United States Court of Appeals
                     For the First Circuit


No. 22-1790

                   UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

                           Appellee,

                               v.

                     HECTOR RODRIGUEZ-PENA,
                       a/k/a Papo Guame,

                     Defendant, Appellant.


          APPEAL FROM THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
                FOR THE DISTRICT OF PUERTO RICO

       [Hon. Aida M. Delgado-Colón, U.S. District Judge]


                             Before

                 Kayatta, Gelpí, and Rikelman,
                        Circuit Judges.


     Rafael F. Castro Lang on brief for appellant.
     Thomas F. Klumper, Assistant United States Attorney, W.
Stephen Muldrow, United States Attorney, and Mariana E.
Bauzá-Almonte, Assistant United States Attorney, on brief for
appellee.


                         July 16, 2024
           GELPÍ, Circuit Judge.       This is Hector Rodriguez-Pena's

("Rodriguez-Pena")1 most recent appeal concerning his imprisonment

and convictions for drug trafficking, firearms possession, and the

attempted murder of federal law enforcement officers.           He appeals

the district court's denial of his motion for compassionate release

under 

(c)(1)(A), as amended by the First Step Act,

(b), 

, 5239 (2018).              The

district   court   concluded    that    Rodriguez-Pena    did   not   show

extraordinary and compelling reasons for a sentence reduction.            We

affirm.

                             I. BACKGROUND

           We recount only the facts necessary to our decision.

For more detail about the underlying offenses and Rodriguez-Pena's

appeals,   an   interested   reader    can   consult   United   States    v.

Rodriguez-Pena, 

 (1st Cir. 1995) (unpublished table

decision) and United States v. Rodríguez-Peña, 

 (1st

Cir. 2006) (per curiam).

           From 1991 to 1992, Rodriguez-Pena conspired with others

to smuggle marijuana and cocaine into Puerto Rico. Rodriguez-Pena,

, at *1.         During this conspiracy, he aided and




     1 We refer to Hector as "Rodriguez-Pena" without accented
characters because that is how he spelled his name in his opening
and reply briefs. See United States v. Rosa-Borges, 

,
69 n.1 (1st Cir. 2024).


                                  - 2 -
abetted the attempted murder of three law enforcement officers.

Id. at *2-3, 13.

              Rodriguez-Pena and his co-conspirators were charged in

a twelve-count, second superseding indictment.            A jury convicted

Rodriguez-Pena on June 21, 1993, of eight counts: (1) Counts One,

Two, and Three, conspiring to import, importing, and possessing

with the intent to distribute controlled substances, 

, 841(a)(1), 952(a); (2) Count Four, using a telephone in

furtherance of drug trafficking, 

(b); (3) Count

Six,       possessing   a    firearm   during   the   commission   of     drug

trafficking, 

(c)(1); and (4) Counts Seven, Eight,

and Nine, aiding and abetting attempted murder of federal officers

in the line of duty, 

, 1114.            Rodriguez-Pena, 

, at *11.          On October 18, 1993, he was sentenced to 360

months' imprisonment on Count Six and 262 months' imprisonment on

the remaining counts. The terms of imprisonment ran consecutively,

totaling 622 months' imprisonment.2

              For the past thirty years, Rodriguez-Pena has challenged

his sentence and conviction in a myriad of ways.         He first directly

appealed his conviction and sentence.           

   We affirmed.      

 at



       Rodriguez-Pena was also sentenced to five years' supervised
       2

release on Counts One, Two, Three, and Six; one year of supervised
release on Count Four; and three years' supervised release on
Counts Seven, Eight, and Nine, to run concurrently and to begin
after he completes his term of imprisonment.


                                       - 3 -
*19.     He then attacked his sentence collaterally under 

    and   moved   several   times   for   sentencing   modifications,

corrections, or reductions.         The district court rejected these

motions, and we affirmed whenever we were brought into the fray.

See, e.g., Rodríguez-Peña, 

.           The district court,

however, on February 4, 2016, ultimately reduced his 262-month

term to 210 months in response to an amendment to the Sentencing

Guidelines (thus reducing his original, total term of imprisonment

to 570 months).     See U.S.S.G., App. C Supp., amend. 782 (effective

Nov. 1, 2014).

