Bracken v. Wells Fargo Bank, N.A.
Bracken v. Wells Fargo Bank, N.A.
Opinion of the Court
MEMORANDUM OPINION AND ORDER GRANTING IN PART DEFENDANT’S MOTION TO DISMISS AND GRANTING IN PART DEFENDANT’S MOTION FOR SUMMARY JUDGMENT
Pending before the court is Defendant Wells Fargo Bank, N.A.,’s Motion to Dismiss Plaintiffs’ Second Amended Complaint (Dkt.19) and Plaintiffs’ Response (Dkt.20). Also pending before the court is Defendant’s Motion for Summary Judgment (Dkt.26), Plaintiffs’ Response (Dkt.32), Defendant’s Reply (Dkt.36), and Plaintiffs’ Sur-Reply (Dkt.39). For the reasons set forth herein, Defendant’s Motion to Dismiss (Dkt.19) is GRANTED in part. On the claims that remain, Defendant’s Motion for Summary Judgment (Dkt.26) is GRANTED. Accordingly, Plaintiffs’ claims are DISMISSED WITH PREJUDICE.
The parties’ motions in limine (Dkts. 43 and 44) are DENIED AS MOOT.
I. Jurisdiction and Venue
Jurisdiction is proper in this court under 28 U.S.C. §§ 1332(a)(1) and 1367. Venue is proper under 28 U.S.C. § 1391(b)(2).
II. Background
The facts as alleged in Plaintiffs’ Second Amended Complaint are as follows: Plaintiffs purchased the property at 2617 Wes-tridge Drive, Plano, Texas 75075 in 1994. Plaintiffs refinanced their mortgage on August 28, 2008 with a Texas Home Equity Note held by Defendant Wells Fargo.
Plaintiff Michael Bracken lost his job in October 2008. Before Plaintiffs fell behind on their payments, they notified Wells Fargo of their financial difficulties and requested that Wells Fargo arrange a lower payment plan for them until Mr. Bracken could find employment. According to Plaintiffs, Wells Fargo responded that “they did not know any way to help them.”
Plaintiff Laura Bracken lost her job in February 2009. In March 2009, Plaintiffs called Wells Fargo and requested a loan modification in response to a letter sent by Wells Fargo outlining some options that could assist Plaintiffs in bringing their loan current. Plaintiffs then went through the steps to apply for a loan modification. On May 20, 2009, Wells Fargo sent Plaintiffs a monthly mortgage statement that reflected a new payment amount. The new statement showed that Plaintiffs were behind $5,379.30 on their payments.
From that point on, Plaintiffs continued pursuing a loan modification. They were asked to submit three trial payments for a reduced amount, which they successfully paid. They were repeatedly asked to submit additional (and sometimes duplicative) financial information to be considered with the modification application. Plaintiffs continually contacted Wells Fargo to inquire about the status of their application and were, according to Plaintiffs, given various responses, including that their application was no longer being considered and they would need to start the process over again. Wells Fargo continued to postpone the foreclosure sale of the property, and Plaintiffs entered into a second trial payment plan.
Finally, on May 25, 2010, Wells Fargo approved Plaintiffs’ modification application. However, Plaintiffs allege that when they received the paperwork from Wells Fargo it was incorrect. Plaintiffs returned the paperwork to Wells Fargo unsigned. Plaintiffs continued to follow up with Wells Fargo and to seek a loan modification.
On July 16, 2010, Plaintiffs were told that their loan could not be modified because there was a lien on their property. Plaintiffs contend that there was no lien against their property, and that they confirmed that by checking with the county records office. Plaintiffs allege that they contacted Wells Fargo on July 18, 2010 and “were told that Defendants routinely make claims that there are liens against the property knowing it is false, but it slows things down since the homeowner now has to prove that there really are no liens on the property.”
Ultimately, in October 2010, Wells Fargo advised Plaintiffs that they did not qualify for any type of loan modification program because their loan is a Texas home equity loan. Wells Fargo also notified Plaintiffs that their home would be sold at a foreclosure auction on January 4, 2011. Plaintiffs filed a voluntary bankruptcy petition to stop the sale.
