United States Court of Appeals
                     For the First Circuit


No. 23-1675

                  UNIVERSITAS EDUCATION, LLC,

                      Plaintiff, Appellee,

                               v.

   LILLIAN GRANDERSON, as successor to Jack E. Robinson, III,

                     Defendant, Appellant,

                     JACK E. ROBINSON, III,

                     Third Party Plaintiff,

                               v.

                        LOEB & LOEB LLP,

                     Third Party Defendant.


          APPEAL FROM THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
               FOR THE DISTRICT OF MASSACHUSETTS

        [Hon. Douglas P. Woodlock, U.S. District Judge]


                             Before

              Montecalvo, Thompson, and Rikelman,
                        Circuit Judges.


     Elizabeth N. Mulvey, with whom Jason N. Strojny and Libby,
Hoopes, Brooks & Mulvey P.C. were on brief, for appellant.
     Joseph L. Manson III, with whom Law Offices of Joseph L.
Manson III was on brief, for appellee.
April 15, 2024
          THOMPSON,   Circuit   Judge.   When   Plaintiff    Appellee

Universitas Education, LLC ("Universitas") first initiated this

lawsuit against Jack E. Robinson, III ("Robinson") in 2015, it

sought damages against him for (among many other things) alleged

violations of the Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations

("RICO") Act.   But a lot has happened since then -- most notably,

Robinson died in November 2017.1

          In the aftermath of Robinson's death, this case took a

turn from the merits of Universitas' claims against him to a focus

on finding a proper party to substitute into the case to act as a

personal representative of his estate.     Eventually, Universitas

landed on Defendant Appellant Lillian Granderson ("Granderson"),

Robinson's elderly mother, as a proper party to substitute and

filed two motions in the district court, one to sub her in,

pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 25(a), and the other

to enter default judgment against her, pursuant to Federal Rule of

Civil Procedure 55(b).2   The district court granted both.



     1 The record is not clear on the precise date of Robinson's
death. As will soon become evident, the record's lack of clarity
on many things (not just the date of Robinson's death) will become
a bit of a theme of today's appeal.
     2For those unfamiliar with default judgments, such a judgment
under Rule 55(b) is simply "a 'final disposition of the case and
an appealable order' that has the same effect as a judgment
rendered after a trial on the merits." United States v. $23,000
in U.S. Currency, 

 (1st Cir. 2004) (citation
omitted). A default judgment can come into play, as (allegedly)

                                - 3 -
          Now on appeal, Granderson argues the district court made

some mistakes in granting Universitas' motion to substitute and

motion for default judgment.   After disentangling the (admittedly)

complicated procedural history underlying the district court's

decisions, we conclude that Granderson has a point, but only as to

the motion for default judgment.       Accordingly, we affirm the

district court as to the motion to substitute and vacate the

default judgment.   Our reasons for doing so follow.

                      The Procedural History3

          On May 14, 2015, Universitas initiated this lawsuit

against Robinson in the United States District Court for the

District of Massachusetts, alleging RICO and supplemental state

law claims.   In essence, the complaint alleged that Robinson, a




was the case here, "[w]hen a party against whom a judgment for
affirmative relief is sought has failed to plead or otherwise
defend" in the action. Fed. R. Civ. P. 55(a).
     3 Avid court watchers will know we usually start off with a
detailed summary of the facts, before turning to how the case got
to us (i.e., the procedural history). As this appeal concerns the
ins and outs of party substitution and default judgments, however,
the actual merits of the factual allegations against Robinson are
not before us.      We, accordingly, breeze past those factual
allegations and lay out (very) briefly what Universitas' complaint
alleges, before turning to what matters most to the issues on
appeal: the (dense) procedural history. (Bear with us.)

                               - 4 -
lawyer himself, facilitated a former client's theft of over $30

million in life-insurance proceeds belonging to Universitas.

            Robinson did not take these allegations lying down.              To

the contrary, over the ensuing eighteen months, he defended himself

through the filings of various motions, including a motion to

dismiss, a motion to reconsider the district court's denial of

that motion to dismiss, a motion to transfer the case to the United

States District Court for Southern District of New York, and a

motion to compel arbitration.       And he defended himself (literally)

to the end when he died in November 2017.              On November 28, 2017,

Seth Marcus ("Marcus"), Robinson's lawyer in the case, informed

the district court and Universitas of Robinson's death through the

filing of a Notice of Suggestion of Death.

            Following Robinson's death, the district court converted

an upcoming December 20, 2017 motion hearing on Robinson's then-

still-pending motion to compel arbitration to a status conference

to figure out how best to proceed.         The district court also ordered

Universitas    and    Marcus   to   file     a   joint   status     report   in

anticipation of that status conference to give it a run-down of

what issues remained in the case in light of Robinson's death.

Taking their cue from the district court, they did just that and

filed a joint status report, which stated (among many other things)

that   a   personal   representative       had   not   yet   been   appointed,


                                    - 5 -
Universitas would file a motion to extend the time to file a motion

for substitution until after it received notice of the personal

representative's identity, and several of the pending matters

before the district court could not be resolved without the

appointment of a personal representative.

          At the December 20, 2017 status conference, the district

court stayed the case indefinitely until a personal representative

for Robinson's estate was appointed.      The district court also

ordered Universitas and Marcus to file joint status reports on the

first day of every month, starting on February 1, 2018, to keep it

up-to-date on any personal-representative-related developments.

          February 1, 2018 arrived and brought with it some welcome

and relevant news.       In Universitas' and Marcus' joint status

report, Marcus indicated that he had spoken with Granderson, who

informed him that Robinson had a Last Will and Testament ("the

Will"), Robinson had named her as the executrix, she was still

interviewing possible estate attorneys, and probate proceedings

had not yet commenced.    Marcus also indicated in the joint status

report that he had received a call from Jeraldine Williams-Shaw

("Williams-Shaw"), a lawyer who had not yet been retained by

Granderson but was investigating the extent of Robinson's estate

in anticipation of likely being retained.




                                - 6 -
            The next few months saw no further developments or

updates on the personal-representative front.4       What those next

few months did see, though, was the filing of several motions on

Universitas' part.     It filed three motions to extend the time to

file a motion to substitute, the first on February 21, 2018, the

second on March 23, 2018, and the third on May 22, 2018.         The

district court promptly granted each motion.

            With no updates to move the case along, the district

court scheduled another status conference for July 23, 2018.       At

that status conference, Marcus informed the district court and

Universitas that Granderson had decided not to initiate any probate

proceeding for Robinson's estate, so no personal representative

had been formally appointed.    With that new tidbit of information,

it became clear to Universitas that, if it wanted to proceed with

its lawsuit, it would need to petition a probate court to appoint

a personal representative for Robinson's estate.      Accordingly, at

the July 23, 2018 status conference, Universitas requested another

extension to file the motion to substitute in order to give it

time to initiate the relevant probate proceedings.5    As it had done



     4 Universitas and Marcus filed one more joint status report
on March 2, 2018, indicating that neither of them had any update
to report. For reasons unclear to us from the record, no more
joint status reports were filed after March 2, 2018.
     5   This status conference is the last time we hear from Marcus.

                                 - 7 -
before, the district court granted Universitas the extension, this

time until October 23, 2018.

          The next few months came and went with no real progress

-- in fact, quite the opposite.   Over the remaining months of 2018

and first two months of 2019, Universitas filed        four status

reports, informing the district court that it had indeed filed a

creditor's petition in the Plymouth County Massachusetts Probate

Court seeking the appointment of a personal representative for

Robinson's estate, but that three separate lawyers had declined to

be appointed the estate's personal representative. In these status

reports, Universitas also sought further extensions of the time to

file a motion to substitute6 and informed the district court that

it would be filing a request for the district court to appoint a

receiver,7 pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 66, to take

custody of Robinson's assets.

