In re Fielding
In re Fielding
Opinion of the Court
MEMORANDUM OPINION AND ORDER
Before the court is the Limited Objection of IRS to Motion and Notice of Intention to Sell Debtor’s [sic] Homestead (305 Canyon Creek Trial, Fort Worth, TX) Free and Clear of All Liens, Claims, and Encumbrances (docket no.
On October 8, 2014, Debtors filed the Brief in Support of the Designation of Payments to the IRS (docket no. 151, the “Brief’) seeking further guidance from the court with respect to the proceeds. That same day, the court heard argument (the “Hearing”) from Debtors’ counsel and the opposing party, the IRS, (collectively, the “Parties”) regarding the disposition of the proceeds and took the matter under advisement. After consideration of arguments put forth at the Hearing, as well as the pleadings and authorities filed by the Parties, the court has reached the following conclusions.
This matter is subject to the court’s core jurisdiction. 28 U.S.C. §§ 1334 and 157(b)(2)(A), (L), and (0). This memorandum opinion constitutes the court’s findings of fact and conclusions of law. Fed. R. BANKR.P. 9014, 7052.
I. Background
On July 15, 2013, Debtors filed a petition in this court for relief under chapter 13 of the Bankruptcy Code.
On September 5, 2014 Debtors filed the Motion to Sell. In the Motion to Sell, Debtors requested the court to approve the sale of their Homestead, the Proceeds of which were to be applied to debt owed to the IRS.
On September 18, 2014, the IRS filed the Objection to Motion to Sell, objecting to the manner in which Debtors proposed to distribute the Proceeds. In doing so, the IRS argues that it has the right to allocate payments received in satisfaction of the Amended Claim in accordance with
II. Discussion
The Brief presents the court with the issue of whether a debtor may apply, at his or her own discretion, proceeds from the sale of an exempt asset to tax debt owed to the IRS. Debtors urge they may allocate the funds as they choose
A. Applicability of Energy Resources to a Chapter 13 Case
In 1990, the Supreme Court held that a bankruptcy court had authority to order the IRS to apply tax payments made by chapter 11 debtor corporations as designated by such debtor corporations, when the designation was necessary to effectuate a successful reorganization. United States v. Energy Res. Co., Inc., 495 U.S. 545, 110 S.Ct. 2139, 109 L.Ed.2d 580 (1990). Debtors suggest the holding and rationale in Energy Resources is applicable to their chapter 13 Case, effectively allowing the court to order the IRS to apply the Proceeds as Debtors choose to allocate them. Brief ¶¶ 12, 19. The IRS does not believe such a broad interpretation is appropriate and would limit the holding in Energy Resources to the case’s facts.
In Energy Resources, the Court considered two cases involving debtor corporations that had filed for reorganization under chapter 11 of the Code. One of the debtor corporations had an approved plan with a provision allowing the corporation to apply its tax payments to first extinguish the “trust fund”
Both the case at bar and Energy Resources involve reorganizations under the Code, albeit in different chapters. As stated in Energy Resources, both debtor corporations’ plans of reorganization involved provisions providing for the allocation of payments to trust fund debt before paying off remaining tax debt. The manner in which Debtors wish to designate and pay their tax debts are aligned with those of the debtor corporations in Energy Resources. Specifically, the Amended Plan provides that “Debtors intend to sell assets against which IRS has a lien in order to pay the secured and priority claims of IRS.” Amended Plan at 11.
The Court found reason for its holding in Energy Resources in sections 105 and 1123 of the Code, stating “these statutory directives are consistent with the traditional understanding that bankruptcy courts, as courts of equity, have broad authority to modify creditor-debtor relationships.” Id. at 449, 110 S.Ct. 2139 (citations omitted). Specifically, section 105(a) states—
(a) The court may issue any order, process, or judgment that is necessary or appropriate to carry out the provisions of this title. No provision of this title providing for the raising of an issue by a party in interest shall be construed to preclude the court from, sua sponte, taking any action or making any determination necessary or appropriate to enforce or implement court orders or rules, or to prevent an abuse of process.
