filed a dissenting opinion in which KEASLER, and HERVEY, JJ., joined.

Justice Gaultney’s dissent is correct: Appellee’s Fourth Amendment rights were not violated because the dog sniff was not a “search.”1 The Court concedes that a dog sniff is not a search under the Fourth Amendment2 but then contends that the dog sniff in this case was illegal because the police were not entitled to be where they were. The Court arrives at this curious conclusion through two steps. First, the Court contends that we must assume that the place where the van was parked was not a public area.3 Second, the Court contends that the police should have inferred that appellee withdrew his consent to be where the van was parked before the dog sniff was conducted.4 Neither of these contentions withstands scrutiny.

The Court decides that we must infer that the “parking lot” was not open to the public because there was evidence that it was adjacent to a loading dock and because the trial court made an “implicit finding” that it was not open to the public.5 The Court does not contend that the area where the van was parked was surrounded by a fence or some other type of enclosure, and the record would not support such a contention. Nothing in the record suggests that the area was inaccessible to the public, and there is no reason to believe that a person on the street could not have walked up to the so-called loading dock. Consequently, the record does not support the notion that the place where the van was parked was a private area to which the general public was forbidden access.

Moreover, the Court’s use of an “implicit” fact finding conflicts with our recent decision in State v. Elias.6 In Elias, we held that when a trial court issues findings of fact but does not make a fact finding on a pertinent issue, an appellate court must assume that the trial court made no finding at all on the matter.7 The appropriate action under that circumstance is for the appellate court to remand “for entry of additional, specific findings of fact with respect to th[e] dispositive issue.”8 In the present case, the trial court made no fact-*534finding regarding whether the area where the van was parked was open to the public. The trial court simply found that the van was on appellee’s property next to his shop. That finding does not necessarily entail a conclusion that the parking area was in a private part of the business; it is completely consistent with the parking area being owned by the defendant but in a place that was open to the public. If the record does not reveal whether the parking area was private or public, and that issue is necessary to the proper disposition of the case, then rather than make an “implicit” finding, this Court must, under Elias, remand the case to the trial court for a fact-finding on the matter.

With respect to the second step of its analysis, the Court decides that the police should have realized that appellee was withdrawing his consent for them to be in the parking area when he refused to consent to the search of the van.9 But consent to be in the parking area and consent to search the van are separate issues. The Court sets a dangerous precedent in equating, “You can’t search my van,” with, “Get off of my property.” Appellee had already consented to the officers’ presence at the business.10 He never withdrew that consent. The Court is essentially saying that the police were trespassers on appel-lee’s property — but the law of trespass requires a notice to depart after a consensual entry.11 No such notice was given.

The Court also says that the officer who brought the drug dog from the patrol car routed the dog “presumably through [ap-pellee’s] office, into the welding workshop, and over to the van parked at his loading dock.”12 But the only testimony in that regard is that the officer did not take the dog inside “the premise.” The Court seems to have badly misconstrued the testimony about the layout of the business. The Court says that the “bay area” or “salle port” was in the back of the workshop, but it was not. According to the record, there was an office in front, a shop toward the rear, and a bay area (“salle port”). The van was in the bay area, which was — contrary to the Court’s opinion — not “around back” with the other vehicles. The van was “next to the building,” “back[ed] up to the bay door.” The area at the back of the van was “just inside the shop.” It appears to me that the bay was at the front of the building, next to the office, and not in the part of the business where the welding took place. And my understanding of the location of the bay area is consistent with the trial court’s explicit finding of fact that the van was located “beside the defendant’s shop” and inconsistent with the Court’s understanding that the van was in back of the workshop.

But even if the record would support a finding that the dog went through the office, under Elias, we cannot imply it here. If the route the dog took is considered important to the decision in this case, and if the record would support the Court’s finding, then we would need to remand this case to the trial court for a finding on the matter.

I would hold that the courts below erred in deciding that the dog sniff violated ap-pellee’s Fourth Amendment rights. Concluding that no Fourth Amendment violation occurred in this case, I would reverse the judgments of the courts below and remand to the trial court for further pro*535ceedings. Even if my assessment of the record were incorrect, and there did exist some evidence to support a Fourth Amendment violation, I would follow Elias, under which the only proper course is to remand to the trial court for fact findings on the pertinent issues.