          Things picked back up on February 5, 2019, at which point

the district court held a status conference with only Universitas

and its counsel.   At the status conference, the district court got



     6 The record below is (again) unclear as to whether these
requests were ever granted or denied.
     7 A receiver is an individual appointed by a court, and "the
court itself holds and administers the estate through the receiver,
as its officer, for the benefit of those whom the court shall
ultimately adjudge to be entitled to it."       Goldfine v. United
States, 

 (1st Cir. 1962) (citation omitted).

                                - 8 -
down to business and noted its reticence at appointing a personal

representative    or    receiver   itself,   given    the   difficulty   the

Plymouth County Probate Court was having in finding somebody

willing to take on the task.       As an alternative, the district court

suggested    that,     because   discovery   was     complete,   it   "would

entertain something in the nature of default process that consisted

of the submission of a motion for summary judgment fully supported,

followed by service on the likely beneficiaries of any estate that

Mr. Robinson may have."      The "impediment" with this approach, the

district court noted, was that "in the absence of a personal

representative, there's nobody here . . . -- that we know of -- to

respond to a motion for summary judgment.          And I would want to be

sure that there was the equivalent of notice -- effective notice

on those persons who otherwise might be expected to respond.             That

may be the statutory beneficiaries of any estate, either here or

somewhere else.      I just don't know where that somewhere else might

be."

            To bypass this pesky impediment, the district court

suggested the following:

            That I permit say 45 days of discovery to see
            if you can find out who those people might be
            and identify them for purposes of service so
            that they get served with whatever motion for
            summary judgment is what I suggest, because
            that's giving me the factual materials.     I
            kind of struggled with a motion to dismiss
            before. And then I'd feel fairly comfortable

                                    - 9 -
          if they don't come forward and respond, and
          you have a well-founded basis for summary
          judgment to enter something like a default
          judgment. It may be a failure to state -- it
          may be failure to prosecute or failure to
          defend their claims, but it's a default sort
          of issue, and then you can be on to the
          business of trying to execute on that
          judgment.

Universitas mulled it over and agreed with that plan of attack,

and "only ask[ed] that the [district] [c]ourt continue to extend

the deadline . . . for substitution." The district court responded

that it would do that, but it would take that matter up when

Universitas' discovery was over because it "want[ed] to think about

that" since "[t]here really isn't anybody to substitute now."

          At the end of the status conference, the district court

summarized its marching orders.       Discovery would be reopened until

April 5, 2019, so that Universitas could "figure out who's who in

the line of succession here or who it is that [it] would proffer

as someone who can properly be said to have sufficient interests

in the estate to provide some response or at least be notified of

the   response"   and   so     that   Universitas   could   "identif[y]

[Robinson's] assets."        The stay the district court originally

issued upon Robinson's death was extended until April 5, 2019, and

Universitas was given a tentative June 3, 2019 deadline for filing

its summary judgment motion.      Finally, the district court put an




                                 - 10 -
April 12, 2019 status conference on the books to discuss post-

discovery next steps.

           In the following weeks, Universitas got straight to

work.    In a status report it filed in anticipation of the April

12, 2019 status conference, Universitas recounted all its efforts:

(1) it served Granderson and Maxine Novak ("Novak"), Robinson's

longtime   companion   and   business   partner,   with   subpoenas   and

notices of deposition; (2) while both Granderson and Novak moved

to quash those depositions in the United States District Court for

the Middle District of Florida, Granderson's motion to quash was

quickly denied, so she was deposed on April 2, 2019; (3) during

"Granderson's deposition, Universitas learned that Robinson had a

will, which was filed with the probate court in Naples, F[lorida]"

and that "Granderson was named as the personal representative of

the estate;"8 and (4) Universitas had obtained a copy of the Will,

which indicated that property had been bequeathed to Granderson,

Novak, and other previously unknown individuals, who Universitas

would need more time to locate and serve.      The status report also

indicated that Universitas would be requesting extensions of the



     8 Once again, it is unclear to us why Universitas indicated
it had only learned of the existence of the Will through
Granderson's April 2, 2019 deposition, because it is nose-to-face
plain from the record that Marcus informed both the district court
and Universitas as early as February 1, 2018 that Robinson had a
will and that Granderson was the named executrix.

                                - 11 -
discovery and summary judgment deadlines that the district court

had previously imposed.

            The April 12, 2019 status conference (attended only by

Universitas)    saw     additional   updates.       At     the   conference,

Universitas explained to the district court that it had "made

substantial progress in identifying the [W]ill and identifying

assets."     Specifically, it noted that Robinson had taken out

several life insurance policies before his death, totaling about

$3 million, and a portion of those proceeds were to be paid to

Shadow Ridge Properties, LLC ("Shadow Ridge"), a corporation of

which Robinson and Novak each owned half.          The Will, Universitas

explained, provided that Robinson's           fifty-percent      interest in

Shadow Ridge would go to Granderson upon his death.

            Universitas continued and spelled out other deposition-

related developments.       As to Novak, it explained to the district

court that her motion to quash was still pending, but it expected

to be able to depose her soon.          As to Granderson, Universitas

explained   that   it   successfully   deposed    her    and,    during   that

deposition, she said she did file the Will in probate court in

Florida.    Universitas also indicated that the Will provided that

should Granderson be unwilling or unable to serve as the personal

representative,       two   of   Robinson's     cousins,    Cecily    Ingram

("Ingram") and Eileen Heathington ("Heathington"), could serve in


                                   - 12 -
her place9 and that            Heathington    was present for Granderson's

deposition.       Finally, Universitas told the district court that, at

the deposition, it had "put [Granderson and Heathington] on notice

that [it] would be filing a motion for summary judgment and that

[it] would be serving it on them."10

             Still     unclear     about      the       status     of     a    personal

representative, the district court followed up and asked, "Do you

understand that Ms. Granderson or anyone else has actually been

appointed to administer the estate?"                Universitas clarified that

it    was   its   understanding     that     no   one    had     yet    been   formally

appointed and Granderson had stated at her deposition that she did

not initiate probate proceedings because Robinson had no assets.

Accordingly, the district court noted that "the administration of

the    estate,    at   least    under    these    circumstances,          is   open   to

question" and granted Universitas extensions of the discovery and

summary judgment deadlines in order to give it more time to find

the appropriate personal representative.



       Per the Will, should Granderson be unable or unwilling to
       9

serve as the estate's personal representative, the personal
representative shall be Ingram and, if she is also unable or
unwilling, Heathington.
       As Williams-Shaw (the lawyer who had spoken with Marcus to
       10

say she had been mulling over whether she'd be representing
Granderson in the Florida probate matter) represented Granderson
at the deposition, Williams-Shaw was also put on notice of the
upcoming motion for summary judgment.

                                        - 13 -
           The next few months passed by without much to report --

that is, until July.      On July 8, 2019, Granderson made her first

appearance    (of,    eventually,    quite    a   few   appearances)     on   the

district court's docket.       She filed pro se,11 as a non-party to the

case,12 an affidavit of hers, the same one that she had also filed

in the United States District Court for the Middle District of

Florida.     The affidavit more or less informed the district court

that she had been cooperative with Universitas' subpoena; she

submitted, in anticipation of her deposition, all the documents

that she had in her possession that were addressed to Robinson;

she informed Universitas at her deposition of the Will; Novak had

told her that Shadow Ridge had no assets, so Granderson decided

not   to   initiate     any   probate      proceedings;    and    she    viewed

Universitas' continued efforts to question her as harassment.

           Two   additional     developments      occurred   in   July    2019.

First, the district court extended the discovery and summary

judgment   deadlines     to   July   26,   2019   and   September   3,    2019,

respectively.    Second, Universitas finally succeeded in deposing



       For the uninitiated, "pro se" is just a fancy Latin term
      11

given to litigants "who do[] not retain a lawyer and appear[] for
[themselves] in court." Fed. Deposit Ins. Corp. v. Anchor Props.,

 (1st Cir. 1994) (quoting Pro Se, Black's Law
Dictionary (6th ed. 1990)).
       Recall Universitas still had not yet filed a motion to sub
      12

her (or anyone, for that matter) into the case.

