Bonillas v. Harlandale Independent School District
Bonillas v. Harlandale Independent School District
Opinion of the Court
ORDER
On this date, the Court considered Defendant’s Motion to Dismiss (Docket Entry No. 5), Plaintiffs Amended Response
FACTUAL BACKGROUND
Plaintiff Catherine Bonillas was employed as a teacher at Gilbert Elementary School by Defendant Harlandale Independent School District (“HISD”) on a one year contract. Sometime in February 2010, HISD implemented an Intervention Plan (“Plan”) to remove at-risk students from Physical Education classes and restrict their recess time so that they could be tutored for the TAKS standardized test. School administrators requested that teachers sign a waiver form, distributed on February 1, 2010, waiving their conference or planning period in order to dedicate that time to TAKS tutoring. Bonillas declined to participate in the Plan and did not sign the waiver.
On February 24, 2010, Bonillas received her performance evaluation for the year. On March 21, 2010, Bonillas filed a complaint pursuant to HISD’s Board Policy DGBA (local). She alleged that her supervisor, Principal Rosemary Cooremans, had implemented a policy depriving students of the 135 minutes of physical activity for each student required by Tex. Educ.Code § 28.002. The complaint was sent to HISD Superintendent Robert Jaklich.
Bonillas voiced her concerns about the Plan in a public interview with WOAI News 4 on March 25, 2010, and a follow-up story on March 29, 2010. On March 26, 2010, the Superintendent’s office denied violations of law alleged in Bonillas’ complaint. On that same day, Bonillas received a reprimand for a prior incident.
On March 29, 2010, Bonillas appealed the Superintendent’s decision to deny her complaint to the Board, and forwarded her complaint to HISD’s counsel. Also on March 29, 2010, the HISD Board voted to terminate her contract.
On April 30, 2010, Bonillas received the results of a second evaluation that was conducted pursuant to her request for reappraisal of her performance. The evaluation of her performance was poor. She challenged her poor performance appraisal through the grievance process, and HISD admitted on May 26, 2010 that procedural errors were made during her second evaluation. HISD offered to appraise her again.
On May 3, 2010, Bonillas field a Whistle-blower Complaint with the HISD Superintendent. He rejected the complaint and her retaliation claims on June 4, 2010. Bonillas appealed that decision to the HISD Board of Trustees and requested an open session. The Board heard her Whistleblower Complaint in a closed session on June 24, 2010. The Board then reconvened in open session and voted unanimously to reject her complaint.
PROCEDURAL HISTORY
Plaintiff filed a complaint in the 225th Judicial District Court of Bexar County, Texas on August 18, 2010.
LEGAL STANDARD
If a complaint fails to state a claim upon which relief can be granted, a court is entitled to dismiss the complaint as a matter of law. Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(b)(6). In considering a motion to dismiss under 12(b)(6), all factual allegations from the complaint should be taken as true. Fernandez-Montes v. Allied Pilots Assoc., 987 F.2d 278, 284 (5th Cir. 1993). Additionally, the facts are construed favorably to the plaintiff. Id. Courts may look only to the pleadings in determining whether a plaintiff has adequately stated a claim; consideration of information outside the pleadings converts the motion to one for summary judgment. Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(d). To survive a 12(b)(6) motion, a complaint must contain “more than labels and conelusions, and a formulaic recitation of the elements of a cause of action will not do.” Bell Atlantic Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 555, 127 S.Ct. 1955, 167 L.Ed.2d 929 (2007). Factual allegations must be sufficient to “raise a right to relief above the speculative level.” Id. A well-pleaded complaint can survive a motion to dismiss even if actual proof of the facts alleged is “improbable.” Id. at 556, 127 S.Ct. 1955.
ANALYSIS
I. Whistleblower Claim
The Texas Whistleblower Act prohibits a government employer from taking an adverse employment action against an employee who reports the employer’s violation of law, in good faith, to an appropriate law enforcement agency. Tex. Gov’t Code § 554.002. Bonillas alleges that she received a written reprimand and poor performance evaluation, and that her contract was ultimately terminated, due to her filing a complaint and publicly commenting upon the Intervention Plan instituted at Gilbert Elementary.
