United States Court of Appeals
                       For the First Circuit


Nos. 24-1007
     24-1045
                   ARELY NICOLLE MONCADA ALANIZ,

                     Appellee/Cross-Appellant,

                                 v.

                          BAY PROMO, LLC,

                     Appellant/Cross-Appellee.


         APPEALS FROM THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
               FOR THE DISTRICT OF MASSACHUSETTS

         [Hon. Richard G. Stearns, U.S. District Judge]


                               Before

                        Barron, Chief Judge,
               Thompson and Rikelman, Circuit Judges.



     George W. Thomas, with whom Robert L. Sirianni Jr. was on
brief, for appellant/cross-appellee.

    Charles G. Devine, Jr. for appellee/cross-appellant.


                            July 2, 2025
              THOMPSON, Circuit Judge.              In March 2020, the COVID-19

pandemic brought about a global health crisis which led to a rapid

spike    in    demand     for     products        not     then    in    the    collective

consciousness       of    the    world     --    personal        protective         equipment

("PPE").      Across the world community, people needed PPE such as

surgical masks, K-95 masks, and surgical coats, and it was needed

in   a   hurry.      Amid       this   frenzied     and     unpredictable           business

landscape,     Appellant        and    Cross-Appellee        Bay    Promo,      LLC     --    a

miscellaneous merchandise supplier -- moved quickly to meet this

urgent    demand     by    supplying       government        entities         and    private

corporations with PPE, and, in the finest capitalistic tradition,

it   looked    to   make    a     profit    while       doing     so.      Appellee      and

Cross-Appellant      Arely       Nicolle        Moncada    Alaniz       ("Moncada"),         an

"I-know-a-guy" kind of person, was brought in to participate in

this entrepreneurial enterprise.

              Lucrative contracts and agreements with suppliers and

buyers got negotiated and effectuated, but whose efforts sealed

those deals is the dispute which brought today's litigants to our

doorsteps.        Following a cumbrous two-day bench trial in the

Massachusetts Federal District Court, both parties gripe about the

results below.       Bay Promo seeks a reversal of the court's breach

of contract holding which found Moncada entitled to a commission

payment on one lucrative PPE order.                     Although Moncada thinks the

district court got that piece just right, she's quite disgruntled


                                         - 2 -
with the court's determination that she was not entitled to a

commission payment on nine other orders she worked on.       After

untangling this web of claims, we find each party's protestations

without merit.

                          I. BACKGROUND

          Our appellate work begins with a description of the

pertinent facts that form the basis of this dispute.      Arriving

here from a bench trial, "we recount the relevant facts as found

by the district court, consistent with record support."   Reyes v.

Garland, 

 (1st Cir. 2022) (quoting González-Rucci

v. INS, 

 (1st Cir. 2008)); see also BioPoint, Inc.

v. Dickhaut, 

 (1st Cir. 2024).

          Bay Promo is a Florida limited liability company with

its principal place of business in Tampa, Florida.         Its two

principals, Thisal Jayasuriya and Humberto Arguello, Jr., will be

main characters in this story. Arguello's mother, Margina Arguello

("Margina"),1 functioning as Bay Promo's general manager and sales

manager, plays a role in this tale too.   In order to set the stage

for our analysis, it will be helpful to the gentle reader if we

familiarize ourselves with a few agreements that materialized over

a short period of time in the spring of 2020 and which underlie

today's dispute.   Once we understand these deals, we must also


     1 We refer to Ms. Arguello by her first name in order to keep
the parties straight. In doing so, we mean no disrespect to her.


                              - 3 -
look at the conversations taking place between Moncada and Bay

Promo along the way because, as we will explain, alleged promises

of   commission    payments   lie    at     the   heart    of    the   parties'

contestations.

                   A. Moncada's Commission Agreement

           We'll   start   with   the     first   formal   tie    between   the

parties.   On March 23, 2020, Arguello brought Moncada, a resident

of Massachusetts, into the Bay Promo fold to work as a "sales

distribut[ion] officer."      At the time, Moncada was enrolled as an

undergraduate student at Emerson College and knew Arguello through

a family connection back in Nicaragua.