                                     - 14 -
Novak on July 25, 2019.     During her deposition, she indicated that

Shadow Ridge had no substantial assets remaining, Shadow Ridge had

received    about   $2   million   in   proceeds   from   Robinson's   life

insurance policies, and Granderson had received slightly less than

$1 million of those proceeds, as Robinson had left his ownership

interest in Shadow Ridge to Granderson.13

            With Novak's deposition now complete, Universitas turned

its attention to its upcoming summary judgment deadline and timely

filed its motion and supporting documentation on September 3,

2019.14    Nevertheless, that motion went unadjudicated as the case



     13 During July 2019, Universitas was also engaging in
litigation against Heathington in the United States District Court
for the Middle District of Florida regarding its attempts at
deposing her.
     14 In its briefing to us, Universitas asserts that, at the
time of filing, it "remitted a copy of the Motion for Summary
Judgment to Ms. Novak and informed Ms. Granderson of the Motion."
There is evidence in the record to suggest that Novak was given a
copy of the summary judgment motion, and that Granderson was
informed that a summary judgment motion would be forthcoming.
There is, however, no evidence in the record that the summary
judgment motion ever made its way to Granderson.       Rather, the
record shows the opposite. The certificate of service for each
summary-judgment-related filing only stated that it was filed
through the district court's electronic filing system. But, as no
party had yet been substituted into the case, no one could have
been served through that system. Moreover, the summary judgment
motion itself indicated that Universitas was unable to comply with
the district court's local rule requiring conference with the
opposing party prior to the filing of any motion because "Mr.
Robinson is deceased and there is no representative for his estate.
Therefore, there exists no party with whom counsel for Universitas
could confer prior to the filing of this motion." Finally, email
correspondence between Universitas' lawyer and Williams-Shaw

                                   - 15 -
went essentially dead for the next year or so with no more filings

or activity of any kind on the docket (for reasons, again, unclear

to us).15

            The case was briefly brought back to life in the summer

of 2020, with two notable developments.     First, Granderson made

her second appearance on the docket on June 2, 2020 with a pro se

motion to dismiss for lack of subject matter jurisdiction, which

she filed as a non-party to the case as she did before.   While not

particularly a beacon of clarity, the motion seems to be a copy of

a motion filed with the United States District Court for the Middle

District of Florida in an effort to prevent Universitas from

deposing her again.    Second, Granderson was indeed deposed again

on July 13, 2020, demonstrating that her efforts in Florida proved

unsuccessful.    During that deposition, at which Granderson was


demonstrates that Universitas' lawyer could not serve Williams-
Shaw through email because the motion and supporting documentation
were too large. To sidestep the issue, Universitas' lawyer asked
Williams-Shaw what her preferred method of receipt would be.
Williams-Shaw followed up and explained that she was not barred in
Massachusetts nor had she entered an appearance in the case in the
United States District Court for the District of Massachusetts, so
she "decline[d] to accept delivery of legal papers, related to the
above-referenced Massachusetts cause, for Mrs. Granderson."
Nothing in the record suggests Universitas took any other steps to
serve Granderson.
     15 It appears that in this interim period, Universitas and
Granderson were engaging in litigation in the United States
District Court for the Middle District of Florida relating to a
second deposition of Granderson that Universitas wanted to
conduct.

                               - 16 -
represented by Williams-Shaw, Granderson confirmed (among many

other things) that she had received a check for a total of

$923,747.60 from the life insurance policy proceeds from Shadow

Ridge.     And   with      those   two    developments,       the    case   went

(inexplicably) dormant again.

           A flurry of activity in the 2021 new year awoke the case

from its slumber.       First up (and importantly), on January 26,

Universitas filed a Request for Entry of Default ("the Request")

against Robinson's estate (not Robinson specifically), pursuant to

Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 55(a).16           The Request itself argued

that Robinson's estate had not responded to Universitas' summary

judgment   motion,   and    Granderson,     as    executrix   with    (alleged)

knowledge of the proceedings, had "knowingly and intentionally

. . . failed to defend this case."               The Request also indicated

that Universitas had sent a copy of the Request to Granderson.17

Two days later, on January 28, 2021, the clerk of the district


     16 We'll get into the weeds of entry of default and default
judgments later down the line but, for now, just keep in mind that
Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 55 governs the issuance of a
default judgment and the rule envisions a two-step process, with
the first step being entry of default under Rule 55(a) and the
second step being entry of default judgment under Rule 55(b). See
Fed. R. Civ. P. 55(a)–(b); see also $23,000 in U.S. Currency, 

 ("The rule distinguishes between the 'entry of default'
under Rule 55(a) and 'judgment by default' under Rule 55(b).").
     17Nowhere in the Request, however, does Universitas address
the fact that no one, much less Granderson specifically, had been
substituted into the case.

                                   - 17 -
court entered default, but only as to Robinson (not specifically

as to his estate or Granderson).18     That same day, a copy of the

clerk's entry of default was mailed to Robinson at the last-known

address on file for him, which was returned as undeliverable to

the district court on February 8, 2021 (and obviously so, because

Robinson had been dead for years by that point).

          Second, on March 1, 2021, Universitas moved for default

judgment against Robinson's estate, pursuant to Federal Rule of

Civil Procedure 55(b), because Granderson had allegedly "taken no

action to defend the case on behalf of Mr. Robinson's estate."

The default judgment sought $92,031,830.55 from Robinson's estate.

Granderson was quick to respond.     Just three days later, on March

4, 2021, Granderson made her third appearance on the docket and

filed a motion to intervene in the case for the limited purposes

of setting aside the entry of default and of moving to dismiss for

lack of subject matter jurisdiction (essentially renewing her

prior motion to dismiss for lack of subject matter jurisdiction).

This time, though, Granderson was not proceeding pro se.     Rather,



     18It is unclear as to why entry of default was entered against
Robinson (personally) to begin with because it was clear from the
Notice of Suggestion of Death filed with the district court back
on November 28, 2017 that Robinson had passed and, prior to his
death, he had defended the case vigorously, he (needless to say)
couldn't have continued to defend himself after his death, and, in
the wake of his departure, the case had turned into a Robinson-
is-dead-there-is-no-defendant sideshow.

                              - 18 -
Lana Sullivan ("Sullivan") filed the motion for Granderson as her

local counsel, and she entered her appearance only "for the limited

purpose of intervening in this matter and moving to dismiss if

this motion is granted."        Williams-Shaw, for whom Sullivan filed

a separate motion for admission pro hac vice,19 was also listed as

counsel on the motion to intervene.           Disagreeing with Granderson's

legal     take,   Universitas   filed   its    opposition   to   Granderson's

motion to intervene on March 18, 2021.

             Notwithstanding these filings and flurry of activity,

the case went dead-dead this time for reasons that (again) remain

unclear.      Indeed, the next activity in the case came nearly

thirteen months later in June 2022.           But that activity was merely

two letters.       The first was a letter from Universitas to the

district court inquiring about the status of its pending motions

for summary judgment and default judgment since the district court

had not acted on either of its pending motions.             The second was a

counseled letter from Granderson (her fourth appearance on the

docket), arguing that no party had been substituted into the case




     19 Deciphering that Latin lingo, seeking admission pro hac
vice simply refers to the process by which a lawyer barred in the
relevant jurisdiction moves for the admission of a lawyer not
barred in that jurisdiction (but barred in another), so that the
latter can appear in a particular case. See Nationalist Movement
v. City of Boston, No. 94-1827, 

 (1st Cir.
Dec. 19, 1994).

                                   - 19 -
and Universitas' motion for default judgment should be denied.

The   case,    nevertheless,   remained   dead-dead   for   several   more

months.

