggy containing a white, powdery substance." The substance was later confirmed to be cocaine.
After the State rested, the defense called several witnesses. Juan Artemio Barrera testified that he had known Zarate for ten years and was contacted by Martin Terran to see if Zarate could "help" after Daisy and Harry Rich were arrested. Barrera spoke to Zarate and then Terran. Terran then spoke to Zarate and Mascorro Bail Bonds. Barrera and Terran both denied speaking to Elizondo or offering Zarate money in exchange for reducing the bonds.
The trial court denied defense counsel's motion for directed verdict and his requests to include an entrapment instruction in the court's jury charge. Following closing arguments, the jury began deliberations, during which time several notes were submitted to the trial court, including a request for a computer on which to view the videotapes submitted in evidence. After approximately six hours of deliberations, the jury returned a not guilty verdict on the possession of a controlled substance, but found Zarate guilty on both counts of bribery.
After considering a presentence investigation report and seventeen letters of recommendation, the trial court opined as follows:
At the end of the day, it's not a win/win; it's a lose/lose. It's not only a loss for you, Mr. Zarate, and your family, but it's a loss to our judicial system. It's especially a loss to our great county, and a really bad loss for the good folks of Alto Bonito. It's just a bad situation.
*267The trial court subsequently sentenced Zarate to five-years' confinement in the Institutional Division of the Texas Department of Criminal Justice, suspended and probated for a term of five years, on each count.
Zarate raises four issues on appeal: (1) the evidence is legally insufficient to support the jury's bribery convictions, (2) the trial court erred in denying his requested entrapment instruction, (3) trial counsel provided ineffective assistance of counsel by failing to seek a continuance when Daisy and Harry Rich failed to comply with the State subpoenas, and (4) the trial court erred in requiring Zarate to forfeit his tax refund as a condition of probation and pay court costs in both bribery counts.
We turn first to Zarate's sufficiency of the evidence issues: whether there was a material variance between the crime alleged and the crime proved and whether the evidence was insufficient to support the jury's conviction for two counts of bribery.
SUFFICIENCY OF THE EVIDENCE
A. Standard of Review
In reviewing the sufficiency of the evidence, "we view all of the evidence in the light most favorable to the verdict to determine whether any rational trier of fact could have found the essential elements of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt." Adames v. State ,
We may not substitute our judgment for that of the jury by reevaluating the weight and credibility of the evidence. King v. State ,
B. Arguments of the Parties
Zarate contends the State failed to produce any evidence of an agreement to accept or an acceptance of $500.00 cash from Daisy Rich and Harry Rich. Zarate contends the variance is material because he did not have notice that the State intended to prove that he committed bribery by receiving money from Rachel Elizondo; more importantly, Zarate avers he could potentially be subject to prosecution again for the crime that was actually proved at trial. Alternatively, Zarate contends the State only introduced evidence that Zarate agreed to accept $500.00 in cash to reduce Daisy Rich's bond, and not the bond for Harry Rich.
*268The State counters the evidence supports an agreement to accept and acceptance of $500.00 cash in exchange for reduction of the bonds of Daisy and Harry Rich.
C. Proof Required to Prove Bribery
Texas Penal Code section 36.02(a)(3) provides that a person commits the offense of bribery "if he intentionally or knowingly offers, confers, or agrees to confer on another, or solicits, accepts, or agrees to accept from another ... any benefit as consideration for a violation of a duty imposed by law on a public servant or party official." TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. § 36.02(a)(3) (West 2016). "A person acts intentionally ... when it is his conscious objective or desire to engage in the conduct or cause the result."Id. § 6.03(a) (West 2011). "A person acts knowingly, or with knowledge, with respect to the nature of his conduct or to circumstances surrounding his conduct when he is aware of the nature of his conduct or that the circumstances exist."