A. Sovereign Immunity
HISD argues that this Court does not have jurisdiction to hear Plaintiffs whistle-
Both parties’ arguments conflate the two distinct types of immunity at issue: (1) the common law doctrine of governmental immunity, which prohibits suits against Texas governmental entities exercising government functions,
State governmental immunity prohibits suits against the state or its governmental entities, unless the state consents to be sued. Fowler v. Tyler Independent Sch. Dist., 232 S.W.3d 335, 337-38 (Tex.App.-Tyler 2007). A school district, as a governmental unit, is protected by governmental immunity. Id. (citing LeLeaux v. Hamshire-Fannett Indep. Sch. Dist., 835 S.W.2d 49, 51 (Tex. 1992)). Governmental immunity is distinct from sovereign immunity. Wichita Falls State Hosp. v. Taylor, 106 S.W.3d 692, 694 n. 3 (Tex. 2003) (citing Fed. Sign v. Tex. S. Univ., 951 S.W.2d 401, 405 (Tex. 1997)). While sovereign immunity protects the state and its divisions from suit and liability, Lowe v. Tex. Tech Univ., 540 S.W.2d 297, 298 (Tex. 1976), governmental immunity extends to political subdivisions such as counties, cities, and school districts. Taylor, 106 S.W.3d at 694 n. 3 (citing City of LaPorte v. Barfield, 898 S.W.2d 288, 291 (Tex. 1995); Guillory v. Port of Houston Auth., 845 S.W.2d 812, 813 (Tex. 1993)).
The Eleventh Amendment bars an action in federal court by a citizen of a state against a state or its departments or agencies. Pennhurst State School & Hosp. v. Halderman, 465 U.S. 89, 100-01, 104 S.Ct. 900, 79 L.Ed.2d 67 (1984). Eleventh Amendment immunity may only be waived by “the most express language or by such overwhelming implication from the text as [will] leave no room for any other reasonable construction.” Port Authority Trans-Hudson Corp. v. Feeney, 495 U.S. 299, 305-06, 110 S.Ct. 1868, 109 L.Ed.2d 264 (1990) (quoting Edelman v. Jordan, 415 U.S. 651, 673, 94 S.Ct. 1347, 39 L.Ed.2d 662 (1974)); Atascadero State Hospital v. Scanlon, 473 U.S. 234, 238, 105 S.Ct. 3142, 87 L.Ed.2d 171 (1985). General consent to suit provisions are insufficient to waive Eleventh Amendment immunity, rather, the state must unequivocally express its consent to be sued in federal court. See Trans-Hudson, 495 U.S. at 306-07, 110 S.Ct. 1868 (citing Atascadero State Hospital, 473 U.S. at 241, 105 S.Ct. 3142; Great Northern Life Ins. Co. v. Read, 322 U.S. 47, 54, 64 S.Ct. 873, 88 L.Ed. 1121 (1944)).
The Texas Whistleblower Act provides that
*736 A public employee who alleges a violation of this chapter may sue the employing state or local governmental entity for the relief provided by this chapter. Sovereign immunity is waived and abolished to the extent of liability for the relief allowed under this chapter for a violation of this chapter.
Tex. Gov’t Code § 554.0035. A public employee of a local government entity may bring a whistleblower suit in a district court “of the county in which the cause of action arises” or “of any county in the same geographic area that has established ... a council of governments or other regional commission” with the county in which the cause of action arises. Id. § 554.007(b).
By its terms, the Texas Whistleblower Act only waives state sovereign immunity in state court, not Eleventh Amendment immunity in federal court. Perez v. Region 20 Educ. Service Center, 307 F.3d 318, 333 (5th Cir. 2002); Martinez v. Texas Dep’t of Criminal Justice, 300 F.3d 567, 575-76 (5th Cir. 2002). Neither the waiver or venue provisions of the act contain an unequivocal expression or an overwhelming implication that Texas intended to waive its Eleventh Amendment immunity in the federal courts with regard to state whistleblower claims. Martinez, 300 F.3d at 575.
Defendant asserts that, because the statute does not waive Eleventh Amendment immunity, this Court has no jurisdiction to hear the whistleblower claim.
