United States Court of Appeals For the First Circuit

No. 21-1208

BRIAN WATSON,

Petitioner, Appellant,

v.

MICHELLE EDMARK, Warden of the New Hampshire State Prison for Men,

Respondent, Appellee.

APPEAL FROM THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE DISTRICT OF NEW HAMPSHIRE

[Hon. Joseph N. Laplante, U.S. District Judge]

Before

Barron, Chief Judge, Lipez and Howard, Circuit Judges.

Mark L. Sisti, Sisti Law Offices, for appellant. Elizabeth C. Woodcock, Assistant Attorney General, with whom John M. Formella, Attorney General of New Hampshire, and Anthony J. Galdieri, Solicitor General of New Hampshire, were on brief, for appellee.

September 30, 2024 HOWARD, Circuit Judge. Contending that his

Confrontation Clause rights were violated during his trial in a

New Hampshire court, appellant Brian Watson appeals the district

court's denial of his

petition for habeas corpus

relief. Watson principally argues that the New Hampshire Supreme

Court made unreasonable factual findings when it affirmed the trial

court's decision to allow the state to present laboratory evidence

through the testimony of a forensic toxicologist who had not

himself conducted the relevant tests. We conclude that Watson has

not established by clear and convincing evidence that the state

court's factual findings were incorrect. We further conclude that,

to the extent that Watson argues that the state court's decision

was contrary to or involved an unreasonable application of Supreme

Court precedent, his appeal on that ground also fails.

I.

Following his trial in 2017, a jury convicted Watson of

felony sale of a controlled drug (fentanyl) with death resulting.

The state's evidence at trial included testimony by Dr. Daniel

Isenschmid, a forensic toxicologist, who explained that testing

conducted by colleagues had revealed a certain level of fentanyl

and its metabolites in the victim's blood. Watson appealed his

conviction, arguing that the trial court erred by, among other

things, allowing Dr. Isenschmid to testify to the results of

- 2 - toxicology tests that he did not perform. State v. Watson,

(N.H. 2018). The New Hampshire Supreme Court

affirmed.

Watson subsequently filed a petition for habeas relief

pursuant to

in federal district court, asserting

that Dr. Isenschmid's testimony violated Watson's rights under the

Confrontation Clause. The respondent warden of the correctional

facility where Watson is in custody moved for summary judgment.

After a hearing, the district court granted the motion for summary

judgment. This appeal followed.1

Dr. Isenschmid's testimony and the state court's

findings about it bear particular relevance to Watson's plaint, so

we examine them at the outset. Dr. Isenschmid is a forensic

toxicologist for National Medical Services ("NMS"), a private

laboratory based in Pennsylvania that New Hampshire engages for

toxicology screening in connection with forensic autopsies. As

part of the autopsy of the overdose victim in Watson's criminal

case, the office of the state's chief medical examiner sent the

victim's blood and urine samples to NMS for an "expanded

post-mortem toxicology panel."

1 Although Watson's appeal was not timely, the district court granted his unopposed motion for leave to file a late notice of appeal. - 3 - At trial, Dr. Isenschmid gave a general overview of the

process that NMS uses for samples that arrive from out of state.

He testified that, beginning upon arrival, the specimens are

tracked throughout the testing process to record the chain of

custody. Typically, the testing process involves preparing the

samples for analysis, an initial review of the results, and a

secondary review of the results. After the laboratory testing is

complete, a toxicologist -- such as Dr. Isenschmid -- "review[s]

the entire case." Dr. Isenschmid testified that when he reviews

a case, he "look[s] at all the documentation[,] . . . make[s] sure

everything [was] entered properly into the computer

system[,] . . . [and] review[s] all of the instrument tracings" to

ensure that it matches what was reported.

With respect to the sample taken from the victim, Dr.