Texas Code of Criminal Procedure article 17.15 provides the court, judge, or magistrate may, at his or her discretion, set a defendant's bail based on the following criteria:
1. The bail shall be sufficiently high to give reasonable assurance that the undertaking will be complied with.
2. The power to require bail is not to be so used as to make it an instrument of oppression.
3. The nature of the offense and the circumstances under which it was committed are to be considered.
4. The ability to make bail is to be regarded, and proof may be taken upon this point.
5. The future safety of a victim of the alleged offense and the community shall be considered.
TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. ANN. art. 17.15 (West 2015) ; see Golden v. State ,
D. Analysis
1. Material Variance
Zarate contends the indictment and the jury charge allege Zarate received money from Daisy Rich in consideration for reduction of Daisy Rich's bond and from Harry Rich in consideration for reduction of Harry Rich's bond. Relying on Byrd v. State , Zarate asserts that because the evidence shows the only exchange of *269money occurred between Zarate and Elizondo, there is a material variance between the crime as alleged and the crime proved.
"[A] variance is material only if it operates to the defendant's surprise or otherwise prejudices him." Lowrey v. State ,
"The gist of the offense of bribery is the conferring of a benefit upon a public servant as consideration for violation of one of his duties." Gahl v. State ,
2. Legally Insufficient to Support Convictions for Reducing the Bonds of Both Daisy and Harry Rich
Zarate contends the State charged Zarate with receiving $500.00 cash from Daisy Rich and $500.00 cash from Harry Rich. Zarate contends, however, the evidence only establishes that he accepted $500.00 and no evidence supports he accepted any consideration for reducing the bond of Harry Rich.
Our analysis considers the evidence of Zarate's actions before, during, and after the exchange of monies. See Pitonyak ,
In addition to seeing videotaped recordings of Zarate entering and exiting his office, the jury also heard audiotapes that included Zarate immediately telling Elizondo that the bonds had already been lowered. There were further discussions regarding reducing the bonds for both Daisy and Harry: "I just spoke to his [Harry's] compadre about paying;" "But it's already lowered for the man;" and "Yes, I already lowered both of them." When Elizondo questioned whether she needed paperwork, Zarate assured her that he spoke to Officer Falcon and everything was secured.
Zarate had a legal duty to set the bonds. See TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. ANN. art. 17.15. Viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the jury's verdict, Adames ,
Remaining deferential to any reasonable inferences the jury could have made from the circumstantial evidence, see Hooper ,
Zarate's issues related to the sufficiency of the evidence are overruled. We turn next to Zarate's assertion the trial court erred in refusing to include an instruction on entrapment in the court's charge.
INSTRUCTION ON ENTRAPMENT
A. Standard of Review
"It is a defense to prosecution that the actor engaged in the conduct charged because he was induced to do so by a law enforcement agent using persuasion or other means likely to cause persons to commit the offense." TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. § 8.06(a) (West 2011). The defendant bears the burden of establishing entrapment as a matter of law with conflict-free, uncontradicted, uncontested, or undisputed evidence. Hernandez v. State ,
B. Arguments of the Parties
Zarate contends the caselaw supports he can plead not guilty and still claim entrapment as long as he does not submit inconsistent *271evidence. Here, Zarate contends the evidence supports that he was induced to reduce the bonds in exchange for funds by an agent acting on behalf of law enforcement, despite his repeated protests that he could not accept money, and the agent simply left the money on his desk.
The State counters that Zarate did not present a prima facie showing that he was improperly induced by law enforcement to commit the offense.
C. Entrapment
To warrant an instruction for entrapment, a defendant "must present a prima facie case that: 1) he engaged in the conduct charged; 2) because he was induced to do so by a law enforcement agent; 3) who used persuasion or other means; and 4) those means were likely to cause persons to commit the offense." Hernandez ,
A trial court is required to include an instruction on a defensive issue if properly requested by the defense and if evidence from any source raises that defense. Shaw v. State ,
D. Analysis
Nothing in the record indicates that Zarate was either subjectively or objectively induced by Elizondo or law enforcement to commit the offense by such persuasion that would cause an ordinarily law-abiding person of average resistance to commit the crime of bribery. See TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. § 8.06(a) ; England ,
Moreover, the record does not contain any evidence upon which we could conclude that an ordinary law-abiding person of average resistance would have been induced to reduce the bonds in exchange for monies. See Hernandez ,
Because there is no evidence in the record that any action taken by Elizondo, or any law enforcement officer, induced Zarate to reduce the bonds, the evidence did not raise the defense of entrapment. See TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. § 8.06(a) ; England ,
Zarate next contends his trial counsel's proceeding to trial, without the securing the testimony of Daisy and Harry Rich, constituted ineffective assistance of counsel.