Whether a particular government entity is protected by Eleventh Amendment immunity is a question of federal law, but is largely informed by the nature of the entity created by state law. Mt. Healthy, 429 U.S. at 280, 97 S.Ct. 568. Independent school districts in Texas enjoy a great deal of legal and political autonomy. San Antonio Independent School Dist. v. McKinney, 936 S.W.2d 279, 282 (1996) (citing Tex. Educ.Code §§ 7.003, 11.051-063, 11.151, 11.152, 45.001-.232). Furthermore, the funding scheme for independent school districts assures that no judgment against a district would have to be paid from the state’s treasury. McKinney, 936 S.W.2d at 284 (citing Tex. Educ.Code Ann. §§ 41.001-45.232). Accordingly, Texas independent school districts, including Defendant HISD, are not
Even though Defendant cannot invoke the Eleventh Amendment, this Court still must determine whether it has jurisdiction to consider the whistleblower claim in light of precedent that the statutory waiver applies only to actions brought in state court.
The Fifth Circuit has held that there is a distinction between immunity from suit in federal court, which a state may waive by removal to federal court, and immunity from liability. Meyers ex rel. Benzing v. Texas, 410 F.3d 236, 253 (5th Cir. 2005). “[T]he Constitution permits a state whose law provides that it possesses an immunity from liability separate from its immunity from suit to show that its waiver of one does not affect its enjoyment of the other.” Id. Thus, the Southern District of Texas has held that a state or state agency’s removal of an action to federal court does not automatically waive all aspects of sovereign immunity, such as the Texas state law requirement that there must be “legislative consent to sue the State on a breach of contract claim.” Nagm v. University of Tex. Health Science Center at Houston, 2005 WL 1185801, Case No. Civ.A. H-04-2132 (S.D.Tex.2005 May 11, 2005) (citing Federal Sign v. Texas Southern University, 951 S.W.2d 401, 408 (Tex. 1997)).
Here, the relevant statute contains two separate waiver provisions. The first is an unqualified waiver of immunity from liability: “Sovereign immunity is waived and abolished to the extent of liability for the relief allowed -under this chapter for a violation of this chapter.” Tex. Gov’t Code § 554.0035. Standing alone, this provision is an unequivocal waiver of governmental immunity from liability for whistleblower claims. The provision does not limit the waiver to any particular state courts.
The second waiver provision provides that a whistleblower suit may be brought in either a district court “of the county in which the cause of action arises” or “of any county in the same geographic area that has established ... a council of governments or other regional commission” with the county in which the cause of action arises, thus implicitly waiving immunity from suit in those specified state courts. Id. § 554.007(b). Plaintiff initially brought her claims in the appropriate state court, and it is only Defendant’s removal of the case to federal court which has created the immunity issue. Generally, a state’s removal of a case from state court to federal court waives its Eleventh Amendment immunity from suit. Lapides v. Board of Regents of University System of Georgia, 535 U.S. 613, 624, 122 S.Ct. 1640, 152 L.Ed.2d 806 (2002). By removing the case, a state defendant voluntarily invokes the jurisdiction of the federal court, even on state court issues. Id. at 621-624, 122 S.Ct. 1640. Although the Eleventh Amendment is not at issue in this case, similar reasoning applies. “[R]emoval is a form of voluntary invocation of a federal court’s jurisdiction sufficient to waive the State’s otherwise valid objection to litigation of a matter (here of state law) in a federal form.” Id. at 624, 122 S.Ct. 1640.
The Court therefore concludes that Defendant has waived its governmental immunity from suit by removing this case to federal court. Furthermore, Defendant is not protected by Eleventh Amendment immunity from suit in federal court. Viewing the statutory waiver of immunity from liability as separate and unequivocal, no doctrines of sovereign or governmental immunity deprive this Court from jurisdiction over Plaintiff’s whistle-blower claim.
In order to state a prima facie case for a whistleblower claim, Plaintiff must allege that (1) she is a public employee; (2) she acted in good faith; (3) her report involved a violation of law; (4) the violation of law was made by her employing governmental agency or by another public employee; (5) she made her report to the appropriate law enforcement authority; and (6) she suffered retaliation as a result of making her report. Housing Authority of City of El Paso v. Rangel, 131 S.W.3d 542, 546 (2004).
Defendant argues that Plaintiff has “failed to explain the alleged violation of law, failed to identify the appropriate law enforcement authority to whom Plaintiff allegedly reported a violation of law, and failed to identify the adverse employment action that Plaintiff claims occurred.”
Violation of Law
Plaintiff alleged that school administrators implemented an Intervention Plan to pull “at risk” students from PE and restrict their recess in order to tutor them for the TANS test.