Isenschmid testified that the toxicology tests identified three

compounds in the victim's blood -- a breakdown of marijuana,

fentanyl, and norfentanyl (a breakdown product of fentanyl) -- and

that the victim's urine tested positive for marijuana and opiates.

He further testified that there were 21 nanograms per milliliter

of fentanyl found in the victim's blood and explained that "since

the fentanyl concentration was so high [and] the norfentanyl

concentration was so low, it could certainly be a reason for an

acute fentanyl death," but noted that this conclusion was

"something that is determined by the medical examiner."

- 4 - In considering the permissibility of Dr. Isenschmid's

testimony, the New Hampshire Supreme Court noted that Dr.

Isenschmid had personally reviewed "all the documentation in the

case," ensured that entries had been made correctly, "reviewed the

actual instrument data" and "all . . . the testing results," and

"issued and signed the toxicology report that described the testing

results and testified that the report accurately reflected his

findings and conclusions." Watson,

(internal

quotation marks omitted). For these reasons, the state court

concluded that Dr. Isenschmid's "participation in preparing the

report and developing the substantive conclusions contained

therein was real and direct" and that his testimony did not violate

the Confrontation Clause.

(quoting State v. Michaels,

(N.J. 2014)).

In its order granting summary judgment to the warden in

the present habeas action, the district court stated that it could

not say that the state court's opinion was "contrary to, or

involved an unreasonable application of, clearly established

federal law as determined by the Supreme Court." And the district

court noted:

The case did not involve unaccompanied testimonial affidavits, certifications, or reports, and did not involve "mere custodian" or "mere conduit" testimony from an analyst or criminologist unconnected with the report

- 5 - (which here was signed by the witness in question) or the work described.

II.

We review the district court's grant of summary judgment

de novo. Lawless v. Steward Health Care Sys., LLC,

(1st Cir. 2018) (citing McKenney v. Mangino,

(1st

Cir. 2017)). "Summary judgment is warranted if the record,

construed in the light most flattering to the nonmovant, 'presents

no genuine issue as to any material fact and reflects the movant's

entitlement to judgment as a matter of law.'"

at 20-21

(quoting McKenney,

).

At the same time, "the Antiterrorism and Effective Death

Penalty Act ('AEDPA'), which governs petitions for writs of habeas

corpus," Kellogg-Roe v. Gerry,

(1st Cir. 2021),

"sets out a separate and exacting standard applicable to review of

a state court's factual findings," Yeboah-Sefah v. Ficco,

(1st Cir. 2009) (quoting Pike v. Guarino,

(1st Cir. 2007)). "The state court's factual findings are

'presumed to be correct' unless the petitioner rebuts this

'presumption of correctness' with 'clear and convincing

evidence.'"

(quoting

(e)(1)).2

There is "some tension" between AEDPA's provisions: under 2

§ 2254(d)(2), "a federal court may issue the writ if the state court decision 'was based on an unreasonable determination of the facts in light of the evidence presented in the State court

- 6 - AEDPA further mandates that

where a federal claim was "adjudicated on the merits in State court proceedings," the application for habeas corpus must be denied unless the state court's adjudication of the claim satisfies either of two conditions: (1) it "resulted in a decision that was contrary to, or involved an unreasonable application of, clearly established Federal law as determined by the Supreme Court of the United States," or (2) it "resulted in a decision that was based on an unreasonable determination of the facts in light of the evidence presented in the State court proceeding."

Yeboah-Sefah,

(quoting

(d)).

A.

As noted earlier, Watson's petition principally rests on

the ground that the New Hampshire Supreme Court made an

unreasonable determination of the facts. On appeal, Watson

contends that "Dr. Isenschmid's involvement [in the testing

process] presents genuine issues of fact that must be adjudicated,"

and therefore "the District Court erred in granting of summary

proceeding,'" while § 2254(e)(1) asserts that "'a determination of a factual issue made by a State court shall be presumed to be correct' unless rebutted 'by clear and convincing evidence.'" Porter v. Coyne-Fague,

(1st Cir. 2022) (quoting

(d)(2), (e)(1)). The Supreme Court has declined to resolve the question of how to harmonize these provisions, as have we.