I respectfully dissent.

OPINION

delivered the opinion of the Court

Four police officers came to Mr. Weaver’s welding shop looking for a person wanted in another county. Mr. Weaver gave the officers consent to search for that person. The officers, over Mr. Weaver’s objection, ended up searching a van on his property and finding drugs in it. The trial judge granted Mr. Weaver’s motion to suppress because he found that the search of the van exceeded the scope of Mr. Weaver’s consent. The court of appeals, over a dissent, affirmed. We granted review in light of the justices’ disagreement. Because we agree that the resolution of this case turns on the scope of Mr. Weaver’s consent, we affirm the judgment of the trial court and that of the court of appeals.

I.

Roy Andrew Weaver owned a welding shop in Polk County.1 There was a front office and a workshop in the rear. At the back on one side of the workshop was an open bay door with a van backed into it. Also parked in the back yard were several “broken down” vehicles, a boat, and “some other items.” One day, while the shop was open, four Polk County narcotics officers came looking for Jerry Barksdale (“Bear”), who worked or “hung out” at the shop. Bear was wanted in another county for organized crime. When the officers arrived, they saw Bear’s car parked out in front of the shop. The officers asked Mr. Weaver if they “could look around for the *524guy,” and he gave them “consent to look for him.”

The officers looked around for about ten minutes, but Bear was not at the shop nor inside the van that was backed up in the workshop bay door. Nonetheless, because the narcotics officers had received information “that there was also methamphetamine being used and distributed from the business,” they lingered in the shop.

Sergeant Smith “just began talking to Mr. Weaver. We were standing just inside the shop. I asked him if he had any illegal guns, knives, narcotics, anything like that. He advised no. He — well, he did tell me he had some guns inside the office.” Mr. Weaver showed Sgt. Smith the licensed guns in his office. After they came out of the office, Sgt. Smith then asked “who the van belonged to.” Mr. Weaver said that it was his dad’s van but that he drove it. When Sgt. Smith asked if he could search the van, Mr. Weaver refused consent.

As soon as Mr. Weaver refused consent, Sgt. Smith told Lieutenant Lowrie to retrieve his drug-dog from the patrol car and run the dog around the van parked in the bay door of the workshop. The dog showed “odor response” to the passenger door. The van was searched, and a tin box that contained glass pipes and some methamphetamine was found on the floorboard between the door and the passenger’s seat. Mr. Weaver was arrested and charged with possession of methamphetamine. He filed a motion to suppress which the trial judge, after hearing testimony from Sgt. Smith and Lt. Lowrie, granted. The judge entered findings of fact, including the following:

3. The defendant gave the officers permission to search his shop for Barks-dale ....

4. A van was located beside the defendant’s shop on property owned by the defendant. Officers looked through the van windows and did not see Barksdale or any contraband.

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6. The officers asked the defendant for permission to search the van. The defendant refused permission and the officers used a drug canine to walk outside of the van.

Based upon his factual findings, the trial judge concluded,

The officers exceeded the scope of their search after they did not find Barksdale and they did not have enough cause to conduct the canine search on the van which they did not see being operated.

The State appealed, arguing that the officers and Mr. Weaver had a consensual interaction that never became a detention until the canine alert provided probable cause to arrest Mr. Weaver. Mr. Weaver responded that the consensual encounter became an unlawful detention before the dog sniff. The court of appeals affirmed the trial court’s ruling and held,

In this case, the evidence shows that when the officers’ search for “Bear” ended, they had not observed anything suspicious. Because the trial judge could have determined that Weaver’s consent to search for “Bear” had ended, the trial court could reasonably find that the officers, without establishing probable cause, were not entitled to search for other purposes unrelated to that of their initial search. Under the facts of this case, we conclude the trial court did not abuse its discretion in granting Weaver’s motion to suppress. The trial court’s ruling is affirmed.2

Justice Gaultney dissented. He framed the issue as “whether the canine sniff of *525the exterior of the van while the officers were talking with Weaver was an impermissible ‘search’ for Fourth Amendment purposes.”3 He concluded, “In this case the officers were on the business premises legally with the consent of the owner. They had not been asked to leave. Although the owner refused consent to a search of the van, the canine sniff of the exterior of the van, made while officers were questioning Weaver, was not a ‘search’ for Fourth Amendment purposes.” 4

The State Prosecuting Attorney (SPA) filed a petition for discretionary review, asking: “May police conduct a dog sniff of the exterior of an unoccupied vehicle in the parking lot of a business without the permission of the owner of the business?” We granted review in light of the justices’ disagreement on a material question of law.5

II.