INEFFECTIVE ASSISTANCE OF COUNSEL
A. Standard of Review
When, as here, a defendant raises the issue of ineffective assistance in a motion for new trial, an appellate court reviews the trial court's denial of the motion for abuse of discretion. Riley v. State ,
"In the absence of express findings, as here, we presume that the trial *273court made all findings in favor of the prevailing party." Okonkwo v. State ,
B. Arguments of the Parties
Zarate contends his trial counsel was ineffective because he failed to interview known material witnesses, specifically Daisy and Harry Rich, who would have negated the elements of the charge.
The State counters that nothing in the affidavits of Daisy and Harry Rich provides a reasonable probability that the outcome of the trial would have been different.
C. Proving Ineffective Assistance of Counsel
In Strickland v. Washington ,
To establish the first prong, deficient performance, Zarate must prove that his attorney's performance " 'fell below an objective standard of reasonableness' under prevailing professional norms." Ex parte Moore ,
To prove harm, Zarate "must demonstrate that he was prejudiced by his attorney's performance or that 'there is a reasonable probability that, but for counsel's unprofessional errors, the result of the proceeding would have been different.' "
Additionally, "[a]ny allegation of ineffectiveness must be firmly founded in the record, and the record must affirmatively demonstrate the alleged ineffectiveness." Thompson v. State ,
*274Appellate courts further view matters "from the viewpoint of an attorney at the time he acted, not through 20/20 hindsight." Ex parte Jimenez ,
D. Analysis
Zarate's motion for new trial relied on affidavits of Harry and Daisy Rich, both of which opined they had neither hired nor met Rachel Elizondo and never paid her $500.00 to give to Zarate.
We turn first to Strickland's second prong, whether Zarate demonstrated harm, or more specifically, "but for counsel's unprofessional errors," Zarate would have been found not guilty. See Ex parte Moore ,
Lastly, we turn to Zarate's assertion the trial court erred in requiring Zarate to forfeit his federal tax refund as a condition of community supervision and assessing court costs in all three causes.
CLAIMS OF MONETARY ERRORS IN THE JUDGMENT
An appellate court's review of the probation conditions imposed on a defendant is limited to determining whether the trial court abused its discretion. Leblanc v. State ,
Zarate contends the trial court's requirement that he forfeit his federal tax refund to the community supervision office, if he is in financial arrears, is not authorized by the Texas Code of Criminal Procedure and violates his due process rights. Because the State agrees to reform the condition of community supervision as requested, we need not address this issue.
Zarate also contends the trial court erred in assessing court costs for each count. Article 102.073 of the Texas Code of Criminal Procedure states "[i]n a single criminal action in which a defendant is convicted of two or more offenses ... the court may assess each court cost or fee only once against the defendant." TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. ANN. art. 102.073(a) (West Supp. 2017). The article further states that "each court cost or fee the amount of which is determined according to the category of offense must be assessed using the highest category of offense that is possible based on the defendant's convictions."
CONCLUSION
Because Zarate was convicted based on a single criminal action, the trial court may only assess a single court cost. We therefore reform the Trial Court's Order Imposing Conditions of Community Supervision to delete condition number twenty-five requiring Zarate forfeit his federal tax refund if he falls in financial arrears and reform the judgment to delete the award of costs in count three. See Robinson v. State ,
Case-law data current through December 31, 2025. Source: CourtListener bulk data.