Plaintiffs continued to seek a loan modification from Wells Fargo, but Wells Fargo continued to respond that their loan could not be modified because it is a Texas home equity loan. On February 3, 2011, Plaintiffs received a notice of default and intent to accelerate from BDFTE. Plaintiffs continued to contact Wells Fargo and spoke with various representatives and resubmitted their financial information a number of times. However, Wells Fargo maintained that Plaintiffs loan was not eligible for modification because it was a Texas home equity loan. Defendant filed an application for foreclosure. Plaintiffs filed this suit to prevent the foreclosure.
In deciding a Rule 12(b)(6) motion, the court must accept all of the plaintiffs allegations as true.
The Supreme Court in Iqbal established a two-step approach for assessing the sufficiency of a complaint in the context of a Rule 12(b)(6) motion.
Summary judgment shall be granted “if the movant shows that there is no genuine dispute as to any material fact and the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.”
IV. Analysis
a. Breach of Contract
Plaintiffs’ Second Amended Complaint alleges a number of theories in the section entitled “Breach of Contract and Anticipatory Breach of Contract.”
To prevail on a breach of contract claim, a plaintiff must prove: “(1) the existence of a valid contract; (2) performance or tender of performance; (3) breach by the defendant; and (4) damages resulting from the breach.”
Plaintiffs allege that Defendant violated Section 51.002(d) of the Texas Property Code. Section 51.002(d) of the Texas Property Code requires a mortgagee to serve “written notice by certified mail stating that the debtor is in default,” and give a mortgagor “at least 20 days to cure the default before notice of sale can be given.” The Deed of Trust further requires that Lender “give notice to Borrower prior to acceleration following Borrower’s breach of any covenant or agreement in the Security Instrument” that specifies “(a) the default; (b) the action required to cure the default; (c) a date, not less than 30 days from the date the notice is given to Borrower, by which the default must be cured; and (d) that failure to cure the default on or before the date specified in the notice will result in acceleration of the sums” owed.
Plaintiffs contend in their Second Amended Complaint that Defendant never gave them an opportunity to cure and reinstate their note. However, the allegations within the Second Amended Complaint show otherwise. Plaintiffs received a statement in May 2009 indicating the balance of overdue payments. Then, two months later in July 2009, Plaintiffs received a letter from BDFTE indicating Wells Fargo’s intention to accelerate the debt and notifying them that a foreclosure sale would be scheduled for September 1, 2009. Assuming the allegations from the Second Amended Complaint were sufficient to state a claim for breach of contract against Wells Fargo for failing to give Plaintiffs an opportunity to cure and reinstate, the summary judgment evidence put forth by Defendant shows that Plaintiffs were given multiple opportunities to cure and reinstate their note during the last five years.
Plaintiffs next allege that Defendant breached the Deed of Trust contract by preventing Plaintiffs from performing under the contract. Plaintiffs have failed to state a plausible claim for relief based on this theory. It is undisputed that when Plaintiffs ceased making payments on their mortgage, it was due to their own financial difficulties and not because Wells Fargo prevented them from making payments. Defendant’s motion to dismiss Plaintiffs’ breach of contract claim based on this argument is GRANTED.
1. Waiver of Wells Fargo’s Right to Foreclose
Plaintiffs next argue that Defendant waived its right to foreclose. Under Texas law, “[wjaiver is the intentional relinquishment of a right actually known, or intentional conduct inconsistent with claiming that right.”
Extension of the time for payment or modification of amortization of the sums secured by this Security Instrument granted by Lender to Borrower ... shall not operate to release the liability of Borrower ... Any forbearance by Lender in exercising any right or remedy including, without limitation, Lender’s acceptance of payments ... in amounts less than the amount then due, shall not be a waiver of or preclude the exercise of any right or remedy.37
Further, the summary judgment evidence shows that Wells Fargo did indeed continue to pursue foreclosure by repeatedly posting the property for foreclosure sale.
2. Wells Fargo’s Breach of Unilateral Contract
Plaintiffs allege that Defendant breached a unilateral contract with Plaintiffs based on its representations and promises of a loan modification when it posted Plaintiffs’ property for foreclosure sale. Plaintiffs contend that Wells Fargo’s promises to modify their loan if they made trial payments constitute a unilateral contract that became binding once Plaintiffs made the trial payments.
A unilateral contract is “created by the promisor promising a benefit if the promisee performs” and becomes enforceable when the promisee performs.
The undisputed summary judgment evidence shows that it was Plaintiffs who rejected the modification contract offered by Defendants after Plaintiffs complied with the trial payment plan. Plaintiffs sent back the modification contract unsigned because they believed that their income had been incorrectly assessed.
b. Anticipatory Breach of Contract
An anticipatory breach of contract “is a positive and unconditional refusal to perform the contract in the future, expressed either before performance is due or after partial performance.”