11 U.S.C. § 105(a).
Section 1123(b) provides that—
(b) Subject to subsection (a) of this section, a plan may—
(5) modify the rights of holders of secured claims, other than a claim secured only by a security interest in real property that is the debtor’s principal residence, or of holders of unsecured claims, or leave unaffected the rights of holders of any class of claims; and
(6) include any other appropriate provision not inconsistent with the applicable provisions of this title.
11 U.S.C. § 1123(b)(5), (6).
Thus, the Court determined that the Code gives bankruptcy courts authority to approve reorganization plans, including those that contain provisions not expressly recognized in the Code. It should be noted that section 105(a) encompasses the ability of bankruptcy courts in any chapter, not specifically a chapter 11. Therefore, the Court’s analysis with respect to section 105(a) seems to apply to the case at bar. Additionally, as Debtors point out, the Code includes a similar provision to section 1123(b)(6) that is applicable to chapter 13 cases. Brief ¶ 20. Section 1322(b)(l 1) is the equivalent to 1123(b)(6) and states that a chapter 13 plan may include also any provision not inconsistent with another section of title 11. 11 U.S.C. § 1322(b)(ll).
This court would not be the first to find that Energy Resources applies more broadly to cases with plans of reorganization. See In re Klaska, 152 B.R. 248, 251 (Bankr.C.D.Ill. 1993) (“Certainly, Chapter 13 is a reorganization chapter, and Energy Resources refers generally to ‘reorganiza
At the outset, the court notes the inherent differences between a plan proposed under chapter 11 as opposed to one proposed under chapter 13. For example, a plan proposed by a chapter 11 debtor must be circulated to every holder of a claim or interest allowed under section 502 of the Code who may then chose to accept or reject such proposed plan.
Unless the court orders otherwise, the debtor shall commence making payments not later than 30 days after the date of the filing of the plan or the order for relief, whichever is earlier, in the amount—
(A) proposed by the plan to the trustee.14
Thus, while a chapter 11 debtor may only make payments in accordance with a confirmed plan, a chapter 13 debtor must make payments under a proposed plan even prior to confirmation.
Although a strict reading of section 1326(a)(1)(A) requires that a debtor make payments in the amount proposed by the plan to the trustee, a closer reading of the statute does not require a debtor to be so constrained. Indeed, section “1326(a)(1) begins with the language ‘unless the court orders otherwise.’ That language precedes all of section 1326(a)(1) and allows a court to revise the requirement that the debtor make pre-confirmation payments directly to a secured creditor” or otherwise.
As previously mentioned, the Court in Energy Resources held that a bankruptcy
While Debtors bear the burden of establishing the payment designation is necessary to effectuate a successful reorganization,
Specifically, the bankruptcy court should make the following inquiry: upon consideration of the reorganization plan as a whole, in so far as the particular structure or allocation of payments increases the risk that the IRS may not collect the total tax debt, is that risk nonetheless justified by an offsetting increased likelihood of rehabilitation, i.e., increased likelihood of payment to creditors who might otherwise lose their money?21
The First Circuit also noted that allocation should be decided on a “case-by-case basis.”
In the case at bar, to achieve success through the reorganization, Debtors must be capable of complying with Amended
In essence, to apply the Proceeds in the manner suggested by the IRS would potentially lead to a ceaselessly accumulating claim against Debtors for interest and penalties, while simultaneously leaving Debtors without assets to assist in payment of the accumulating claim. Without means to sufficiently comply with the Amended Plan, there is the concomitant probability that other creditors will not be paid through the reorganization and Debtors will not be successful in their reorganization efforts. Additionally, if the IRS receives payment for interest and penalties that have accrued post-petition on their claims, other creditors bear the risk that these additional post-petition debts could cause the Amended Plan to fail. While this risk may not be desirable to the IRS, it is justified by the likelihood of rehabilitation through the Plan to the benefit of all creditors.
To say the IRS’ desired outcome would not jeopardize the feasibility of Debtors’ Plan and overall success in their Case is misguided.
B. “Voluntariness” of Payments
According to the IRS, only payments that are voluntarily submitted to the IRS may be subject to designation by the taxpayer.