              That is, until February 7, 2023, at which point the

district court issued a sweeping order adjudicating all the pending

motions.      The district court's February 7, 2023 order started off

with substitution. It noted that "[d]espite the initial challenges

Universitas faced when trying to identify a successor, Universitas

now contends that Ms. Granderson is an appropriate substitute under

[Federal Rule of Civil Procedure] 25" and it agreed with that

assessment.     Accordingly, the district court ordered that the stay

it had put in place back in 2017 be lifted,20 that Universitas

serve Granderson by March 31, 2023 with copies of the February 7,

2023 order and with copies of the Notice of Suggestion of Death

that Marcus filed in November 2017.        The district court further

ordered that Universitas would have ninety days after March 31,

2023 to file a motion for substitution and to serve Granderson

with that motion.




       The record is unclear as to whether this stay had already
      20

been lifted.   As we laid out above, while the district court
initially stayed the case indefinitely on December 20, 2017, it
subsequently extended the stay only to April 5, 2019. Our review
of the record reveals no further action regarding the stay on the
district court's part after April 5, 2019 until this February 7,
2023 order.

                                 - 20 -
           Turning to its resolution of the pending motions, the

district   court's   February   7,    2023   order    started   off   with

Granderson's pro se motion to dismiss for lack of subject matter

jurisdiction and her counseled motion to intervene.         The district

court denied both, first, concluding that it did have subject

matter jurisdiction and that, second, permissive intervention (as

requested) was not appropriate because Granderson "does not seek

intervention to respond to Universitas' motions nor does she seek

to be substituted for Mr. Robinson."21       As for Universitas' motion

for summary judgment and motion for default judgment, the district

court denied both because no party had been substituted into the

case, but indicated Universitas could refile them at a later time.

With all the pending motions now resolved, the February 7, 2023

order ended by scheduling a status conference for April 12, 2023

and   ordering   Universitas    and   "any   person    substituted    [for

Robinson]" to file a status report by April 7, 2023.




      21The district court also ruled on Sullivan's motion for
Williams-Shaw's admission pro hac vice. While the district court
allowed that motion, it also terminated immediately thereafter
both Sullivan's and Williams-Shaw's appearances on the docket.
Recall that Sullivan and Williams-Shaw had filed their appearances
"for the limited purpose of intervening in this matter and moving
to dismiss if this motion is granted." Having denied the motion
to dismiss and motion to intervene, the district court reasoned
that the purpose for their appearances was no longer relevant and
terminated their appearances.

                                 - 21 -
           Following the issuance of the February 7, 2023 order,

the case proceeded rather quickly, in contrast to the previous

periods of inactivity.    A few weeks later, Universitas filed two

status reports detailing its efforts at serving Granderson with

copies of the February 7, 2023 order and Notice of Suggestion of

Death, despite Granderson's apparent refusal to accept service

from the service processor at her home in Florida.             At the April

12, 2023 status conference held remotely, the district court

ordered Universitas to file a motion to substitute by April 19,

2023 and allowed Universitas to refile its motion for default

judgment no later than May 12, 2023.        The district court indicated

that it would "schedul[e] a hearing on the motion for default

judgment promptly and w[ould] further address the execution of the

judgment   when   appropriate."     While    it   does   not   appear   that

Granderson was present for this status conference, Williams-Shaw

was present and the district court "treat[ed] [her] participation

. . . in this status conference as that of an interested party

since no formal appearance as counsel of record has been accepted

by the [c]ourt."22




     22 At this point, though, Robinson was dead and no one had yet
been substituted in his place. There was, therefore, no one for
whom Williams-Shaw could have entered an appearance as counsel of
record.

                                  - 22 -
            Universitas promptly filed its motion for substitution

on April 18, 2023 and served it upon Granderson.               The district

court granted the motion a few weeks later on May 8, 2023 because

Granderson failed to file an opposition within fourteen days of

service as required by local rules.            See D. Mass. R. 7.1(b)(2).

Notably, a counseled opposition23 (Granderson's fifth appearance

on the docket) did arrive on May 12, 2023, four days after the

district court granted Universitas' substitution motion.             Also on

May 12, Universitas renewed its motion for default judgment.            Then

two weeks later on May 26, 2023, Sullivan, on Granderson's behalf,

filed an opposition to Universitas' renewed motion for default

judgment (Granderson's sixth and final appearance on the docket)

and Universitas filed a reply to Granderson's opposition/motion to

vacate substitution.

            After a nearly two-month lull in activity, the district

court      denied     Granderson's        opposition/motion     to    vacate

substitution,       and     granted   Universitas'    motion   for   default

judgment, without scheduling any hearing on the motion for default

judgment    as   it   had    previously   indicated   it   would.    Despite

Granderson's six appearances and filings, the district court's



     23 Granderson's opposition was styled as both an opposition
and a motion to vacate the district court's ruling ordering her
substitution.    It was filed by Sullivan, who Granderson had
apparently retained again.

                                      - 23 -
default judgment indicated that "Robinson . . . and his Estate,

through substituted party Lillian Granderson, . . . failed to plead

or otherwise defend in this action."         The default judgment then

ordered that Universitas recover from Robinson's estate, through

substituted party Granderson, the hefty sum of $92,031,830.55

(plus interest).

           Not wanting to be on the hook for a $92 million bill,

Granderson filed a timely appeal and brought the case to our bench.

                                The Issues

           Having made it out the other end of that procedural-

history maze, we turn our attention now to the issues on appeal.

To remind, Granderson challenges the district court's granting of

Universitas' motion to substitute and motion for default judgment.

We'll take each in turn, kicking things off with the motion to

substitute, before ending with the motion for default judgment.

                         Motion to Substitute

           Granderson believes the district court was wrong to sub

her into the case as a representative for Robinson's estate and

hopes that we will reverse that decision.      She pins those hopes on

three arguments, all relating to Universitas' alleged failure to

follow   the   proper   Rule   25(a)   substitution   process.   First,

Granderson argues that Universitas should have filed its Rule 25(a)

substitution motion within ninety days of it having learned of the


                                  - 24 -
Will and of the fact that the Will named her executrix.           Second,

she alternatively argues that Universitas should have filed its

Rule 25(a) substitution motion within ninety days of Marcus having

filed the Notice of Suggestion of Death.      And third, she argues it

would be unfair to order her substitution in light of her advanced

age and declining health.     To make sense of these arguments, we'd

first   better    explain   our   standard   of   review   and   how   the

substitution process works when a party to a case dies.

          Starting off with our standard of review, we review a

district court's decision to substitute a party under Rule 25(a)

for abuse of discretion.    See LN Mgmt., LLC v. JPMorgan Chase Bank,

N.A., 

, 949 (9th Cir. 2020) (citing cases); cf. Potvin

v. Speedway LLC, 

 (1st Cir. 2018) (reviewing

substitution under Rule 25(c) for abuse of discretion).          An "error

of law" is a prime example of an abuse of discretion, but such an

abuse also "occurs when a material factor deserving significant

weight is ignored, when an improper factor is relied upon, or when

all proper and no improper factors are assessed, but the court

makes a serious mistake in weighing them."        Lech v. von Goeler, 

, 63-64 (1st Cir. 2024) (citations and internal quotation

marks omitted).

          With our standard of review squared away, we turn now to

the substitution process.     When a party dies during litigation and


                                  - 25 -
the "claim survives the death of [the] party, Rule 25 'facilitates

the substitution of a "proper party" to take the place of the

decedent.'"    Marcus v. Am. Cont. Bridge League, 

, 43

(1st Cir. 2023) (quoting Silas v. Sheriff of Broward Cnty., 

, 876 (11th Cir. 2022)).       In relevant part, that Rule

provides:

            (a) Death.

                (1) Substitution if the Claim Is Not
                Extinguished.   If a party dies and the
                claim is not extinguished, the court may
                order substitution of the proper party.
                A motion for substitution may be made by
                any party or by the decedent's successor
                or representative. If the motion is not
                made within 90 days after service of a
                statement noting the death, the action by
                or   against   the   decedent   must   be
                dismissed.

                . . .

                (3) Service.    A motion to substitute,
                together with a notice of hearing, must
                be served on the parties as provided in
                Rule 5 and on nonparties as provided in
                Rule 4. A statement noting death must be
                served in the same manner. Service may
                be made in any judicial district.