            Rodriguez-Pena first moved for compassionate release to

reduce    his   total    sentence   to    360   months'   imprisonment   on

February 17, 2021.      He premised his motion upon one extraordinary

and    compelling   reason:   his   vulnerability    to   COVID-19,   having

tested positive for the virus on July 23, 2020.              He attributed

catching the virus and his risk of reinfection to the virus's

prevalence in Federal Correctional Institution Coleman Low ("FCI

Coleman Low"), where he is incarcerated.           He argued that because

he was overweight and has high blood pressure, hypertension, and

hyperlipidemia (high cholesterol), he faced an increased risk of

serious complications if he was reinfected. Likewise, he proffered

evidence purporting to prove that the conditions in FCI Coleman

Low exacerbated the spread of COVID-19.         Rodriguez-Pena, moreover,

pointed towards his rehabilitation while incarcerated and argued


                                    - 4 -
that this justified his compassionate release under 

(a).

          After the government opposed, the district court denied

the motion in a succinct docket order.          Rodriguez-Pena appealed.

We then granted the government's "consented-to motion to summarily

vacate the district court's order and             to remand for further

proceedings," United States v. Rodriguez-Pena, No. 21-1635, 

, at *1 (1st Cir. Apr. 19, 2022), and, on remand, the

parties filed supplemental memoranda in the district court.

          The   tenor    of    Rodriguez-Pena's    arguments    on   remand

remained the same.      He argued that the risk COVID-19 posed to him

in FCI Coleman Low was an extraordinary and compelling reason for

compassionate release.        And he emphasized the prevalence of new

variants and the supposed ineffectiveness of and problems with

COVID-19 vaccines to bolster his position.           This time, he noted

that our intervening decision in United States v. Ruvalcaba, 

, 28 (1st Cir. 2022), required district courts to weigh

"any complex of circumstances" that a defendant presents in support

of    compassionate       release      and      determine      if    those

circumstances -- whether         individually      or       together -- are

extraordinary and compelling.       As for § 3553(a), he noted that the

district court ought to conclude that his rehabilitation while

incarcerated favored compassionate release.




                                    - 5 -
           In its supplemental memorandum, the government opposed

both prongs of Rodriguez-Pena's renewed arguments.            Relevant here,

it outlined the plan by the Bureau of Prisons ("BOP") to mitigate

the spread of COVID-19.           That plan employed social distancing,

quarantining, regular testing, and vaccination.              The government

explained how this greatly reduced the spread in FCI Coleman Low,

so much so that only one inmate out of 1,935 at the facility had

tested positive for COVID-19 at the time of Rodriguez-Pena's

motion.

           The district court denied the motion on two grounds. First,

it rejected Rodriguez-Pena's "extraordinary-and-compelling"argument

premised   on   COVID-19.        It   concluded   that   Rodriguez-Pena   had

demonstrated    neither     "a    particularized    susceptibility   to   the

disease" nor "a particularized risk of contracting the disease at

his prison facility" (quoting United States v. Gandía-Maysonet,

96-CR-304, 

, at *1 (D.P.R. Jan. 21, 2021)).                  It

pointed out that Rodriguez-Pena was fully vaccinated -- having

"received two doses of the Moderna Covid-19 vaccine and a booster

shot in February[]2022" -- against COVID-19 and in good health,

despite his medical conditions.          It bolstered this point by noting

that, when Rodriguez-Pena tested positive for COVID-19 in 2020, he

was asymptomatic.     Because only one inmate in FCI Coleman Low was

diagnosed with COVID-19 at the time of Rodriguez-Pena's motion,

then the district court also found it unlikely that he risked


                                      - 6 -
reinfection. And it rejected his contention that COVID-19 vaccines

are ineffective, stating that his position was "contradicted by a

wealth of competent medical data."    It described the data that he

offered showing high COVID-19 transmission rates in FCI Coleman

Low as "outdated" and noted that "the risks to [him] have abated

significantly since the time he requested compassionate release."

Second, the district court found that the § 3553(a) factors did

not warrant compassionate release.

          Rodriguez-Pena timely appealed.

                          II. DISCUSSION

                      A. Standard of Review

          "We review a district court's denial or grant of a

compassionate release motion for abuse of discretion.     Questions

of law are reviewed de novo and findings of fact are reviewed for

clear error."   United States v. Gonzalez, 

 (1st

Cir. 2023) (citations omitted).

             B. Extraordinary and Compelling Reasons

          Rodriguez-Pena contends     (1)   that the district court

erred because it did not consider whether his health conditions

and vulnerability to COVID-19, FCI Coleman Low's inability to

prevent COVID-19's spread, and his rehabilitation while imprisoned

holistically constituted an "extraordinary and compelling reason"

for compassionate release; and (2) that the district court ignored

his evidence of rehabilitation when it independently denied his


                              - 7 -
compassionate release motion under § 3553(a).              We find that the

district court acted within its discretion when it concluded that

Rodriguez-Pena   did   not    offer    an    extraordinary   and       compelling

reason for a sentence reduction, so we affirm on that basis.                   Cf.