When the Supreme Court was presented with this issue in Energy Resources, the Court held that “whether or not the payments at issue are rightfully considered to be involuntary, a bankruptcy court has the authority to order the IRS to apply the payments [to certain liabilities] if the bankruptcy court determines that [such] designation is necessary to the success of a
At least one court has found that it is the “involvement of the court and not the type of bankruptcy which makes payments by a debtor involuntary.”
“Webster defines the word ‘voluntary’ as ‘proceeding from the will or from one’s
Taking into consideration these definitions and in light of the facts presented in the case at bar, this court believes the payments made by Debtors are voluntary for the following reasons.
1. Chapter 13 is a Voluntary Chapter
At the outset, the court notes the overriding importance of the voluntary nature of chapter 13. Indeed, Congress carefully drafted the Code to ensure that a debtor could only enter into a case under chapter
13 voluntarily.
In the case at bar, Debtors were not forced into bankruptcy by the IRS or any other creditor; on the contrary, they filed the Case willingly to address the claims against them. Debtors’ decision to file a case under chapter 13 of the Code is an important distinguishing characteristic from any other chapter under the Code (other than chapters 9 and 12), where debtors can be brought into bankruptcy against their own free will.
Additionally, chapter 13 debtors have the exclusive right to draft and file a plan of reorganization. See 11 U.S.C. § 1321. See also 8 Collier on Bankruptcy ¶ 1321.01 (“The exclusive right on the part of the debtor to file a chapter 13 plan is in keeping with the voluntary nature of chapter 13 relief’). The Amended Plan was drafted by Debtors in their Case. By the Amended Plan, Debtors propose to pay the IRS, among other creditors, to the best of their abilities and in a manner that facilitates their financial recovery. Debtors have not been ordered to pay the IRS. The IRS has not seized any of. Debtors’ assets or garnished Debtors’ wages. The mere presence of the bankruptcy court or the fact that the IRS filed a claim does not amount to a seizure or an act to obtain funds against Debtors’ will. In the case at bar, Debtors have voluntarily proposed to
2. The Asset in Question is Exempt
It is important to recognize that in the ease at bar, the Proceeds stem from the sale of an exempt asset. Therefore, Debtors’ application of the Proceeds would not frustrate confirmation of Debtors’ Amended Plan. To achieve confirmation, Debtors’ Amended Plan must meet the requirements of section 1325, also known as the “best interest of creditors test.”
Section 1325(a)(4) states:
(a) Except as provided in subsection (b), the court shall confirm a plan if—
(4) the value, as of the effective date of the plan, of property to be distributed under the plan on account of each allowed unsecured claim is not less than the amount that would be paid on such claim if the estate of the debtor were liquidated under chapter 7 of this title on such date;
11 U.S.C. § 1325.
Debtors properly claimed the Homestead as an exempt asset in their' bankruptcy schedules. Debtors’ Schedule C, docket no. 1. Because Debtors’ Homestead has been properly claimed as exempt, the Proceeds stemming from the sale would likewise be exempt for the six month window provided in Texas Property Code section 41.001.
III. Conclusion
For the reasons discussed above, Energy Resources applies to Debtors’ Case and the court may direct the IRS to allocate payments at the court’s discretion. Debtors have met their burden in showing Debtors’ designation of the Proceeds is necessary to their effective reorganization. Additionally, even if Energy Resources is not applicable to the Case, Debtors’ payment of the Proceeds is voluntary. Therefore, in accordance with the IRS’ policies and procedures, Debtors are allowed to designate the voluntary Proceed payments as provided in the Brief.
It is so ordered.
. “Docket no. -” shall hereinafter refer to documents filed in the above-captioned bankruptcy case (the "Case”).
. Debtors’ homestead is located at Lot 9, Block 32, Woodhaven Country Club Estates Addition to the City of Fort Worth, Tarrant County, TX also known as 305 Canyon Creek Trail, Fort Worth, TX 76112 (the "Homestead”). See Debtors’ Schedule C, docket no. 1.