A. Standard of Review.

When reviewing the ruling on a suppression motion, the trial judge’s determination of facts — if supported by the record — is afforded almost total deference.6 Regardless of whether the judge granted or denied the motion, appellate courts view the evidence in the light most favorable to the trial judge’s ruling.7 The prevailing party is afforded the strongest legitimate view of the evidence and all reasonable inferences that may be drawn from that evidence.8 We review a trial court’s application of the law of search and seizure to the facts de novo.9 “We will sustain the trial judge’s ruling if that ruling is ‘reasonably supported by the record and is correct on any theory of law applicable to the case.’ ”10

B. The Scope of Consent Under the Fourth Amendment.

The Fourth Amendment protects individuals against unreasonable searches and seizures.11 Reasonableness is the touchstone of the Fourth Amendment.12 And, “except in certain carefully defined classes of cases, a search of private property without proper consent is ‘unreasonable’ unless it has been authorized by a valid search warrant.”13 The Supreme Court has “long approved consensual searches because it is no doubt reasonable for the police to conduct a search once *526they have been permitted to do so.”14 Although consent must be positive, it may be given orally or by action, or it may be shown by circumstantial evidence.15 The validity of an alleged consent to search is a question of fact to be determined from the totality of the circumstances.16 Under Texas law, the State must prove voluntary consent by clear and convincing evidence.17

The scope of a search is usually defined by its expressed object.18 A person is free to limit the scope of the consent that he gives.19 If police rely on consent as the basis for a warrantless search, “they have no more authority than they have apparently been given by the consent.”20 It is therefore “important to take account of any express or implied limitations or qualifications attending that consent which establish the permissible scope of the search in terms of such matters as time, duration, area, or intensity.”21 On the other hand, a person’s silence in the face of an officer’s further actions may imply consent to that further action.22 The “standard for measuring the scope of a suspect’s consent under the Fourth Amendment is that of ‘objective’ reasonableness — what would the typical reasonable person have understood by the exchange between the officer and the suspect?” 23 Therefore, a court reviewing the totality of the circumstances of a particular police-citizen interaction does so without regard for the subjective thoughts or intents of either the officer or the citizen.24 Still, in Texas, the “clear and convincing” burden “requires the prosecution to show the consent given was positive and unequivocal and there must not be duress or coercion, actual or implied.”25

C. Business and Commercial Premises are Protected Areas.

The occupant of a business establishment enjoys the same constitutional *527right to be free from unreasonable searches as does the occupant of a private residence.26 But “business and commercial premises are not as private as residential premises,” and “consequently there are various police investigative procedures which may be directed at such premises without the police conduct constituting a Fourth Amendment search.”27 Police, although motivated by an investigative purpose, are as free as the general public to enter premises “open to the public,” when they are open to the public.28 Officers are then entitled to note objects in plain view,29 or examine merchandise as a customer would.30 For “actions not to constitute a Fourth Amendment search, the officer must remain in that portion of the premises which is open to the public.”31

III.

The SPA asserts that the motion to suppress was granted based on incorrect conclusions of law rather than any fact-findings that were unfavorable to the State. These conclusions were incorrect, argues the SPA, because 1) the officers did not need permission to be in “the parking lot” when they initiated the dog sniff; 2) neither Mr. Weaver nor the van were seized in order to conduct the dog sniff; 3) the dog sniff was not a search; and 4) the dog’s positive alert justified the search. The Supreme Court has made it clear that a dog sniff is not a search,32 and it is generally accepted that a positive alert by a certified drug dog is usually enough, by itself, to give officers probable cause to *528search.33 We agree with the SPA that neither Mr. Weaver nor the van were seized in order to conduct the dog sniff.