Fed. R. Civ. P. 25(a)(1), (3).

            Breaking this down, if a party dies and the claim(s) is

not extinguished,24 Rule 25(a) permits (but does not require) that


     24Granderson did not contest below and does not contest here
Universitas' assertion that some of its claims against Robinson
(i.e., its civil RICO claims) survive his death -- an assertion

                               - 26 -
the district court order substitution of the proper party.    Fed.

R. Civ. P. 25(a)(1) ("If a party dies and the claim is not

extinguished, the court may order substitution of the proper

party." (emphasis ours)); see In re Baycol Prods. Litig., 

 (8th Cir. 2010) ("The language of [Federal Rule of Civil

Procedure] 25(a)(1) is permissive. . . .   The decision whether to

substitute parties lies within the discretion of the trial judge

and he may refuse to substitute parties in an action even if one

of the parties so moves." (citation and internal quotation marks

omitted)).

          To effectuate that substitution, "[t]he rule [first]

requires 'service of a statement noting the death,' but fails to

specify upon who that notice must be served."   Marcus, 80 F.4th at

43 (quoting Fed. R. Civ. P. 25(a)(1)).   The "who" of it all "is an




for which there is caselaw support.        See, e.g., Malvino v.
Delluniversita, 

 (5th Cir. 2016) (civil RICO
claims survive decedent's death); Faircloth v. Finesod, 

 (4th Cir. 1991) (same); McKinney v. Panico, No. 21-cv-
04602, 

, at *3 (N.D. Ill. June 30, 2022) (same and
collecting cases); Watchous Enters., LLC v. Pac. Nat'l Cap., No.
16-1432, 

, at *3 (D. Kan. June 7, 2021) (same);
First Am. Corp. v. Al-Nahyan, 

 (D.D.C. 1996)
(same).    Granderson has, therefore, forfeited and waived any
argument to the contrary. See Brox v. Hole, 

, 96–97
(1st Cir. 2023) (characterizing appellants' failure to "develop
[any] contrary argument" as waiver); Davila v. Corporación de P.R.
Para La Difusión Pública, 

 (1st Cir. 2007) ("The
appellant did not present [the argument] to the district court.
The argument is, therefore, forfeited.").

                              - 27 -
important facet of the rule because '[i]f the motion [to substitute

a party] is not made within 90 days after service of a statement

noting the death, the action by or against the decedent must be

dismissed.'"     

 (alterations in original) (quoting Fed. R. Civ.

P. 25(a)(1)).     Our recent decision in Marcus makes clear that the

statement noting the death "must be served upon the decedent's

successor   or   personal   representative   before   the   90-day   clock

starts to run."     

 at 43–44.

            While the rule does not specify who qualifies as a

"decedent's successor or representative" and, therefore, a "proper

party" for substitution, Fed. R. Civ. P. 25(a)(1), caselaw provides

some helpful examples, such as individuals who are "(1) the primary

beneficiary of an already distributed estate, (2) named in a will

as the executor of the decedent's estate, even if the will is not

probated, or (3) the primary beneficiary of an unprobated intestate

estate which need not be probated."       In re Baycol Prods. Litig.,

616 F.3d at 784–85 (internal citations omitted); see also Sinito

v. U.S. Dep't of Just., 

 (D.C. Cir. 1999) ("Thus,

we have held not only that an executor or administrator of a

decedent's estate is a proper party for substitution, but also

that the distributee of a decedent's estate may be a 'successor'

of an estate that has been distributed and thus can be a proper

party.").


                                 - 28 -
           Once   service   of   the   statement   noting   the   death   is

effectuated, the last step in the process is the actual motion to

substitute, which must (as just explained) be filed and served

within ninety days.    Fed. R. Civ. P. 25(a)(1).

           Against this backdrop, we turn now to Granderson's first

argument   against    substitution,     which   goes   like   this:       By

Universitas' own admission, it became aware that Granderson was

the executrix of Robinson's Will at her April 12, 2019 deposition,25

so it should have served her with a motion to substitute within

ninety days of it having learned that information.          And by failing

to do so within ninety days -- the argument goes -- Universitas

should have been required to explain its multi-year delay pursuant

to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 6(b)(1)(B), which provides,

"[w]hen an act may or must be done within a specified time, the

court may, for good cause, extend the time . . . on motion made

after the time has expired if the party failed to act because of

excusable neglect."      Because the ninety-day clock had run and

Universitas did not make a Rule 6(b)(1)(B) good-cause showing, the

district court abused its discretion by allowing the substitution

motion (at least in Granderson's view).




     25 As we mentioned above, Universitas was actually on notice
of the Will and Granderson being the named executrix as of February
1, 2018.

                                  - 29 -
            This argument, as Universitas argues, falls short for

several reasons.      To start, recall that Granderson did not timely

oppose Universitas' substitution motion.                That means her argument

was forfeited below.       See Crispin-Taveras v. Mun. of Carolina, 

 (1st Cir. 2011) ("A party's failure, on account of

ignorance or neglect, to timely oppose a motion in the district

court constitutes forfeiture.").            And "[f]orfeited arguments are

only considered for plain error."           Nat'l Fed'n of the Blind v. The

Container Store, Inc., 

 (1st Cir. 2018).                            But

nowhere in her briefing does Granderson even attempt to map her

argument onto plain error's four prongs, which require that "(1)

an error occurred (2) which was clear or obvious . . . (3) affected

[her]     substantial    rights     [and]      (4)   seriously         impaired    the

fairness,    integrity,     or    public       reputation        of    the   judicial

proceedings."      

    (second     alteration     in    original)         (citation

omitted).      This     necessarily    means     that     she,    in    addition    to

forfeiting the argument below, has waived it on appeal. See United

States v. Colón-De Jesús, 

, 25 (1st Cir. 2023).26


     26 Even after Universitas raised this waiver-related defect,
Granderson did not attempt to cure this defect in her reply brief.
Rather, she argues that she did not forfeit her argument in the
first place because it took her some time to retain local counsel
to respond to the motion. While we recognize that Granderson, as
a Florida resident, might have had trouble retaining local counsel,
we note that she ended up retaining the same local counsel,
Sullivan, who had represented her earlier in this same litigation,
and Granderson could have filed a pro se request for more time to

                                      - 30 -
           Furthermore, even were we to wink-wink these forfeiture

and waiver issues away, her argument fails, again as Universitas

argues, on the merits.     While Granderson argues that the ninety-

day clock should have started running in 2019 when Universitas

(supposedly)   learned    of   the    Will   and   Granderson's    role   as

executrix, our decision in Marcus makes crystal clear that the

ninety-day clock began to run when Robinson's successor or personal

representative (here, Granderson)27 was served with the statement

noting his death.      Marcus, 80 F.4th at 43–44.        And nowhere does

Granderson seriously contest that she was served with the statement

noting    Robinson's   death   on    March   27    and   March   28,   2023.

Consequently, Universitas had ninety days from then to serve her

with the motion to substitute, which it then did by certified mail

within that ninety-day window (as evidenced by the motion to

substitute's certificate of service).28        So, in our view, no good-


respond, which we know she knew how to do as evidenced by her
previously-made pro se filings in this same litigation.
     27 Nowhere in her briefing does Granderson contest that, as
the named executrix in the Will, she was a proper party to be
substituted.    In re Baycol Prods. Litig., 

(indicating that a proper party for substitution includes an
individual "named in a will as the executor of the decedent's
estate, even if the will is not probated").
     28 While Granderson suggested below that she was not served
with the motion to substitute, she does not reiterate that
assertion anywhere in her briefing to us.     In addition to the
motion to substitute's certificate of service, there are other
indicators in the record to demonstrate Granderson was put on
notice of the motion to substitute. For example, as earlier noted,

                                    - 31 -
cause showing was required because Universitas complied with Rule

25(a) and our caselaw, and the ninety-day clock had not yet

expired.