Law Enforcement Authority
Plaintiff alleges that, pursuant to Harlandale ISD Policy, she reported the alleged violation to Superintendent Robert Jaklich, and later to the Harlandale ISD Board.
The particular law that an employee alleges to be violated is determinative of whether the “appropriate law enforcement authority” has the authority to “regulate under or enforce the law alleged to be violated ...” Texas Dep’t of Transp. v. Needham, 82 S.W.3d 314, 320 (Tex. 2002). In Needham, the Texas Supreme Court held that the Texas Department of Transportation (“TxDOT”) was not the appropriate law enforcement authority for a
The Court noted that the Whistle-blower Act may still apply, however, if the employee believed in good faith that TxDOT was the appropriate law enforcement authority as defined by the statute. Id. An employee acts in good faith if (1) she subjectively believed that the governmental entity was authorized to regulate under or enforce the law, or (2) her belief was objectively reasonable in light of her training and experience. Id. at 320-21. Plaintiff has alleged that she filed a complaint against her direct supervisor with her Superintendent, “pursuant to Harlan-dale ISD’s Board Policy DGBA (local).”
Adverse Employment Action
The Texas Education Code provides that a school board “may terminate the employment of a teacher employed under a probationary contract at the end of the contract period if in the board’s judgment the best interests of the district will be served by terminating the employment.” Tex. Educ.Code. § 21.103(a). The board is required to perform a written evaluation of a teacher at least annually, and to consider the most recent evaluation before making the decision not to renew a teacher’s contract if evaluations are relevant to that decision. Id. § 21.203(a). The board’s decision to terminate or nonrenew a probationary contract “is final and may not be appealed.”
The Whistleblower Act defines “personnel action” as any “action that affects a public employee’s compensation, promotion, demotion, transfer, work assignment, or performance evaluation.” Tex. Gov’t Code § 554.001(3). Defendant argues that Plaintiff cannot show that she suffered harm as a result of her report, because the Texas Education Code permits school boards to terminate or nonrenew probationary teacher contracts at the end of their terms, without good cause or specific reasons.
Plaintiffs Whistleblower Act claim is not barred by doctrines of sovereign or governmental immunity, and Plaintiff has pled a prima facie case. Accordingly, Defendant’s motion to dismiss Plaintiffs Whistleblower Act claim is DENIED.
II. First Amendment Claim
Bonillas alleges a claim pursuant to 42 U.S.C. § 1983 for violation of her First and Fourteenth Amendment rights. She alleges that Defendant retaliated against her for exercising her First Amendment rights by making speech as a citizen on matters of public concern, the “efficient provision of public services.”
To succeed on a First Amendment retaliation claim, a Plaintiff must prove that (1) she suffered an adverse employment decision; (2) she was engaged in a protected activity; and (3) the adverse decision was caused by the protected activity. Jordan v. Ector County, 516 F.3d 290, 295 (5th Cir. 2008). “[W]hen public employees make statements pursuant to their official ‘duties, the employees are not speaking as citizens' for First Amendment purposes, and the Constitution does not insulate their communications from employer discipline.” Garcetti v. Ceballos, 547 U.S. 410, 421, 126 S.Ct. 1951, 164 L.Ed.2d 689 (2006). Furthermore, speech made “solely in furtherance of a personal employer-employee dispute” is not protected First Amendment activity. Salge v. Edna Independent School Dist., 411 F.3d 178, 187-88 (5th Cir. 2005).
Defendant objects that Plaintiff has not alleged sufficient facts to establish that she suffered an adverse employment decision, because she had no right to renewal of her probationary contract. Defendant also seeks to characterize Plaintiffs speech as only an employee grievance, and argues that the context and timing of her complaints indicates
made only internally or through the employee grievance process. Defendant also argues that Plaintiff has not alleged any connection between her public complaints and the termination of her job, asserting that it was the Board who terminated her contract while her grievance was submitted only to the Superintendent.
III. Fourteenth Amendment Due Process Claims
Plaintiff asserts a Fourteenth Amendment claim based on the allegations that Defendant made public false charges in connection with the termination of her contract, that she “was not provided notice or an opportunity to be heard prior to the discharge” despite requesting an open hearing, and that her “request for a hearing to clear her name was denied.”