.Obj. to Motion to Sell at 2. Initially, Debtors sought to apply the proceeds “first to the secured (taxes, penalty and interest as set forth in the IRS' Amended Proof of Claim on December 15, 2014) claim for the tax year ending on 12/31/2011, then to the tax year ending 12/31/2008, then to the tax year ending 12-31-2007.” See Motion and Notice of Intention to Sell Debtor’s [sic] Homestead (305 Canyon Creek Trial, Fort Worth, TX) Free and Clear of All Liens, Claims, and Encumbrances
. 11 U.S.C. §§ 101 et seq. (the “Code”).
. The remaining balance of the Homestead proceeds — after payment of the mortgage, ad valorem taxes, real estate commission, closing costs associated with the sale, and a $5,000 moving allowance to Debtors — was approximately $127,881.00 (the "Proceeds”). Order at 2.
. Specifically, Claim # 1-3 (the “Amended Claim”) consists of a secured claim of $327,296.72, a priority unsecured claim of $33,501.00, and a general unsecured claim of $179,087.54. Amended Claim, Docket no. 136. Initially, the IRS filed the first Proof of Claim (Claim # 1-1) on July 19, 2013 in the amount of $520,063.90. The IRS subsequently filed an Amended Proof of Claim (Claim # 1-2) on January 15, 2014 in the amount of $539,885.26, which was comprised of a secured claim of $505,886.26, a priority unsecured claim of $33,501.00, and a general unsecured claim of $498.00. Docket no. 62.
. Debtors would have the payments allocated in the following manner: first, to the income tax amount due for the 2003 tax year (without penalties and interest); second, to the income tax due for the 2004 tax year (without penalties and interest); third, to the income tax amount due for the 2007 tax year (without penalties and interest). Debtors ask that no proceeds be applied to penalty, interest, priority, or unsecured portions of the debt until these amounts have been paid. Brief ¶¶ 6, 7.
. The IRS has indicated that its existing policy is to apply payments to the oldest tax liability, including the penalties and interest associated with that liability. Obj. to Motion to Sell at 2-3.
.Trust fund taxes are income and social security taxes withheld from employee paychecks by employers. This money is said to be held "in trust” for the United State's until they are paid to the government. 26 U.S.C. §§ 3102(a), 3402(a). Compass Marine Servs., Inc. v. United States (In re Compass Marine Servs., Inc.), 276 B.R. 765, 768 (Bankr.E.D.La. 2002).
. See United States v. Pepperman, 976 F.2d 123, 128-31 (3d6 Cir. 1992); Fullmer v. United States (In re Fullmer), 962 F.2d 1463, 1468-70 (10th Cir. 1992); United States v. Kare Remical, Inc. (In re Kare Remical, Inc.), 935 F.2d 243, 244-45 (11th Cir. 1991).
. Indeed, other courts and commentators have been hesitant to make this distinction. See, e.g., In re Klaska, 152 B.R. at 251; In re Simms, 177 B.R. at 539.
“[C]ases have held, or at least implied, that Energy Resources should only apply in a case in which (a) there is a plan of reorganization, (b) the court finds that allocation of payments is necessary for the debtor to reorganize, and (c) the payments are made pursuant to the plan. This is an overly strict reading of Energy Resources, which did not limit its holding to the particular facts before it.”
Stephen W. Sather, Tax Issues in Bankruptcy, 25 St. Mary’s L.J. 1363, 1414 (1994).
. 11 U.S.C. § 1126(a).
. 11 U.S.C. § 1326(a)(1)(A); Perez v. Peake, 373 B.R. 468, 485 (S.D.Tex. 2007) (“section 1326(a) requires that the Chapter 13 debtor begin making payments called for by the plan within thirty days of filing the plan”); In re Acevedo, 497 B.R. 112, 119 (Bankr.D.N.M. 2013) ("The Court finds the ordinary and natural meaning of the phrase 'the amount proposed by the plan to the trustee' is whatever amount will be paid to the trustee under the plan.”).
. 11 U.S.C. § 1326(a)(1)(A) (emphasis added).