PDK Lab'ys, Inc. v. U.S. D.E.A., 

 (D.C. Cir. 2004)

(Roberts, J., concurring) ("[I]f it is not necessary to decide

more, it is necessary not to decide more . . . .").

           Ordinarily,    a       "court    may   not   modify     a    term    of

imprisonment once it has been imposed."           

(c).         But

Congress   carved   out      an    exception,     known   commonly       as    the

"compassionate-release statute."            United States v. Saccoccia, 

 (1st Cir. 2021).           The compassionate-release statute

"authorizes a court upon motion by an incarcerated individual who

[(1)] has exhausted [his] administrative remedies to reduce a term

of imprisonment when [(2)] extraordinary and compelling reasons

warrant such a reduction, and [(3)] when the sentencing factors

set forth in 

(a) counsel in favor of such a

reduction."   United States v. Ayala-Vázquez, 

 (1st

Cir. 2024) (internal quotation marks and citations omitted); see

(c)(1)(A).

           "A district court exercising its powers to reduce a

sentence of imprisonment under § 3582(c)(1)(A) ordinarily must

ensure that 'such a reduction is consistent with applicable policy

statements issued by the Sentencing Commission.'"                Gonzalez, 68


                                     - 8 -
F.4th at 704.     But we held in United States v. Ruvalcaba, 

, 20 (1st Cir. 2022), that at the time Rodriguez-Pena moved for

compassionate release, the Sentencing Commission had not issued a

policy    statement      applicable        to     prisoner-initiated       motions.3

Without an applicable policy statement to guide them, district

courts "may consider any complex of circumstances raised by a

defendant   as    forming    an    extraordinary         and     compelling   reason

warranting relief."4        

.          We have thus cautioned district

courts post-Ruvalcaba to "be mindful of the holistic context of a

defendant's individual case when deciding whether the defendant's

circumstances satisfy the 'extraordinary and compelling' standard"

and   undertake     "a    review      of        the    [defendant's]     individual

circumstances overall."        United States v. Trenkler, 

 (1st Cir. 2022).

            This holistic approach is flexible, but it has limits.

Because   district    courts      need     only       consider    "any   complex   of

circumstances raised by a defendant," Gonzalez, 

(quoting Ruvalcaba, 26 F.4th at 28), they "need not consider every

potential configuration of grounds for compassionate release but,


      3The Sentencing Commission has since reached a quorum and
approved a policy statement addressing prisoner-initiated motions
for   compassionate  release   and   sentence  reductions   under
§ 3582(c)(1)(A). See U.S. Sent'g Guidelines Manual § 1B1.13.
      4 Rehabilitation alone cannot be an extraordinary and
compelling reason. See 

(t); Gonzalez, 28 F.4th at
704.


                                      - 9 -
rather,      [their]     analysis    'should      be   shaped    by    the   arguments

advanced by defendants.'"              United States v. Quirós-Morales, 

 (1st Cir. 2023) (quoting Gonzalez, 

).

And    the        "extraordinary       and     compelling"       standard      remains

"inherently narrow" and "stringent."                   Trenkler, 

n.14 (quoting Ruvalcaba, 26 F.4th at 23, 29).                   What constitutes an

"extraordinary and compelling" reason should be "logically guided

by the plain meaning of those terms."                  Ruvalcaba, 26 F.4th at 23

(quoting United States v. Canales-Ramos, 

 (1st

Cir. 2021)).          A defendant must demonstrate an "extraordinary"

reason, meaning "a reason that is beyond the mine-run either in

fact   or     in     degree,"    and     one    that    is     "compelling,"     which

"suggests . . . a reason that is both powerful and convincing."

Canales-Ramos, 

 (citations omitted); see, e.g.,

Ruvalcaba, 26 F.4th at 23.