            Recognizing     that   our    decision   in     Marcus   is   her

argument's undoing, she attempts to distinguish that case because,

there, it was the plaintiff who died, whereas here it was the

defendant.    Moreover, in Marcus she notes, there was also "no

indication   that    [the   substitute    plaintiff]      actually   received

notice" and "sat on h[er] hands while the 90-day window lapsed."

Id. at 44 (second alteration in original) (citation and internal

quotation    marks   omitted).       In     Granderson's     view,   because

Universitas was aware of the proper party to substitute for many

years, Marcus should not apply because it would be inequitable and

would undermine federal courts' interest in finality to allow



Williams-Shaw was present at the April 12, 2023 status conference,
at which the district court let everyone know that Universitas
would be serving the motion to substitute by April 19, 2023.
Additionally, a few days prior to the April 12, 2023 status
conference, Universitas filed a status report, with its proposed
motion to substitute as an attachment, in anticipation of that
status conference. That status report also indicates it was served
upon Granderson by personal service and certified mail. Finally,
Granderson does not argue to us that she failed to timely respond
to Universitas' motion to substitute because she was not served
with it. Rather, she admits in her briefing to us that she did
not timely respond because she had trouble retaining local counsel.
She also asserts in her briefing to us that she was aware of the
deadline by which she needed to respond to the motion to
substitute, undermining any claim that she was not served or did
not have notice of the motion.

                                   - 32 -
Universitas "perpetual and unlimited control of the 90-day clock"

by allowing it to pick and choose when to serve the statement

noting the death and, thereby, start the clock.

           As an initial matter, there is no language in Marcus or

Rule 25(a) itself to even intimate that the Rule's requirements

should differ when the decedent is the defendant, as opposed to

the plaintiff. Id. at 43–45; see Silas, 55 F.4th at 877 (rejecting

identical argument and explaining that "the text of Rule 25 does

not distinguish between plaintiffs and defendants").           What's more,

Granderson's assertions that Universitas sat on its hands "for

four years" and had "perpetual and unlimited control of the 90-

day clock" are completely belied by the record.         While Universitas

did have knowledge that Granderson was the executrix, it hardly

sat on its hands for years given that it actively engaged in

litigation against Granderson, Novak, and Heathington to determine

the proper party to substitute.       Additionally, it filed countless

motions to continue the ninety-day deadline.                It was also the

district court who was in the driver's seat vis-á-vis the running

of the ninety-day clock because it was the district court who

ordered   Universitas   to   serve   Granderson   by    a    specific   date.

Accordingly,   we   reject   Granderson's   first      argument   that   the

ninety-day clock began to run in April 2019 or whenever Universitas

learned of the Will and of Granderson's role as the executrix.


                                 - 33 -
            Having thrown Granderson's first argument in the bin, we

turn our attention to her remaining two arguments, neither of which

do   the   trick.   Granderson's   next   argument   is   essentially   a

recycling of her first, but with a new coat of paint.               She

(confusingly) argues that the ninety-day clock began to run when

Marcus filed the Notice of Suggestion of Death on November 28,

2017.29    Because Universitas did not file its motion to substitute

for years after that, Granderson argues Rule 6(b)(1)(B)'s good-

cause requirement applied here.      To support that argument, she

looks to the Advisory Committee's Note to the 1963 Amendment to

Rule 25(a), which states:

            The amended rule establishes a time limit for
            the motion to substitute based not upon the
            time of the death, but rather upon the time
            information of the death as provided by the
            means of a suggestion of death upon the
            record, i.e., service of a statement of the
            fact of the death. The motion may not be made
            later than 90 days after the service of the
            statement unless the period is extended
            pursuant to Rule 6(b), as amended.

Fed. R. Civ. P. 25 advisory committee's note to 1963 amendment

(internal citations omitted).      Setting aside the aforementioned

forfeiture and waiver issues,30 the Advisory Committee's Note, in



       We say "confusingly" because she just argued that the clock
      29

should have started running when Universitas learned Granderson
was the executrix in April 2019.
       Adding onto those previous forfeiture and waiver issues,
      30

the instant argument is also waived because it appears only in

                                - 34 -
our view, undermines Granderson's claim, rather than supports it.

It clearly states that "[t]he motion may not be made later than 90

days after the service of the statement unless the period is

extended pursuant to Rule 6(b)," and we explained in Marcus that

service   of   the   statement   must     be   made   on   the   decedent's

representative of successor. Id. (emphasis ours); Marcus, 80 F.4th

at 43–44. So, even though Universitas had received and been served

with the Notice of Suggestion Death in November 2017, Granderson

had not and that makes all the difference.        Marcus explicitly held

that "for the 90-day clock to begin running under Rule 25, the

suggesting party must properly serve both the other parties and a

nonparty successor or personal representative of the deceased with

a notice of death."      Marcus, 80 F.4th at 44 (emphasis ours).

Accordingly, because the Notice of Suggestion of Death was not

served on Granderson back in 2017 when it was filed on the district

court's docket, the ninety-day clock did not start running and no

good-cause showing under Rule 6(b)(1)(B) was required.

          As a last-ditch effort, Granderson contends that it

would be unfair to allow substitution because nearly six years

have passed since Robinson's death and, in the interim, she "has




Granderson's reply brief. Brox, 83 F.4th at 97 n.2 ("They do make
this assertion in their reply brief, but arguments not made in an
opening brief on appeal are deemed waived." (citation omitted)).

                                 - 35 -
aged further and her physical and medical limitations [have]

worsened over time."    While we are sympathetic to Granderson's

health issues, this argument is also forfeited and waived for the

reasons stated above.    Moreover, despite these health issues,

Granderson's filings, both pro se and counseled, demonstrate that

she is still able to litigate this case.

          Ultimately,   having   parried   all   of   Granderson's

contentions, we determine that she was served in accordance with

Rule 25(a) and our caselaw, so we discern no abuse of discretion

in the district court's decision subbing her into the case.31


     31  Before moving on, there's one wrinkle concerning
substitution that we must address. Elsewhere, and separately in
her briefing, Granderson suggests that the district court should
not have ordered her substitution because it is "moot," as the
estate is insolvent and life insurance proceeds are not part of
the estate. To the extent Granderson uses the word "moot" in the
jurisdictional sense to challenge our authority to decide this
appeal, that argument fails. See, e.g., Mission Prod. Holdings v.
Tempnology, LLC, 

 (2019) ("Here, Tempnology
notes that the bankruptcy estate has recently distributed all of
its assets, leaving nothing to satisfy Mission's judgment. But
courts often adjudicate disputes whose practical impact is unsure
at best, as when a defendant is insolvent. And Mission notes that
if it prevails, it can seek the unwinding of prior distributions
to get its fair share of the estate. So although this suit may
not make [Mission] rich, or even better off, it remains a live
controversy -- allowing us to proceed." (alteration in original)
(citations and internal quotation marks omitted)); Chafin v.
Chafin, 

, 175–76 (2013) ("[T]he fact that a defendant
is insolvent does not moot a claim for damages."). And to the
extent Granderson is arguing that ordering her substitution would
not be fruitful for Universitas and thus the district court's
decision was an abuse of discretion, that argument was forfeited
by failing to timely oppose the motion to substitute below,
Crispin-Taveras, 

, waived for failing to address plain

                              - 36 -
                    Motion for Default Judgment

          While   Granderson's    arguments   regarding   substitution

didn't get her a win, she has better luck with her arguments

regarding default judgment.      When you get right down to it, she

basically argues that the district court erred because default

judgment is entered only after entry of default, which requires

that the party have failed to plead or otherwise defend, and

neither Robinson nor she failed to plead or otherwise defend.       In

Granderson's mind, Robinson pleaded and defended the case, so

entering default against him was inappropriate simply because he

died and (obviously) stopped defending himself.     For her part, she

argues she certainly defended the case both before and after her

substitution, as evidenced by her numerous appearances and filings

on the docket (six in total).     Thus, according to Granderson, the

district court abused its discretion in granting Universitas'

motion.   We agree for reasons we'll get into after we take two

beats, the first to explain our standard of review and the second

to lay out the default judgment process.




error's four prongs, Colón-De Jesús, 85 F.4th at 25, and doubly
waived for "failing to cite any authority whatsoever in support of
[her]"   assertion   that  ordering   substitution   under   these
circumstances constitutes an abuse of discretion, Rezende v. Ocwen
Loan Servicing, LLC, 

 (1st Cir. 2017).