. In enacting section 1326 of the Code, Congress explained:
Under present law, payments under a chapter 13 plan frequently do not begin until the plan is confirmed. This sometimes takes*894 several months or. longer. Unfortunately, when the payments do not begin promptly, the debtor becomes accustomed to living on money that will not be available once the plan becomes operational; and it may be very difficult for the debtor to scale down expenditures once the plan begins. Indeed, chapter 13 trustees report that there is much greater incidence of compliance with the plan when payments begin promptly, and prompt commencement is required....
S. Rep. No. 98-65, at 15-16 (1983).
.11 U.S.C. § 1326(a)(1)(A) (emphasis added).
. Drive Fin. Servs. v. Brown (In re Brown), 348 B.R. 583, 590 (Bankr.N.D.Ga. 2006) (citing In re Beaver, 337 B.R. 281, 284 n. 2 (Bankr.E.D.N.C. 2006)).
. In addressing section 1326, the Fifth Circuit has also held that “the designation of the debtor as ... a disbursing agent is very much a matter left to the considered discretion of the bankruptcy court.” Foster v. Heitkamp (In re Foster), 670 F.2d 478, 486 (5th Cir. 1982).
. 11 Collier on Bankruptcy ¶ 15.03[l][a] (Alan N. Resnick & Henry J. Sommereds., 16th ed. rev. 2014).
. See In re Classic Chem. and Supply Co., 198 B.R. 112, 114 (Bankr.E.D.Pa. 1996) ("Subsequent case law formulating and applying standards for determining whether the criteria for allowance of a designation of tax payments have been met is surprisingly sparse.”); In re Compass Marine Servs., 276 B.R. at 772 ("The court agrees that the case law is sparse as to defining a standard to be used in determining whether a designation of trust fund taxes is necessary to the success of a plan of reorganization in accordance with Energy Resources").
. IRS v. Energy Resources, Co. (In re Energy Resources, Co.), 871 F.2d 223, 233-34 (1st Cir. 1989).
. Id. at 233.
. In re Compass Marine Servs., Inc., 276 B.R. at 766-67.
. Id. at 772.
. Id. at 773.
. Id.
. "An essential requirement for confirmation of a chapter 13 plan is that 'the debtor be able make all payments under the plan and to comply with the plan.' ” Bloomberg Law: Bankruptcy Treatise, pt. VII, ch. 232, at § G. 1. (D. Michael Lynn et al. eds., 2014) (citing 11U.S.C. § 1325(a)(6)).
. Feasibility refers to a court's determination of whether a chapter 13 debtor will be able to make all payments under — and comply with — a proposed plan of reorganization. See 11 U.S.C. § 1325(a)(6).
. The Supreme Court has stated on several occasions that the "principal purpose of the Bankruptcy Code is to grant a fresh start to the honest but unfortunate debtor." See, e.g., Marrama v. Citizens of Bank of Mass., 549 U.S. 365, 367, 127 S.Ct. 1105, 166 L.Ed.2d 956 (2007) (quoting Grogan v. Garner, 498 U.S. 279, 286-87, 111 S.Ct. 654, 112 L.Ed.2d 755 (1991)).
. Obj. to Motion to Sell at 2 (citing Hannan Trucking, Inc. v. United States (In re Hannan Trucking, Inc.), 17 B.R. 475, 478 (Bankr.N.D.Tex. 1981)).
. Obj. to Motion to Sell at 2.
. "To the extent the courts have relied on the voluntary-involuntary dichotomy as a simplified, bright-line rule for determining the right to direct application of tax payments, the rule has proven neither simple and bright, nor just and efficacious.” Mark Bernsley, Energy Resources and Tax Payment Allocations: The Continuing Need to Correct the Analytical Failures of Recent Judicial Precedent, 21 Cal. Bankr. J. 101 (1993).