While the header on Plaintiffs’ Second Amended Complaint indicates that they are alleging a claim for anticipatory breach of contract, they have alleged no facts to support this claim. Plaintiffs con
c. Unreasonable Collection Efforts
Under Texas law, “(u)nreasonable collection is an intentional tort.”
d. Texas Debt Collection Act/Texas Deceptive Trade Practices Act
Plaintiffs next allege four violations of the Texas Debt Collection Act. The TDCA applies to foreclosure actions because “foreclosure actions inevitably involve a debt collection aspect.”
Plaintiffs contend that by “delaying” their loan modification application for fourteen months, requiring Plaintiffs to submit their financial information multiple times, and incorrectly calculating a modification package, Defendant violated the TDCA. Plaintiffs also argue that Wells Fargo’s actions in taking the loan out of the modification process and adding “numerous charges for late fees and past due interest for nonpayment during these periods” are a violation of the TDCA. Plaintiffs further assert that they were “misled by Defendant into believing that they were being approved for a loan modification if they kept making the payments pursuant to the trial payment plans, that they were eligible for a loan modification, and that their loan would be modified.”
Plaintiffs have failed to put forth any evidence that supports their allegation that Wells Fargo used a false or deceptive means to collect a debt. Wells Fargo told Plaintiffs that foreclosure would be pursued concurrently with consideration of their modification application. Indeed, Wells Fargo offered Plaintiffs a loan modification, which they rejected. There is no evidence to support Plaintiffs’ claim that Wells Fargo misrepresented the character, extent, or amount of the debt. Plaintiffs claim under Section 392.303(a)(2) also fails because Plaintiffs have not put forth any evidence to support their allegation that Wells Fargo used unfair or unconscionable means to collect charges incidental to the obligation. Finally, Plaintiffs claim for relief under Section 392.301(a)(8) also fails because they have stated no factual allegations that would support their claim that Wells Fargo’s pursuit of foreclosure was prohibited by law. Plaintiffs admit that they fell behind on their mortgage payments, and under the terms of the Deed of Trust and Texas law, Defendant was entitled to pursue the remedy of foreclosure. Therefore, Defendant’s motion for summary judgment on Plaintiffs’ TDCA claims is GRANTED. Accordingly, Defendant’s motion for summary judgment on Plaintiffs’ tie-in claims under the Texas Deceptive Trade Practices Act is also GRANTED.
e. Negligent Misrepresentation
Under Texas law, a claimant alleging negligent misrepresentation must show the following:
(1) the representation is made by a defendant in the course of his business, or in a transaction in which the defendant has a pecuniary interest; (2) the defendant supplies ‘false information’ for the guidance of others in their business; (3)*685 the defendant did not exercise reasonable care or competence in obtaining or communicating the information; and (4) the plaintiff suffers a pecuniary loss by justifiably relying on the representation.61
“The misrepresentation at issue must be one of existing fact” rather than a promise of future conduct.
f. Section 50(a), Article XVI of the Texas Constitution
Plaintiffs have withdrawn this claim, and therefore Defendant’s motion to dismiss is DENIED as moot.
g. Declaratory Judgment, Accounting, and Damages
Plaintiffs seek a declaratory judgment, an accounting of all transactions on their loan, and damages. Because the court has either dismissed or granted summary judgment on all of Plaintiffs’ substantive claims as detailed in this order, Defendant’s motion for summary judgment on Plaintiffs’ claims to these remedies is GRANTED.
Y. Conclusion
Defendant’s Motion to Dismiss Plaintiffs’ Second Amended Complaint (Dkt.19) is GRANTED in part. Defendant’s Motion for Summary Judgment (Dkt.26) is GRANTED on all remaining claims. Plaintiff’s claims are DISMISSED WITH PREJUDICE. The parties’ motions in li-mine (Dkts.43, 44) are DENIED AS MOOT.
IT IS SO ORDERED.
. Compl. ¶ 9.
. Compl. ¶ 12.
. Compl. ¶ 25.
. Ballard v. Wall, 413 F.3d 510, 514-15 (5th Cir. 2005).
. Bell Atlantic Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 563, 127 S.Ct. 1955, 167 L.Ed.2d 929 (2007).
