United States Court of Appeals For the First Circuit

No. 19-1081

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

Appellee,

v.

HÉCTOR JAVIER O'FARRILL-LÓPEZ,

Defendant, Appellant.

APPEAL FROM THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE DISTRICT OF PUERTO RICO

[Hon. Carmen Consuelo Cerezo, U.S. District Judge]

Before

Lynch and Selya, Circuit Judges, and Katzmann,* Judge.

Eric A. Vos, Federal Public Defender, Vivianne Marrero- Torres, Assistant Federal Public Defender, and Franco L. Pérez- Redondo, Research & Writing Specialist, on brief for appellant. W. Stephen Muldrow, United States Attorney, Mariana E. Bauzá- Almonte, Assistant United States Attorney, Chief, Appellate Division, and Antonio L. Pérez-Alonso, Assistant United States Attorney, on brief for appellee.

* Of the United States Court of International Trade, sitting by designation. March 12, 2021 SELYA, Circuit Judge. A federal grand jury sitting in

the District of Puerto Rico returned an indictment charging

defendant-appellant Héctor Javier O'farrill-López (O'farrill) with

production of child pornography.1 See

(a), (e).

The charged offense was alleged to have taken place from in or

about 2016 through early July of 2017, and it is undisputed that

O'farrill was then serving a twelve-year term of probation imposed

by a local court for an unrelated crime.

O'farrill pleaded not guilty to the federal indictment,

and plea negotiations ensued. Those negotiations proved fruitful,

and the parties entered into a plea agreement (the Agreement).

Under the terms of the Agreement, the government agreed to dismiss

the indictment and instead file a one-count information (the

Information) charging O'farrill with the lesser offense of

possession of child pornography. See 18 U.S.C. § 2252A(a)(5)(B).

O'farrill, in turn, agreed to plead guilty to the Information.

The Agreement — which was binding upon the parties and,

if accepted, upon the district court, see Fed. R. Crim. P.

11(c)(1)(C) — contained a provision denominated "Specific Sentence

Recommendation." In relevant part, this provision stipulated

that, "in exchange for the defendant pleading guilty to COUNT ONE

The record contains differing spellings of O'farrill's name. 1

We treat as authoritative the spelling used both in the plea agreement and in O'farrill's signature on that agreement. For consistency, we employ that nomenclature throughout.

- 3 - of the Information, the parties agree to recommend a sentence of

seventy-eight (78) months of imprisonment and at least five years

of supervised release." The Agreement also contained a waiver-

of-appeal provision, stipulating that the "[d]efendant knowingly

and voluntarily agrees that, if the imprisonment sentence imposed

by the Court is seventy-eight (78) months, the defendant waives

the right to appeal any aspect of this case's judgment and

sentence, including but not limited to the term of imprisonment or

probation, restitution, fines, forfeiture, and the term and

conditions of supervised release."

In due course, the district court accepted the

Agreement. The government then filed the Information, and — after

a thorough plea colloquy — O'farrill pleaded guilty to it. This

colloquy included a discussion of the effect of the waiver-of-

appeal provision, as called for by Federal Rule of Criminal

Procedure 11(b)(1)(N). The court continued the matter for

sentencing and, on December 14, 2018, sentenced O'farrill to a

seventy-eight-month term of immurement,2 to be followed by five

years of supervised release. The court denied O'farrill's request

that the incarcerative portion of the sentence be ordered to run

concurrently with any period of incarceration that might

2 The seventy-eight-month sentence was not only the incarcerative sentence specified in the Agreement but also fell at the bottom of the applicable guideline sentencing range.

- 4 - thereafter be imposed by the Puerto Rico courts in consequence of

his violation of probation. Once sentence was imposed, the court

— on motion of the government — dismissed the original indictment.

This timely appeal followed. In it, O'farrill attempts

to challenge the district court's failure to run his sentence

concurrently with any sentence that might be imposed by the Puerto

Rico courts for the probation violation.

Our inquiry begins — and ends — with the waiver-of-

appeal provision. Two decades ago, we ruled "that plea-agreement

waivers of the right to appeal from imposed sentences are

presumptively valid (if knowing and voluntary)." United States v.

Teeter,

(1st Cir. 2001). Although O'farrill

effectively concedes that the waiver of appeal in this case was

knowing and voluntary, the proposition stated in Teeter has some

other limitations. See

. To begin, Teeter only

applies when a claim of error falls within the scope of the waiver.

See

. Another limitation is that such a waiver is "subject

to a general exception under which the court of appeals retains

inherent power to relieve the defendant of the waiver, albeit on

terms that are just to the government, where a miscarriage of

justice" would otherwise occur.