Still, "this circuit has routinely held petitioners to the § 2254(e)(1) 'clear and convincing' standard." Id. (quoting Smith v. Dickhaut,

(1st Cir. 2016)). Here, both parties have applied this standard, and we have followed their lead. In any event, we find that the state court's factfinding survives either standard. - 7 - judgment for the Respondent."3 In support of this contention,

Watson points to portions of Dr. Isenschmid's testimony where he

explained that he did not participate in the laboratory work nor

supervise those who did.4 Dr. Isenschmid also testified that he

3 Watson trains his appellate argument on the state court's characterization of Dr. Isenschmid's participation in producing the laboratory report as "real and direct." See State v. Watson,

(N.H. 2018) (quoting State v. Michaels,

(N.H. 2014)). Indeed, when pressed at oral argument to pinpoint the precise factual finding that he was challenging, counsel for Watson identified the "real and direct" characterization, as he did in his briefing. We, however, ascribe no independent factual or legal significance to the characterization "real and direct," and instead review the reasonableness of the state court's relevant factual findings.

4 In addition to challenging the "real and direct" description, Watson appears to specifically challenge the New Hampshire Supreme Court's finding that Dr. Isenschmid "personally reviewed the 'actual instrument data' and made sure that the data were accurately entered into the NMS computer," Watson,

, because Dr. Isenschmid did not testify that he personally reviewed the data in Watson's case. But it was not unreasonable for the New Hampshire Supreme Court to determine that Dr. Isenschmid conducted such a review, based on the evidence in the record. For instance, when asked about his review practices "in a case like this," Dr. Isenschmid testified that he "review[s] all the instrument tracings to make sure that what was reported was in fact what we have in those tracings." Watson has also failed to point to evidence in the record that would show that Dr. Isenschmid did not take those steps. While he highlighted Dr. Isenschmid's explanation that a first and second reviewer double-check the machine calibration and data entry, respectively, he does not argue that those reviewers' actions would have precluded Dr. Isenschmid from conducting similar actions in his own subsequent review. Furthermore, while Dr. Isenschmid did acknowledge that he "did not do any of the laboratory work" or supervise laboratory workers, those statements appear to concern the operating of the instruments, as opposed to the review of the data those instruments produced that the state court concluded he conducted. - 8 - did not know if any of the individuals who had handled the sample

had disciplinary records.

But as the New Hampshire Supreme Court noted -- and as

it could reasonably infer from Dr. Isenschmid's testimony -- he

"reviewed 'all the documentation' in the case, including the chain

of custody, and ensured that all of the information had been

correctly entered into the NMS computer system"; "personally

reviewed the 'actual instrument data' and made sure that the data

were accurately entered into the NMS computer"; "actually reviewed

all of the testing results"; and "issued and signed the toxicology

report that described the testing results and testified that the

report accurately reflected his findings and conclusions."

Watson,

. Only after considering all of this

testimony establishing Dr. Isenschmid's personal review of chain

of custody documentation, and his personal review of the data

entered, instrument data and test results, as well as the fact

that he personally issued and signed the resultant report of his

findings, did the New Hampshire Supreme Court conclude that Dr.

Isenschmid's participation "was real and direct."

(quoting

Michaels,

). Regardless of the state court's

characterization of Dr. Isenschmid's participation, Watson has not

shown "by clear and convincing evidence" any error in that court's

recitation of the facts.

(e)(1).

- 9 - B.