But, as discussed below, the SPA assumes a fact that is not in evidence: that the van was parked in a parking lot “open to the public.”34 Viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the trial judge’s ruling, this area was not part of the “public” area of his welding shop. Therefore, the officers needed permission to be where they were when they initiated the dog sniff, but they did not have it.35

A. Affording appellee the “strongest legitimate view of the evidence, ” the van was not parked in a parking lot open to the public.

The SPA’s position is apparent in the way it framed the issue for review: “May police conduct a dog sniff of the exterior of an unoccupied vehicle in the parking lot of a business without the permission of the owner of the business?” Surely the answer to that question, on its face, is yes. A public parking lot is public regardless of whether a nearby business is open or not.

In Illinois v. Caballes,36 the Supreme Court held that the use of a narcotics-detection dog to sniff around the exteri- or of a motorist’s vehicle during a lawful traffic stop did not violate the Fourth Amendment because it revealed no information other than the location of a substance that the individual had no right to possess.37 In keeping with Justice Ginsburg’s prophecy that Caballes “clears the way for suspicionless, dog-accompanied drug sweeps of parked cars along sidewalks and in parking lots,”38 it has done just that. Federal and state courts alike have used Caballes to uphold dog sniffs in the public parking lots of gas stations, hotels, restaurants, and high schools.39 But in Caballes, Justice Stevens empha*529sized that the police cannot prolong a traffic stop beyond the time reasonably required to accomplish its purpose simply to give them time to bring in a drug dog.40 As our courts of appeals have recognized, officers initiating a dog sniff must have the right to be where they are at the time they initiate a dog sniff.41

It is the Caballes line of cases that the SPA relies on here. The problem in this case is that no one, except the prosecutor, characterized the place the van was parked as a “parking lot.” Lt. Lowrie said that the truck was parked in a “sall[y] port.”

Q. Where was the van parked? '

A. It was the — I guess it would be the north side of the building back up to the big sall[y] port42 on the building.

Q. Is it, like, a parking lot or a parking area?

A. It’s a big, bay door. I guess you would say it’s kind of like a loading/unloading for the business area.

The State argued to the trial court that “The vehicle ... was located on a parking lot that was in — in a business that was open for public use or open to the public. So the fact that the officers decided to run the canine, even though maybe they didn’t see or smell something, they didn’t have to have any type of reasonable suspicion to do that.” The SPA argues similarly: “While on the premises of a business open to the public, police are permitted to conduct a dog sniff of vehicles parked in the *530parking area.... The unoccupied van was parked in the parking lot[.]”43

But the trial court did not find that the van was parked in a public parking lot. Rather, it found the van “was located beside the defendant’s shop on property owned by the defendant.” The prevailing party is afforded the strongest legitimate view of the evidence and all reasonable inferences that may be drawn from that evidence. The facts here support the trial court’s implicit finding that the van was not parked on any part of the business premises open to the public or in a public “parking lot.”44 From the evidence in this record, the trial judge could have found otherwise, but he did not do so. We are obliged to give almost total deference to his implied factual findings.45 Therefore, unless the officers had Mr. Weaver’s consent to be standing beside the van at the loading dock, they were no longer entitled to be in the non-public portion of the welding workshop at the time they conducted the dog sniff.46

B. Affording Mr. Weaver the “strongest legitimate view of the evidence," the officers did not have continued consent to be on the premises at the time they ran the dog sniff

The SPA asserts that the officers — who had lawfully entered the premises — were “under no obligation to leave unless asked” and that there “was no evidence or fact finding that the officers were ever asked to stop their investigation or leave the premises.”47 But the relevant question here is as follows: What would the typical reasonable person have under*531stood by the exchange between the officers and Mr. Weaver?48 Mr. Weaver gave oral consent to search his welding shop for “Bear,” voluntarily showed the officers his registered guns,49 and then unequivocally refused to consent to a search of the van backed up in the loading dock of his shop.