. As we explain

below, O'farrill's claim of error is within the scope of the waiver

and enforcing the waiver does not result in a miscarriage of

justice.

- 5 - In the case at hand, O'farrill argues that Teeter does

not apply because his claim of error falls outside the scope of

the Agreement's waiver-of-appeal provision. He also argues that

even if Teeter applies, the appeal waiver should not be enforced

because enforcement would come within Teeter's miscarriage-of-

justice exception. It is to these arguments that we now turn.

We set the stage. Courts interpret plea agreements

according to traditional contract-law principles. See Garza v.

Idaho,

(2019); United States v. Almonte-Nuñez,

(1st Cir. 2014). A fundamental tenet of contract

law instructs that the unambiguous words of a contract should

ordinarily be given their plain meaning. See Smart v. Gillette

Co. Long-Term Disab. Plan,

(1st Cir. 1995). Thus,

when the relevant text of a plea agreement is unambiguous, "[p]lea

agreements should be given their plain meaning." United States v.

Ocasio-Cancel,

(1st Cir. 2013); accord United

States v. Murphy-Cordero,

(1st Cir. 2013). Put

another way, courts should not impose conditions on plea agreements

that go beyond those to which the parties have agreed. See United

States v. Benchimol,

(1985) (per curiam).

In the Agreement, O'farrill waived his right "to appeal

any aspect of [his] judgment and sentence" so long as "the

imprisonment sentence imposed by the Court is seventy-eight (78)

months." That was exactly the sentence that the district court

- 6 - imposed and, thus, the sole condition for the operation of the

waiver was fulfilled. No more was exigible to give force to the

waiver. See United States v. Santiago,

(1st Cir.

2020), cert. denied,

(2020).

O'farrill's counter-argument posits that the sole

condition of the waiver-of-appeal provision was not fulfilled

because the district court refused his request to order that the

sentence run concurrently with any sentence thereafter imposed by

the Puerto Rico courts for the probation violation. But a

straightforward reading of the appeal waiver demolishes

O'farrill's first argument and shows with conspicuous clarity that

his putative claim of error falls within the scope of the waiver.

A determination that a sentence should run concurrently with some

other sentence is surely "an[] aspect" of a sentence. See id.

And as such, O'farrill's claim is foreclosed by the unvarnished

terms of the waiver-of-appeal provision itself.

To be sure, O'farrill tries to validate his counter-

argument by embracing two of our prior decisions. See United

States v. Santiago-Burgos,

(1st Cir. 2014);

United States v. Maldonado-Escarfullery,

, 97 n.2 (1st

Cir. 2012). Those decisions, however, are easily distinguishable:

in each instance, the nature of the waiver-triggering event and

the language of the waiver-of-appeal provision differed materially

from the language of those elements in the Agreement.

- 7 - To illustrate, in Santiago-Burgos, the plea agreement

did not focus simply on the length of the sentence but, rather,

specified that the triggering event for the waiver was the court

sentencing the defendant "according to [the plea agreement's]

terms, conditions and recommendations."

. Because

the court ran the defendant's sentence consecutively to another

sentence, see

and because the plea agreement's terms,

conditions, and recommendations did not mention the possibility of

a consecutive sentence, see

, the waiver was never

triggered. The same distinctions apply to the other case upon

which O'farrill relies. See Maldonado-Escarfullery,

n.2 (refusing to enforce appeal waiver based on essentially

same plea-agreement language as in Santiago-Burgos).

The more pertinent precedent is our decision in

Santiago. There, we enforced an appeal waiver, worded similarly

to the appeal waiver in this case, in circumstances in which the

district court imposed a sentence within the recommended range but

ordered it to run consecutively to another sentence. See Santiago,

. Although neither the sentence-recommendation

provision nor the waiver-of-appeal provision said anything about

concurrency or consecutiveness, we enforced the waiver because the

sentence imposed coincided with the triggering event described in

the plain language of the sentence-recommendation provision — and

nothing more was required for the waiver to take effect. See

- 8 - at 2-3. Language tying the waiver's triggering event to the

"terms, conditions, and recommendations" limned in the plea

agreement was absent.

The case at hand fits seamlessly within the Santiago

mold. Here, the triggering event for the waiver was the imposition

of a seventy-eight-month sentence — precisely the sentence that

the district court imposed. And as in Santiago, language tying

the waiver's triggering event to the Agreement's "terms,

conditions, and recommendations" was absent.

O'farrill has another shot in his sling. He contends

that we should decline to enforce the waiver-of-appeal provision

because enforcement would result in a miscarriage of justice. The

premise on which this contention rests is unimpugnable: we long

have recognized a miscarriage-of-justice exception to the

enforcement of appeal waivers. See Teeter,

.