Insofar as Watson makes a legal argument that the

state-court decision "was contrary to" or "involved an

unreasonable application of" Supreme Court precedent,

(d)(1), this challenge also falls short. Under AEDPA, an

application of Supreme Court precedent is unreasonable "if, and

only if, it is so obvious that a clearly established rule applies

to a given set of facts that there could be no 'fairminded

disagreement' on the question." White v. Woodall,

(2014) (quoting Harrington v. Richter,

(2011)). A state-court decision is contrary to Supreme Court

precedent if "the state court arrives at a conclusion opposite to

that reached by [the Supreme] Court on a question of law or if the

state court decides a case differently than [the Supreme] Court

has on a set of materially indistinguishable facts." Porter v.

Coyne-Fague,

(1st Cir. 2022) (alteration in

original) (quoting Williams v. Taylor,

(2000)).

Watson cannot clear any of AEDPA's hurdles. The Sixth

Amendment requires that a laboratory report be introduced through

a live witness who either certified the test report by signature

or performed or observed the test. Bullcoming v. New Mexico,

(2011). "[I]t is not the case[] that anyone whose

testimony may be relevant in establishing the chain of custody,

- 10 - authenticity of the sample, or accuracy of the testing device[]

must appear in person . . . ." Melendez-Diaz v. Massachusetts,

, 311 n.1 (2009). But "[t]he Sixth Amendment [is] not

satisfied by [the testimony of] a 'surrogate' witness . . . who

ha[s] formed no independent opinion concerning the forensic

examination results." United States v. Soto,

(1st

Cir. 2013) (quoting Bullcoming,

). "Accordingly,

the analysts who write reports that the prosecution introduces

must be made available for confrontation."

(quoting

Bullcoming,

).

Watson fails to establish that Dr. Isenschmid was an

incompetent witness to introduce his laboratory report for at least

three reasons. First, Dr. Isenschmid "signed the report describing

[the laboratory test] results." Watson,

; see

Bullcoming,

("[The] analyst who must testify is

the person who signed the certificate . . . ." (quoting

Melendez-Diaz,

(Kennedy, J., dissenting))).

Second, Dr. Isenschmid himself authored the laboratory report,

which was full of his own analysis and conclusions based upon data

from the test results.5 See Watson,

("Isenschmid

The basis for Dr. Isenschmid's conclusions distinguishes 5

this case from Smith v. Arizona,

(2024). In Smith, the Supreme Court stated that, "[w]hen an expert conveys an absent analyst's statements in support of his opinion, and the statements provide that support only if true, then the statements come into

- 11 - personally reviewed the 'actual instrument data' and made sure

that the data were accurately entered into the NMS

computer. . . . '[T]he findings and conclusions contained in the

report and to which he testified were his own.'" (quoting Michaels,

)). Third, as documented by the state court,

numerous federal and state courts "have found no Confrontation

Clause violation under similar circumstances." Watson,

; see

at 859 n.3 (collecting cases). Despite the

existence of contrary authority, see

at 859 n.2 (collecting

cases), these rulings establish at the least that there is ample

room for fairminded disagreement in this area of law. Cf.

Yarborough v. Alvarado,

(2004) ("[T]he more

general the rule, the more leeway courts have in reaching outcomes

in case by case determinations."); Williams v. Illinois,

(2012) (Kagan, J., dissenting), abrogated by Smith v.

Arizona,

(2024) (highlighting "significant

confusion" in this area of law). Because Watson has failed to

evidence for their truth."

; see

("Longoni prepared for trial by reviewing Rast's report and notes. And when Longoni took the stand, he referred to [Rast's] materials and related what was in them, item by item by item."). Thus, if the statements are also testimonial, the Confrontation Clause bars their admission.

Here, Dr. Isenschmid's report was based on "'all the documentation' in the case," including "actual instrument data" and "all of the testing results." Watson,

; see supra note 4. We have no way to determine, and Watson does not address, whether these data and test results comprise statements of an absent analyst -- much less whether they are testimonial. - 12 - show why it is wrong to think that the state court's application

of clearly established federal law was not unreasonable, to the

extent that he also challenges his conviction on this basis, that

challenge fails as well.

Affirmed.

- 13 -