When a government entity discharges its employee “in a manner that creates a false and defamatory impression about him and thus stigmatizes him and forecloses him from other employment opportunities,” the employee may have a claim for violation of the right to procedural due process.
Defendant argues that Plaintiffs allegations do not rise to the level of stigma plus because she has not alleged the specific comments made by Defendant, and she has alleged only that school officials commented on her poor performance evaluation.
Defendant’s arguments are not persuasive. Plaintiffs press conference was not an invitation or open forum to make stigmatizing comments about the Plaintiff. Furthermore, as discussed above, Plaintiff has alleged other damages beyond the nonrenewal of her contract. The “liberty” protected by the Fourteenth Amendment is broad. Board of Regents of State Colleges v. Roth, 408 U.S. 564, 572, 92 S.Ct. 2701, 38 L.Ed.2d 548 (1972). It may include “the right of the individual to contract, to engage in any of the common occupations of life, to acquire useful knowledge ...” Id. (quoting Meyer v. Nebraska, 262 U.S. 390, 399, 43 S.Ct. 625, 67 L.Ed. 1042 (1923)). An individual’s mere interest in his or her own reputation, apart from some more tangible interest, is not protected. Thomas v. Kippermann, 846 F.2d 1009, 1010 (5th Cir. 1988); see also Paul v. Davis, 424 U.S. 693, 712, 96 S.Ct. 1155, 47 L.Ed.2d 405 (1976). With regard to any potential “badge of infamy” resulting from the alleged statements, Defendant’s Reply admits that it is equally plausible that the comments foreclosed employment opportunities as it is plausible that Plaintiff was not harmed by the comments.
Finally, Defendant argues that Plaintiffs allegation that she was denied her request for an open hearing does not fulfill the requirement that she allege that she was not provided an opportunity to be heard, because she was provided a closed hearing before the board.
Accordingly, Defendant’s motion to dismiss the Fourteenth Amendment due process clam is denied.
IV. 42 U.S.C. § 1983 Claim
Defendant argues that Plaintiff may not use the statutory mechanism of 42 U.S.C. § 1983 because she has not alleged that any conduct against her was a result of an official policy or widespread and customary practice of HISD.
A municipality may be liable under 42 U.S.C. § 1983 only when “execution of a government’s policy or custom, whether made by its lawmakers or by those whose edicts or acts may fairly be said to represent official policy, inflicts the injury.” Monell v. Dep’t of Soc. Serv., 436 U.S. 658, 694, 98 S.Ct. 2018, 56 L.Ed.2d 611 (1978). In addition to officially adopted policy statements, regulations, ordinances, or decisions, an “official policy” may be established by proof of a “persistent, widespread practice ... which, although not authorized by officially adopted and promulgated policy, is so common and well settled as to constitute a custom that fairly represents municipal policy.” Webster v. City of Houston, 735 F.2d 838, 841 (5th Cir. 1984) (citing 42 U.S.C. § 1983).
Plaintiff has alleged that her complaints were repeatedly ignored or denied by both the Superintendent and the HISD Board. She has also alleged that the Board denied her the opportunity of a hearing to clear her name. Construing the facts in her favor, she has alleged sufficient facts that she may be able to prove that a policy or custom of the Board resulted in the actions taken against her. At the motion to dismiss stage, the Plaintiff is not required to provide all facts which she believes establish such a custom or practice. Furthermore, Defendant’s argument that “the HISD Board had no notice or knowledge of any retaliation” ignores the allegations that the Board itself denied Plaintiffs complaint and opportunity to be heard.
Accordingly, Defendant’s motion to dismiss the claims brought under 42 U.S.C. § 1983 is denied.
CONCLUSION
Defendant has waived its governmental immunity from suit by removing this case to federal court, and is not protected by Eleventh Amendment immunity from suit in federal court. Thus, no doctrines of sovereign or governmental immunity deprive this Court from jurisdiction over Plaintiffs whistleblower claim, and Plaintiff has alleged a prima facie whistleblower claim sufficient to survive the motion to dismiss. Furthermore, Plaintiffs com
It is so ORDERED.
. The facts contained in this summary are those alleged by Plaintiff’s complaint. No evidence beyond the pleadings is before this Court. Pl.'s First. Am. Pet., Dec. 22, 2010, Am. Ex. 1 of Appendix to Notice of Removal (Docket Entry No. 4).