. Gonzalez v. Kay, 577 F.3d 600, 603 (5th Cir. 2009) (citing Twombly, 550 U.S. at 555, 127 S.Ct. 1955).
. Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678, 129 S.Ct. 1937, 173 L.Ed,2d 868 (2009) (internal quotation marks omitted).
. Id.
. Id.
. Twombly, 550 U.S. at 563 n.8, 127 S.Ct. 1955.
. Ashcroft, 556 U.S. at 679-80, 129 S.Ct. 1937 (2009).
. Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 679, 129 S.Ct. 1937.
. Id. at 681, 129 S.Ct. 1937.
. Id.
. Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(a) (emphasis added).
. Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 248, 106 S.Ct. 2505, 91 L.Ed.2d 202 (1986).
. Id.
. Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 323-24, 106 S.Ct. 2548, 91 L.Ed.2d 265 (1986).
. Anderson, 477 U.S. at 250, 106 S.Ct. 2505.
. See Evans v. City of Bishop, 238 F.3d 586, 589 (5th Cir. 2000).
. Payne v. Sw. Bell Tel., L.P., 562 F.Supp.2d 780, 783 (E.D.Tex. 2005).
. Id. at 322 n.3, 106 S.Ct. 2548; see also Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(e)(3) ("If a party fails to properly support an assertion of fact or fails to properly address another party’s assertion of fact as required by Rule 56(c), the court may grant summary judgment if the motion and supporting materials — including the facts considered undisputed — show that the mov-ant is entitled to it.”).
. Wallace v. Tex. Tech Univ., 80 F.3d 1042, 1047 (5th Cir. 1996) (internal quotation marks omitted).
. See Stults v. Conoco, Inc., 76 F.3d 651, 655 (5th Cir. 1996).
. East. Dist. Tex. Local R. CV-56(c).
. See Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 327, 106 S.Ct. 2548, 91 L.Ed.2d 265 (1986).
. Compl. ¶ 15.
. Oliphant Fin., LLC v. Patton, No. 05-17-01731, 2010 WL 936688, at *3 (Tex.App.-Dallas Mar. 17, 2010, pet. denied) (mem.op.); see also Smith Intern., Inc. v. Egle Group, LLC, 490 F.3d 380, 387 (5th Cir. 2007).
. Dkt. 19 at 15.
. See Thomas v. EMC Mortgage Corp., 499 Fed.Appx. 337, 341 (5th Cir. Nov. 30, 2012) ("Under well-established principles of Texas contract law, that material breach would normally prevent [the Plaintiffs] from maintaining a breach-of-contract claim.” (citing Dobbins v. Redden, 785 S.W.2d 377, 378 (Tex. 1990))).
. See generally Sec. Am. Compl.
. See Sinclair v. Donovan, No. 1:11-cv-00010, 2011 WL 5326093, at *7-8, 2011 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 128220, at *27 (S.D.Ohio, Nov. 4, 2011) ("[I]t indeed would be an absurd result if the Lender Defendants were allowed to ignore the contract terms drafted to govern their post-default conduct on the grounds that the mortgagors have defaulted.").
. Dkt. 19-1 ¶ 21.
. Dkt. 26 at 12 (“Specifically, one example is the February 2011 Notice of Default and Intent to Accelerate which was mailed to and received by the Brackens, and which demanded the past-due balance of $33,128.08 to cure and reinstate.”); see also Dkt. 26-8; Dkt. 26-10 at 122:4-123:34; Dkt. 26-11 at 32:17-34:9.
. Utico Cas. Co. v. Allied Pilots Ass’n, 262 S.W.3d 773, 778 (Tex. 2008).
. Compl. ¶¶ 11-12.
. Dkt. 26-3 ¶ 11.
. See e.g., Affidavit of Laura Bracken, Dkt. 32-1 at 2 ("On July 6, 2009 we received a letter notifying us that our loan file had been referred to Wells Fargo’s attorneys.”); Dkt. 32-1 at 8 ("On or about October 25, 2010, we were advised that Wells Fargo had set a new sale date of January 4, 2011.”).
.Watson v. Citimortgage, Inc., 814 F.Supp.2d 726, 732 (E.D.Tex. 2011) (quoting Vanegas v. Am. Energy Servs., 302 S.W.3d 299,
. Rackley v. JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A., Case No. SA-11-CV-387-XR, 2011 WL 2971357, at *4 (W.D.Tex. July 21, 2011).