                                 - 37 -
           "We review orders entering default judgment for abuse of

discretion."    In re MacPherson, 

 (B.A.P. 1st Cir.

2000).   Within that review, we may also review "the interlocutory

entry of default."      Enron Oil Corp. v. Diakuhara, 

(2d Cir. 1993).        As before, the same examples of abuses of

discretion apply here.       See In re MacPherson, 

.

One relevant example of an abuse of discretion worth repeating is

ignoring "a material factor deserving significant weight."                

(citation omitted).

           Turning to the ins and outs of default judgments, Rule

55 provides a two-step process for default judgment.            Fed. R. Civ.

P. 55(a)–(b).     Step one is entry of default under Rule 55(a), which

provides   that    "[w]hen   a   party   against    whom   a   judgment   for

affirmative relief is sought has failed to plead or otherwise

defend, and that failure is shown by affidavit or otherwise, the

clerk must enter the party's default."             Fed. R. Civ. P. 55(a).

Step two is entry of default judgment under Rule 55(b), which

provides that such a judgment can be entered by the clerk, assuming

certain conditions are met, and otherwise by the court.             Fed. R.

Civ. P. 55(b).       To spell it out, the clerk may enter default

judgment if the claim is for a sum certain, if the clerk has been

given an affidavit of the amount due, and provided that entry of

default has been entered against a person (who is neither a minor


                                  - 38 -
nor an incompetent person) for failure to appear.     Fed. R. Civ. P.

55(b)(1).    In any other circumstance, an application or motion for

default judgment must be made directly to the court.     Fed. R. Civ.

P. 55(b)(2). Importantly, "[p]rior to obtaining a default judgment

under [Rule 55(b)], there must be an entry of default as provided

by Rule 55(a)."     $23,000 in U.S. Currency, 

 n.15

(second alteration in original) (citation omitted); see also 10A

Charles Alan Wright, Arthur R. Miller, Mary K. Kane & Adam N.

Steinman, Federal Practice and Procedure § 2682 (4th ed. 2023).

            A defaulted party is deemed "to have conceded the truth

of the factual allegations in the complaint as establishing the

grounds for liability as to which damages will be calculated."

Franco v. Selective Ins. Co., 

, 9 n.3 (1st Cir. 1999).

Notwithstanding that concession, the district court "may examine

a   plaintiff's    complaint,   taking   all   well-pleaded   factual

allegations as true, to determine whether it alleges a cause of

action."    Ramos-Falcón v. Autoridad de Energía Eléctrica, 

 (1st Cir. 2002) (citation omitted).       While "[a] hearing may

be required . . . to set damages when the amount is in dispute or

is not ascertainable from the pleadings," the district court can

also order a default judgment "without a hearing of any kind,"

assuming it "has jurisdiction over the subject matter and parties,

the allegations in the complaint state a specific, cognizable claim


                                - 39 -
for   relief,      and   the    defaulted    party     had   fair   notice    of   its

opportunity to object."              In re The Home Rests., Inc., 

 (1st Cir. 2002) (citations omitted).                  On that score, the

district court may also "choose to hold a hearing to establish the

truth of any averment in the complaint."                 

 at 114–15 (citation

and internal quotation marks omitted).

             All that said, default judgment is a "drastic" measure

"that runs contrary to the goals of resolving cases on the merits

and   avoiding      harsh      or   unfair   results."       Remexcel    Managerial

Consultants, Inc. v. Arlequín, 

 (1st Cir. 2009)

(citations and internal quotation marks omitted).                       As such, it

"should be employed only in an extreme situation," Stewart v.

Astrue, 

 (1st Cir. 2009) (citation omitted), and to

protect diligent parties from clearly unresponsive adversaries,

see Ortiz-Gonzalez v. Fonovisa, 

 (1st Cir. 2002)

(citing     H.F.    Livermore        Corp.   v.     Aktiengesellschaft       Gebruder

Loepfe, 

 (D.C. Cir. 1970)).

             Applying this rubric here,32 we think the district court

abused     its   discretion         by   entering    default    judgment     against


      32At the outset, we note that a party can move under Rule
55(c) to set aside both entry of default and default judgment.
Fed. R. Civ. P. 55(c). While entry of default can be set aside
for good cause, default judgment can only be set aside for specific
reasons outlined in Rule 60(b), including mistake, excusable
neglect, newly discovered evidence, fraud, voidness, satisfaction
of judgment, or "any other reason that justifies relief." Fed. R.

                                         - 40 -
Granderson because such a judgment can only be entered after entry

of default.   In the case at bar, though, no entry of default had

ever been entered against Granderson and no entry of default could

have been entered against her because (contrary to Universitas'

argument) she did "otherwise defend" the lawsuit.   A simple once-

over of the district court's docket shows why that is so.      The

only entry of default in the record was against Robinson (who is,




Civ. P. 55(c); Fed R. Civ. P. 60(b). Here, Granderson never moved
to set aside the entry of default or default judgment under Rule
55(c) and/or Rule 60(b). Our caselaw suggests no such motion was
required, see $23,000 in U.S. Currency, 

(characterizing a Rule 55(b) default judgment as "a 'final
disposition of the case and an appealable order'" (citation
omitted)); In re MacPherson, 

 (reviewing appeal
of default judgment, because it "is a final order, ripe for our
review" (quoting In re Zeitler, 

 (B.A.P. 1st Cir.
1998))); see also Stelly v. Duriso, 

, 407 (5th Cir.
2020) (holding "that a party's failure to file a motion to set
aside a default judgment in the district court does not prevent
the party from appealing that judgment"), and neither party makes
an argument to the contrary, but see Stelly, 

, 407 n.4
(5th Cir. 2020) (collecting cases describing different approach of
circuits on whether defaulting parties must move under Rule
55(c)/Rule 60(b) prior to appeal); In re Taylor, 

, 36
n.31 (B.A.P. 10th Cir. 2013) (same). Although Universitas does
cite the factors an appellate court must consider when reviewing
an appeal of a Rule 55(c) and/or Rule 60(b) motion, it cites no
case of ours to suggest that we must treat an appeal from a Rule
55(b) default judgment as an appeal from a Rule 55(c) motion or a
Rule 60(b) motion. Our review, therefore, is not for "whether the
district court abused its discretion in declining to vacate the
default judgment, but [rather for] whether it abused its discretion
in granting a default judgment in the first instance." City of
New York v. Mickalis Pawn Shop, LLC, 

 (2d Cir.
2011); see also Ackra Direct Mktg. Corp. v. Fingerhut Corp., 

 (8th Cir. 1996) (same).

                              - 41 -
emphatically, not Granderson), and Universitas never moved for

entry of default against her once she had been subbed into the

case.

              Furthermore, just as Granderson argues in her brief, she

appeared six times total in the case and filed substantive motions

challenging the proceedings.               Notably, the majority of these

appearances and filings occurred before Granderson was ever even

subbed into the case and had any formal obligation to respond as

a party to the litigation.           While there can certainly be scenarios

in   which,    despite   a    party's      appearances   or   filings,   default

judgment   might    still     be     appropriate,    "[d]efault    judgment   for

failure to defend is appropriate when the party's conduct includes

'willful   violations        of    court   rules,   contumacious   conduct,   or

intentional delays.'"             Ackra Direct Mktg. Corp., 

(quoting United States ex rel. Time Equip. Rental & Sales, Inc. v.

Harre, 

 (8th Cir. 1993)).               It is not appropriate

where the party's conduct amounts to "a 'marginal failure to comply

with time requirements.'"            

 (quoting Harre, 

).