Even so, the conclusion that O'farrill draws does not follow.

Enforcement of the appeal waiver in this case will not give rise

to a miscarriage of justice. We explain briefly.

When a party seeking to avoid an appeal waiver attempts

to invoke the miscarriage-of-justice exception, we inquire into

factors such as the clarity of the waiver, the gravity and

character of the precluded claim, the potential impact of the claim

on the defendant's situation, the government's interest in

enforcing the waiver according to its terms, and the extent to

- 9 - which the defendant can be said to have acquiesced in the result.

See

. Typically, "an otherwise lawful, within-guidelines

sentence . . . does not surmount the miscarriage-of-justice

hurdle." United States v. Cabrera-Rivera,

(1st

Cir. 2018). So, too, we have held that a sentencing court's

alleged misunderstanding of the preferred approach to determining

whether a sentence should be imposed consecutively or concurrently

with another sentence, without more, is a "garden-variety claim"

of error and does not "even closely approach[]" a miscarriage of

justice. United States v. Calderón-Pacheco,

(1st

Cir. 2009).

We discern no miscarriage of justice here. The waiver-

of-appeal provision, read in conjunction with the sentence-

recommendation provision, is luminously clear: so long as

O'farrill received a seventy-eight-month incarcerative sentence —

and he did — he relinquished any right to appeal "any aspect of

[his] judgment and sentence." In addition, the question that

O'farrill seeks to raise was entirely foreseeable: the

relationship between the sentence to be imposed in this case and

the sentence that might be imposed for the probation violation was

front and center in the district court. Both in his sentencing

memorandum and at the disposition hearing, O'farrill's counsel

requested the district court to run the federal sentence

concurrently with the anticipated probation-violation sentence.

- 10 - Had the issue of concurrency been sufficiently important to

O'farrill, he could either have negotiated concurrency as part of

the Agreement or conditioned his appeal waiver on it. Having done

neither, the character of the precluded claim undermines his

miscarriage-of-justice argument. Cf. United States v. Caramadre,

(1st Cir. 2015) (explaining that "a defendant's

dissatisfaction with his sentence, no matter how profound, cannot

constitute a basis for circumventing a waiver-of-appeal provision

to which he agreed").

We have warned that the miscarriage-of-justice exception

should be "applied sparingly and without undue generosity."

Teeter,

. This case — in which O'farrill bargained

for and received a bottom-of-the-range sentence after pleading to

a substantially reduced charge — simply does not come within those

narrow confines. And this is especially true because the impact

of the challenged action on O'farrill is wholly conjectural: for

aught that appears, he has not yet received any sentence for the

probation violation. If and when one is handed down, the

sentencing court may very well elect to run it concurrently with

O'farrill's federal sentence.

O'farrill makes a related argument. He says that the

district court misapprehended its authority to impose a sentence

that would run concurrently with a sentence that had yet to be

imposed — a failing which, if it existed, might ground his

- 11 - miscarriage-of-justice argument. But we need not probe that point

too deeply because, whatever its relevance, this argument does not

withstand scrutiny.

O'farrill hinges this argument on the district court's

statement, when asked during sentencing by defense counsel to run

the federal sentence concurrently with any future sentence imposed

by the Puerto Rico courts for the probation violation, "[t]hat, I

cannot do." But the district court later clarified what it meant.

When defense counsel expressed concern that because the federal

sentence was silent on the subject, it would be deemed by the

Puerto Rico courts as intended to run consecutively, the district

court replied: "[y]es, you have concerns, but you don't give the

factual data for the Court to make a determination. So I haven't

said concurrent because there is nothing before the Court that the

Court could consider making its sentence concurrent to." We read

this exchange as implying that because the district court had not

been given sufficient information about the proceedings in the

Puerto Rico courts, it reasonably chose to leave the

consecutiveness/concurrency determination to those courts.

O'farrill's misapprehension-of-law argument therefore fails. See

United States v. Hahn,

(10th Cir. 2004) (en

banc) (per curiam) (holding that district court's alleged

misapprehension of law regarding lack of discretion to impose

- 12 - concurrent sentence did not trigger miscarriage-of-justice

exception).

We need go no further. Scripture teaches: seek and you

shall receive. Matthew 7:7. Having not sought to condition his

appeal waiver on his receipt of a concurrent sentence, O'farrill

can fairly be said to have acquiesced in the sentencing court's

refusal to order the sentence to run concurrently with the

anticipated probation-violation sentence. Put differently, he

appears to have gotten precisely what he bargained for.

Dismissed.

- 13 -