. Tex. Bus. & Com. Code § 26.02(a)(2) & (b); see also Diet. 26-2, Texas Home Equity Note at ¶ 12 (“This Note constitutes a "written loan agreement” pursuant to Section 26.02 of the Texas Business and Commerce Code, if such section applies. This written loan agreement represents the final agreement between the parties and may not be contradicted by evidence of prior, contemporaneous, or subsequent oral agreements of the parties. There are no unwritten oral agreements between the parties.”).
. Dkt. 26-10, Tr. 111:1-8. The summary judgment evidence put forth by Defendant, and undisputed by Plaintiff Michael Bracken during his deposition establishes that Wells Fargo did not incorrectly assess Plaintiffs’ income when it drafted the modification agreement.
. Van Polen v. Wisch, 23 S.W.3d 510, 516 (Tex.App.-Houston [1st Dist.] 2000, pet. denied).
. Gonzalez v. Denning, 394 F.3d 388, 394 (5th Cir. 2004).
. Narvaez v. Wilshire Credit Corp., 757 F.Supp.2d 621, 631 (N.D.Tex. 2010).
. Preston v. Love, 240 S.W.2d 486, 487 (Tex.Civ.App.-Austin 1951, no writ).
. Dkt. 32 at 22.
. EMC Mortg. Corp. v. Jones, 252 S.W.3d 857, 868 (Tex.App.-Dallas 2008, no pet.).
. Id..) see also B.F. Jackson, Inc. v. CoStar Realty Info., Inc., No. H-08-3244, 2009 WL 1812922, at *5 (S.D.Tex. May 20, 2009).
. Burnette v. Wells Fargo Bank, N.A., No. 4:09-cv-370, 2011 WL 676955, at *6 (E.D.Tex. Jan. 27, 2011), adopted by, 2011 WL 675392 (E.D.Tex. Feb. 16, 2011).
. Indeed, Plaintiffs failed to respond to Defendant’s motion for summary judgment on this claim, and therefore even if Plaintiffs had stated a plausible claim for relief, Defendant’s motion for summary judgment would be granted because Plaintiffs failed to put forth evidence to show that there is a genuine dispute as to a material fact.
. See Biggers v. BAC Home Loans Servicing, LP, 767 F.Supp.2d 725, 730-732 (N.D.Tex. 2011).
. A debt collector is "a person who directly or indirectly engages in debt collection.” Tex. Fin. Code § 392.001(6).
. Debt collection is "an action, conduct, or practice in collecting, or in soliciting for collection, consumer debts that are due or alleged to be due to a creditor.” Tex. Fin. Code § 392.001(5). A "consumer debt” is “an obligation, or an alleged obligation, primarily for personal, family, or household purposes and arising from a transaction or alleged transaction.” Tex. Fin. Code Ann. § 392.001(2).
. Tex. Fin. Code § 392.304(a)(19).
. Narvaez v. Wilshire Credit Corp., 757 F.Supp.2d 621, 632 (N.D.Tex. 2010).
. Tex. Fin. Code § 392.304(a)(8).
. Tex. Fin. Code § 392.303(a)(2).
. Tex. Fin. Code § 392.301(a)(8).
. Dkt. 32 at 24.
. Biggers v. BAC Home Loans Servicing, LP, 767 F.Supp.2d 725, 734 (N.D.Tex. Feb. 10, 2011) (citing Fed. Land Bank Assoc. of Tyler v. Sloane, 825 S.W.2d 439, 442 (Tex. 1991)).
. Fankhauser v. Fannie Mae, No. 4:10-cv-274, 2011 WL 1630193, at *7 (E.D.Tex. Mar. 30, 2011), adopted by, 2011 WL 1630177 (E.D.Tex. Apr. 29, 2011).
. Compl. ¶ 77. The court notes that Defendant has also put forth evidence that Plaintiff Laura Bracken testified at her deposition that no one from Wells Fargo ever told Plaintiffs that Wells Fargo would not foreclose on their home. Dkt. 26 at 26. Even if Plaintiffs had stated a plausible claim for relief in their Second Amended Complaint, the summary-judgment evidence would still result in dismissal of their claim for negligent misrepresentation.
Reference
- Full Case Name
- Michael BRACKEN and Laura Bracken v. WELLS FARGO BANK, N.A.
- Cited By
- 4 cases
- Status
- Published