Indeed, our own caselaw reflects as much.             See Alameda v. Sec'y of

Health, Educ. & Welfare, 

, 1048 (1st Cir. 1980)

("[T]he Secretary's failure to file the requested memoranda or

even explain the failure after months of delay, amounted to a

failure under [Federal Rule of Civil Procedure] 55(a) to 'otherwise


                                       - 42 -
defend' the suit." (citations omitted)).            Nothing in the record

even suggests that Granderson engaged in such conduct.

            To be sure, we concede that some of Granderson's filings

might not have been as clear or as artful as Universitas or the

district court might have liked and that her opposition to the

motion to substitute was untimely.           But these purported failings

must be viewed in context.          Several of her filings were pro se,

which   "are    subject   to    'less   stringent   standards    than   formal

pleadings drafted by lawyers.'"             In re Flynn, 

, 31

(B.A.P. 1st Cir. 2018) (quoting Erickson v. Pardus, 

 (2007)).      Her untimely opposition to Universitas' motion to

substitute was merely days late and did not amount to "months of

delay."   Alameda, 622 F.2d at 1048.          To boot, once Granderson had

been substituted into the case, there were no pending motions for

her to respond to and, once Universitas filed its second motion

for default judgment, she timely opposed that motion, thereby

"defend[ing]" the only thing in the record that she could have

defended.      And the greater context of the whole case demonstrates

that Granderson, soon after Robinson's passing, informed Marcus of

the Will and her role as executrix and that, over the six years of

litigation      following      Robinson's    passing,   she     made    several

substantive filings on the record (including opposing both of

Universitas' motions for default judgment) and consistently raised


                                    - 43 -
her concerns to the district court that no party had been subbed

into the case.      Under these particular case circumstances, we

believe the district court abused its discretion in granting

default judgment against Granderson.

           Our conclusion finds further support in the fact that

the district court did not explain why it thought default judgment

was appropriate in this scenario.         The district court's default

judgment merely states that default judgment was entered because

"Robinson . . . and his Estate, through substituted party Lillian

Granderson, . . . failed to plead or otherwise defend in this

action."   Nowhere does the district court acknowledge Granderson's

multiple appearances and filings or even explain why, despite her

multiple appearances and filings, she should still be considered

to have "failed to . . . otherwise defend."       As we've noted in the

past, "ignor[ing]" such "a material factor deserving significant

weight" is an abuse of discretion, plain and simple.              In re

MacPherson,   

   (citation   omitted)   (concluding

issuance of default judgment "would have to be remanded" where

"the court failed to weigh factors pertinent to its decision").

           Recognizing that it's on the losing end of this default

judgment scenario, Universitas attempts to counter with three

arguments -- none of which is a silver bullet.        First, it argues

that Granderson forfeited any challenge to the default judgment


                                 - 44 -
because her opposition to that motion below merely incorporated by

reference   the   arguments    in   her   opposition   to    the   motion   to

substitute.   According to Universitas, therefore, we should review

her argument that she otherwise defended for plain error and,

because she didn't address plain error's four prongs, we should

consider that argument waived.         Put simply, we don't buy any of

what Universitas is selling.         It cites no First Circuit caselaw

for the proposition that incorporated-by-reference filings before

the district court amount to forfeiture below.              And we are aware

of none.    Universitas does, however, cite to an unpublished case

from the Sixth Circuit, where our sister circuit concluded that

"it is well settled that a party forfeits skeletal arguments, and

presenting the district court with only incorporated-by-reference

filings did just that."       United States v. Rich, No. 18-2268, 

, at *40 (6th Cir. Sept. 13, 2021) (internal citation

omitted).   But that case involved markedly different circumstances

than are at issue here.        There, the defendants (plural) filed a

joint motion, which "adopt[ed] and incorporat[ed] by reference

numerous written and oral motions and objections that they had

lodged with the district court throughout trial." 

 Displeased,

the district court "denied the motion in one paragraph, noting

their incorporation by reference was improper -- it pointed to no

specific allegation of error . . . and did not articulate any form


                                    - 45 -
of reasoned analysis giving context to their motion." 

 (cleaned

up).   On the other hand, when this case was before the district

court, Granderson (singular) incorporated only one filing, and

that   filing     had    paragraphs    specifically    geared   towards    the

propriety    of    default    judgment    and     "g[ave]   context   to   [her

opposition]."      

    Plus, this is not a case in which Granderson

merely incorporated a district-court filing in her briefing to us;

rather, she clearly raised her argument in her appellate briefing.

In our view, therefore, Granderson's arguments were not forfeited

below and were not waived on appeal.

            Second, Universitas argues that, "[w]hile it is true

that Mr. Robinson did originally litigate the case, after his death

he and his representatives did not," because Granderson's filings

were otherwise untimely and threadbare.            We are not persuaded.    To

begin, the implication that Robinson could have continued to

litigate the case after his death makes no sense.                More to the

point, it is unclear to us how Granderson could have litigated, or

could have been reasonably expected to litigate, the case prior to

her substitution into the case.                Furthermore, we have already

concluded, as previously discussed,              that Granderson's actions

amount to "otherwise defend[ing]" as contemplated by Rule 55.

            Third, and for its swan song, Universitas argues that we

should not reverse the default judgment because its "Motion for


                                      - 46 -
Default Judgment matched the requirements of Rule 55" by providing

the necessary affidavits and service.     There is, quite simply, no

merit to this argument because Universitas let other procedural

requirements fall by the wayside.    As we mentioned above, "[p]rior

to obtaining a default judgment under [Rule 55(b)], there must be

an entry of default as provided by Rule 55(a)."        $23,000 in U.S.

Currency, 

 n.15 (second alteration in original)

(citation omitted).    And here, there were several things wrong

with the entry of default (many of which we've hinted to already).

          Laying those mistakes on the table, Universitas first

moved for the clerk of the district court to enter default under

Rule 55(a) against Robinson's estate, even though no one had been

substituted into the case yet to represent the estate.        The clerk

then   entered   default   against   Robinson   (not   his   estate   or

Granderson), even though he had been dead and very clearly defended

himself prior to his passing.    To add on top of that, Universitas

moved for default judgment under Rule 55(b) against Granderson

before securing an entry of default under Rule 55(a) against her

in her representative capacity or otherwise.       We are aware of no

caselaw that allows for default judgment under these circumstances

or any caselaw that would allow Universitas to impute the Rule

55(a) entry of default against Robinson to Granderson. Universitas

proffered none below or in its briefing on appeal.     And even though


                                - 47 -
we raised these defects ourselves at oral argument, Universitas

did not even attempt to proffer some support through a Rule 28(j)33

letter.     Accordingly, contrary to Universitas' contentions, its

motion for default judgment was procedurally improper because no

entry of default was on the books against Granderson, as required

by the rule and our caselaw.            Fed. R. Civ. P. 55(a)-(b); $23,000

in U.S. Currency, 

 n.15 (explaining that default

judgment    cannot    be   entered     without   first   entering     entry   of

default).       This is another reason why the district court abused

its discretion in granting default judgment.                 See Triantos v.

Guaetta    &    Benson,    LLC,   

,   445   (1st   Cir.   2022)

(concluding district court abused its discretion where it did not

comply with the procedural requirements of Rule 11 before imposing

sanctions).

               All told, we conclude that the district court abused its

discretion in entering default judgment against Granderson, where

she defended the case and no entry of default had been entered

against her.




     33Federal Rule of Appellate Procedure 28(j) allows litigants
appearing before us to "promptly advise the circuit clerk by
letter" with any "pertinent and significant authorities [that]
come to a party's attention after the party's brief has been filed
-- or after oral argument but before decision." Fed. R. App. P.
28(j).

                                       - 48 -
                               The Wrap-Up

           Having reasoned through all the issues, we make official

the conclusion we previewed above:        We affirm the district court

as to substitution, vacate the default judgment, and remand this

matter   back   to   the   district   court   for   further   proceedings

consistent with this opinion.         The parties shall bear their own

costs.




                                 - 49 -