We recently addressed the scope of a consent to search under the Fourth Amendment in Valtierra v. State.50 There, the trial court and the court of appeals agreed that Heriberto Valtierra consented to have police officers enter his apartment to talk to Erica, a 13-year-old runaway. The question before us was whether Heriberto’s consent extended to the officer’s act of walking down the open hallway to knock on the bathroom door where Erica was said to be taking a shower. We held that it was objectively reasonable for the officer to conclude that Heriberto’s general consent to come inside the apartment to talk to Erica included consent to walk down the open hallway to knock on the bathroom door.51 Thus, the officer was lawfully present in the hallway when he observed, through an open bedroom door, two men making furtive gestures and throwing items under the bed.52

This case is like Valtierra in that the officers here obtained oral consent to enter the premises to look for a specific individual. This case is also unlike Valtierra, because here the officers had finished looking for the specific individual and had achieved the ostensible purpose of their entry. And here, unlike in Valtierra, Mr. Weaver unequivocally said “No,” to a further search of his van.

The legal question is, what would “the typical reasonable person have understood by the exchange between the officer and the suspect?” We think that it was objectively unreasonable for the officers to conclude that Mr. Weaver’s act of objecting to the van search indicated, by clear and convincing evidence, his consent for the officers to remain standing beside his van while one officer went back out to the patrol car and retrieved a drug dog to run around his van.53 A typical reasonable person would have understood — from Mr. Weaver’s refusal of consent to search the van — that he had had enough. It would be unreasonable for that typical person, having heard an unequivocal “No,” to think that he had “positive and unequivocal” consent, not only to remain standing beside the van on the non-public premises, but also to retrieve yet another unwelcome intruder. There is certainly no indication in the record that Mr. Weaver consented for the officers to bring the drug dog from the patrol car to the van parked at his loading dock. From these facts, the trial *532judge could have concluded that the consent to search for “Bear” was lawful at its inception, but that it had been completed. The officers had completed their stated mission. Thus, when Mr. Weaver unequivocally said “No” to any further search of his van, the officers violated the Fourth Amendment by remaining on his private business premises and bringing in a drug dog without legal authorization. Therefore, the trial judge could have justifiably concluded that the “nonconsensual” use of the drug dog and the subsequent discovery of contraband were the product of an unconstitutional search on private premises.

The record, viewed in the light most favorable to the trial judge’s ruling, supports an implicit fact finding that the van was parked in a protected, non-public area of the business premises rather than in a parking lot open to the public. And the record also supports the trial judge’s legal conclusion that the officers had worn out their welcome and lingered beyond the scope of Mr. Weaver’s consent before the initiation of the dog sniff. We recognize that this ease is a close call — but it is in the “close call” cases that the need for giving discretion to the trial judge and deferring to his factual findings is greatest, especially when the State must prove positive consent by clear and convincing evidence. We therefore affirm the court of appeals’s judgment that upheld the trial judge’s ruling.

KEASLER, J., filed a dissenting opinion in which KELLER, P.J., and HERVEY, J., joined.

filed a dissenting opinion in which KELLER, P.J., and HERVEY, J., joined.

Under our recent opinion in State v. Elias,1 we are required to reverse and remand this case to the court of appeals so that it can order the trial judge to enter a finding on the essential, dispositive fact(s) that controls the disposition of this case. Faulting the State for assuming that the van was parked in a public lot, the majority improperly views the evidence in the light most favorable to the trial judge’s suppression ruling and concludes that the van was not parked in a public place. But the trial judge did not make any factfind-ing on whether the van was parked in a public or private lot. That the majority has to imply the fact that the van was parked in a private lot clearly proves my point. The only fact that has any bearing on this issue is the trial judge’s finding that “[a] van located beside the defendant’s shop on property owned by the defendant.” This statement says nothing about whether the lot was open to the public. In cases in which the State requests findings, which it did here, the judge is required to make all essential findings.2 And under Elias, when the record reveals that the trial judge failed to make an essential, dispositive finding, when properly requested to do so by the losing party, the case must be remanded to the trial judge to make such finding(s).3 Only when a trial judge does not enter findings of fact are we permitted to “view the evidence in the *533light most favorable to the trial court’s ruling and assume that the trial court made implicit findings of fact that support its ruling....”4 I dissent to the majority’s disposition of this case and would reverse the court of appeals’s judgment and remand the case so that it can comply with our holding in Elias.