. Pl.’s Orig. Pet., Aug. 18, 2010, Am. Ex. 1 of Appendix to Notice of Removal (Docket Entry No. 4).
. Def.’s Orig. Ans., Sep. 10, 2010, Am. Ex. 1 of Appendix to Notice of Removal.
. Pl.’s First. Am. Pet., Dec. 22, 2010, Am. Ex. 1 of Appendix to Notice of Removal.
. Notice of Removal, Dec. 29, 2010. (Docket Entry No. 1).
. Mot. To Dismiss, Jan. 4, 2011 (Docket Entry No. 5).
. Am.- Resp. To Mot. To Dismiss, Jan. 17, 2011 (Docket Entry No. 7).
. Reply to Resp. To Mot. To Dismiss, Jan. 19, 2011 (Docket Entry No. 8).
. PL's First Am. Pet. ¶¶ 27-33.
. Def.’s Mot. To Dismiss at 3-4.
. PL’s Resp. at 4-5.
. See e.g., Tomball Hosp. Authority v. Harris County Hosp. Dist., 178 S.W.3d 244, 249-50 (Tex.App.-Houston [14th Dist.] 2005), reh’g overruled and pet. for review filed (citing Wichita Falls State Hosp. v. Taylor, 106 S.W.3d 692, 694 n. 3 (Tex. 2003)).
. See e.g., Pennhurst State School & Hosp. v. Halderman, 465 U.S. 89, 100-01, 104 S.Ct. 900, 79 L.Ed.2d 67 (1984).
. Def.'s Mot. to Dismiss at 4.
. See Dillard v. Austin Independent School Dist., 806 S.W.2d 589, 594 (citing Braun v. Trustees of Victoria Indep. School Dist., 114 S.W.2d 947, 949-50) (Tex.App.-Aus. 1991, writ ref'd).
. Def.’s Mot. at 5-6.
. Pl.'s First Am. Pet. ¶ 9.
. Id. 1110.
.Id. ¶28.
. Id. ¶¶ 14, 17, 30.
. Id. ¶ 30.
. Id. ¶ 14.
. Id. ¶17.
. Id. ¶ 29.
. Id. ¶ 30.
. Defendant argues that reporting a violation of Board policy to the Board is not conduct protected by the Whistleblower Act. The Court notes that Plaintiff has alleged violations of the Texas Education Code, not just Board policy, and that she alleges the violations were committed by her supervisor Principal Cooremans, not the Board itself.
. Plaintiff also alleges that she reported the alleged violation to the media in an interview with WOAI News 4. However, reports to the press do not implicate the Whistleblower Act. City of Beaumont v. Bouillion, 896 S.W.2d 143, 146 (Tex. 1995).
. Def.’s Mot. at 6.
. Id. at 7.
. PL’s First Am. Pet. ¶ 31.
. See id. ¶ 41.
. PL’s First Am. Pet. ¶¶ 34-36.
. Def.'s Mot. at 9-10.
. Pl.’s First Am. Pet. ¶ 31.
. Id. ¶15.
. Def.'s Mot. at 12.
. Pl.’s First Am. Pet. ¶¶ 17, 30.
. Id. ¶ 15.
. See U.S. ex rel. Willard v. Humana Health Plan of Texas Inc., 336 F.3d 375, 379 (5th Cir. 2003).
. Pl.’s First Am. Pet. ¶¶ 38-40.
. Defendant's motion to dismiss does not distinguish between substantive due process or procedural due process arguments.
. Def.’s Mot. at 13-14.
. Id.; Def.'s Reply at 5-6.
. Def.'s Mot. at 13.
. Id. at 15-16.
. Def.'s Reply at 7.
. Def.’s Mot. at 16-17.
. Pl.’s First Am. Pet. ¶ 25.
. Id.
. Defendant relies on the Fifth Circuit's decision in Fairchild v. Liberty Independent School District for its argument that Plaintiff was not entitled to a public hearing and thus that her request for one did not satisfy the stigma plus test. Def.’s Reply at 8-9. Defendant misconstrues the case. Fairchild dealt only with whether hearing a teacher's grievance in closed session was a violation of her First Amendment rights.
.Def.’s Mot. at 18-21.
Reference
- Full Case Name
- Catherine BONILLAS v. HARLANDALE INDEPENDENT SCHOOL DISTRICT
- Cited By
- 5 cases
- Status
- Published