. In re Burgess, 171 B.R. 227, 229 (Bankr.E.D.Tex. 1994) (quoting In re Frost, 47 B.R. 961, 964-65 (D.Kan. 1985)). Interestingly, the court in Frost relied on Muntwyler v. United States, 703 F.2d 1030 (7th Cir. 1983) to support the proposition that "it was the involvement of the court and not the type of bankruptcy which makes payments by a debtor involuntary.” In re Frost, 47 B.R. at 964-65. The court believes this is noteworthy because Muntwyler is a Seventh Circuit case affirming the U.S. District Court for the Northern District of Illinois' decision to award a taxpayer a refund for overpayment of taxes. 703 F.2d at 1034. Admittedly, the court in Muntwyler did state, in dicta, that "[t]he Government might have been correct in its claim [that debtor has no right to allocate its payment to the IRS] if the corporation had been in bankruptcy, which it was not.” Id. at 1034 n. 2 (emphasis added).
Moreover, the court in Muntwyler — discussing the Tax Court's frequently cited definition of involuntary payments in Amos v. Commissioner, 47 T.C. 65, 69, 1966 WL 1102 (1966) (discussed infra) — held that:
The distinction between a voluntary and involuntary payment in Amos and all the other cases is not made on the basis of the presence of administrative action alone, but rather the presence of court action or administrative action resulting in an actual seizure of property or money as in a levy. No authorities support the proposition that a payment is involuntary whenever an agency takes even the slightest action to collect taxes, such as filing a claim or, as appears to be a logical extension of the Government’s position, telephoning or writing the taxpayer to inform him of taxes due.
703 F.2d at 1033 (emphasis in original).
Thus, with respect to voluntariness, the court cannot rely on the broad holding in In re Burgess to find that “the fact that Chapter 13 is a pure voluntary proceeding is not relevant to whether the payments to the IRS are voluntary” because such proposition simply cannot be found in the authority cited therein.
."It is significant that, while all prior cases applying the voluntary-involuntary dichotomy examined the taxpayer's volition, here the court focused on and was persuaded by IRS action or inaction, i.e., by the absence of a seizure by the IRS, noting that the only action of the IRS was to file a claim.” Mark Berns-ley, Energy Resources and Tax Payment Allocations: The Continuing Need to Correct the Analytical Failures of Recent Judicial Precedent, 21 Cal. BankrJ. 101, 101 (1993).
. See Toibb v. Radloff, 501 U.S. 157, 165-66, 111 S.Ct. 2197, 115 L.Ed.2d 145 (1991) ("Congress' primary concern about a debtor being forced into bankruptcy under Chapter 13:[is] that such a debtor ... would be compelled to toil for the benefit of creditors in violation of the Thirteenth Amendment’s involuntary servitude prohibition.") (citing H.R. Rep. No. 95-595, at 120).
. See, e.g., Jacobsen v. Moser (In re Jacobsen), 609 F.3d 647, 661 (5th Cir. 2010) (recognizing the "principle that a debtor cannot be forced involuntarily to proceed under Chapter 13”) (citing In re Harper-Elder, 184 B.R. 403, 408 (Bankr.D.Dist.Col. 1995)); Tidewater Finance Co. v. Williams, 498 F.3d 249, 252 (4th Cir. 2007) ("Congress intended Chapter 13 proceedings to be entirely voluntary”); Barbieri v. RAJ Acquisition Corp. (In re Barbieri), 199 F.3d 616, 620 (2nd Cir. 1999) ("This conclusion reflects the intention of Congress to create an entirely voluntary chapter of the Bankruptcy Code.”) (citing In re Harper-Elder, 184 B.R. at 408).
. The homestead claimant’s proceeds of a sale of a homestead are not subject to seizure for a creditor's claim for six months after the date of sale. Tex. Prop.Code Ann. § 41.001. As previously stated, the Order was entered on September 22, 2014. Accordingly, the six month window has not yet expired.
. In re Garcia, 499 B.R. 506, 510 (Bankr.N.D.Tex. 2013), aff'd sub nom. Garcia v. Bas-sel, 507 B.R. 907 (N.D.Tex. 2014) ("Only property that could be liquidated to pay creditors in a chapter 7 — that is, nonexempt property of the estate — need be considered in the hypothetical liquidation test.”).
Reference
- Full Case Name
- In re Earnest David FIELDING, and Linda Kay Fielding, Debtors
- Status
- Published