              Rodriguez-Pena argues that the district court erred

because      it    did   not    employ    the     totality-of-the-circumstances

approach in analyzing his motion.                 And, in doing so, he contends

that his rehabilitation alongside his risk from COVID-19 warranted

compassionate release.              But the district court's analysis was

"shaped by the arguments advanced by [Rodriguez-Pena]," so it did

not err in focusing on his risk from COVID-19.                   Gonzalez, 

.      Although Rodriguez-Pena characterizes his COVID-19-based

extraordinary-and-compelling             argument      below    as    "holistic,"   it


                                         - 10 -
boiled down to one issue: whether his risk from COVID-19 was an

extraordinary and compelling reason for release.          He did not

reference any other circumstance beyond his risk from the virus as

presenting an extraordinary and compelling reason.5      Accordingly,

we cannot fault the district court for following his lead.         See

 (finding no error in how the district court analyzed

the defendant's only proffered reason, his risk from COVID-19,

without employing a holistic approach because the district court

could rely upon how the defendant framed the issues).

              Even if we assume that the district court erred because

it did not expressly apply the "holistic" test from Ruvalcaba to

Rodriguez-Pena's COVID-19-based argument, its error was harmless.

The       district   court   relied   on   Rodriguez-Pena's   multiple

vaccinations, the extremely low COVID-19 rates in FCI Coleman Low

at the time of his motion, and that he was asymptomatic when he

was infected with COVID-19 to conclude that he was not particularly

at risk from COVID-19.         It thus concluded that, despite his



      5 To be fair, Rodriguez-Pena argued below that his
rehabilitation   while  incarcerated   warranted   release   under
§ 3553(a). But "an argument for including a factor in the district
court's § 3553(a) analysis differs from an argument that the same
factor should constitute an 'extraordinary and compelling
reason[]' for compassionate release under § 3582(c)(1)(A)."
Gonzalez, 

 n.4 (alteration in original) (citing
Saccoccia, 

).     Rodriguez-Pena did not offer his
rehabilitation as an extraordinary and compelling reason for a
sentence reduction, so the district court did not err by not
considering it at this step.


                                  - 11 -
previous infection and health conditions, the evidence did not

meet the extraordinary-and-compelling threshold.

            The record supported this conclusion, and we spot no

abuse of discretion in it. The district court could thus determine

that Rodriguez-Pena's risk from COVID-19 was neither "beyond the

mine run" nor "powerful and convincing."           Canales-Ramos, 

   (affirming   where    the     district   court   weighed   the

defendant's risk from COVID-19 against his current health and care

in prison and concluded that the latter weighed against finding an

extraordinary and compelling reason); see also Saccoccia, 

 (affirming district court's conclusion that the defendant's

risk from COVID-19 due to his hypertension and hyperlipidemia did

not    present    an   extraordinary       and   compelling     reason    for

compassionate release).

            On appeal, Rodriguez-Pena quarrels with the district

court's fact-bound determinations. He again relies on the evidence

that he presented below that vaccines are ineffective and dangerous

and that FCI Coleman Low is failing to stop COVID-19's spread,

hoping that we will see things differently.

            But we are "especially loath to disrupt a district

court's 'judgment call[s]' concerning a defendant's health status

in the context of a compassionate release motion."              Gonzalez, 

 (alteration in original) (quoting Canales-Ramos, 

). We review these fact-bound determinations for clear


                                    - 12 -
error, which "exists only when we are left with the definite and

firm conviction that a mistake has been committed."                

 (quoting

United States v. Centeno-González, 

 (1st Cir.

2021)).      Here, the district court weighed the evidence presented

to it and found that Rodriguez-Pena's health, his vaccination

status, and FCI Coleman Low's then-existing conditions outweighed

the virus's risks to him.         See, e.g., Canales-Ramos, 

 ("The district court made a reasonable risk assessment and

determined that the current state of the defendant's health and

the care that he was receiving weighed against a finding [of] an

extraordinary and compelling reason . . . . '[N]ot every complex

of    health    concerns    is   sufficient       to   warrant    compassionate

release[.]'" (quoting Saccoccia, 

)).                And, relying on

the same record, it specifically rejected his contentions about

the ineffectiveness of vaccines and FCI Coleman Low's conditions.

Rodriguez-Pena's "competing view[]" of the evidence surrounding

his   risk     from   COVID-19   is   not   enough     to   demonstrate   error.

Gonzalez, 

 (quoting United States v. Correa-Osorio,

 (1st Cir. 2015)).              We therefore see no reason to

disturb the district court's "defensible . . . conclusion based on

the . . . evidence before it."          

                                      - 13 -
                        III. CONCLUSION

         We affirm.6




    6  Because we affirm, Rodriguez-Pena's request to proceed
before a different judge on remand is moot.     United States v.
Fuentes-Moreno, 

, 390 n.6 (1st Cir. 2020).


                             - 14 -