           The terms of Moncada's employment and the commission

that all agreed she would earn on a pending order were memorialized

in a thirty-day written Commission Agreement that went into effect

on March 21, 2020.2   Pursuant to that detailed agreement, Moncada's

role with Bay Promo would include performing                "duties as are

customarily performed by an employee in a similar position," and

"other and unrelated services and duties as may be assigned to

[her] from time to time."           However, of import here, Moncada's

employment terms did not empower her to "enter into any contracts



     2 The astute reader may notice the Commission Agreement went
into effect two days before Moncada's start with Bay Promo. As
discussed below, the earlier date marked the beginning of what
would become known as the New York Order organized by Moncada which
was intentionally covered by the Commission Agreement.


                                    - 4 -
or commitments for or on behalf of [Bay Promo] without first

obtaining the express written consent of [Bay Promo]."

            Along with outlining Moncada's day to day duties, this

Commission Agreement included a promise from Bay Promo to pay

Moncada a commission "based on 6% of gross sales of [$]3,640,000.00

USD . . . at the conclusion of each project."                Notwithstanding

this 'each project' language, the parties acknowledge that the

Agreement   does   not   define   the   term,   but   they   do   agree   that

"project" in this initial agreement related solely to the purchase

of protective masks by Denim & More, PC (a company the reader will

become familiar with shortly) from Bay Promo for sale to New York

City.   For any subsequent projects, the Agreement stated that the

"commission rate will be determined by Humberto Arguello CEO [on

a] project by project basis."

            During her time with Bay Promo (which lasted about three

weeks before the relationship soured), Moncada's job entailed,

amongst other things, receiving purchase orders from clients and

forwarding those orders to Arguello or Margina.              But at no point

was she ever delegated the task of pricing sales items or drafting

purchase orders or invoices (Arguello or Margina handled that).

As happened, Moncada was never formally terminated by Bay Promo,

but her employment demise became quite clear once she lost access

to her work "portal" in mid-April, and then her Bay Promo email a

few days later.


                                   - 5 -
            Having   laid       out    the   basics    of    Moncada's   employment

arrangement with Bay Promo, we'll turn now to the various PPE

orders in controversy that were placed with Bay Promo during

Moncada's limited term.               For each order placed by a couple of

companies, specifically, Denim & More, PC and Cravens Group LLC

(more to come in a moment on these pivotal players), Moncada feels

that she is entitled to a 6% commission because she considers

herself   to   be    --    as    they     say    in    the    common   parlance   of

business -- the rainmaker who caused the introduction of these

companies to Bay Promo in the first place.

                            B. The New York Order

            So, enter stage right, Lee Parrish, co-founder (with his

son) of Denim & More, PC, a company that sold t-shirts and denim

products.      Shortly after its formation, which by serendipity

occurred just before the start of the pandemic, and before Denim

& More ever made a sale, a friend of New York Senator Chuck Schumer

contacted   Parrish       inquiring      whether      his    company   could   supply

protective face masks to New York City. In response Parrish turned

to his former associate, James Scott Vaughn, who referred Parrish

to Moncada.    Vaughn had recently worked with Moncada's father and

knew of Moncada's access to Bay Promo.

            After a round of brief Parrish/Moncada introductions via

email on March 21, 2020, Parrish sent a purchase order to Moncada

for PPE which she forwarded to Bay Promo.                     That purchase order


                                         - 6 -
would later become known as the New York Order.        Because the

specifics of that order are relevant to our later analysis of

Moncada's breach of contract claim, we'll provide you with some

details of the negotiations and Moncada's role in the process.   In

placing the order, Parrish (acting as the middleman for New York

City) requested "500,000 units per week of the KN95 and surgical

masks [at a] $1.40 and [$0].34 price commitment."     The purchase

order further stipulated that Bay Promo would deliver batches of

500,000 U.S. Food and Drug Administration ("FDA") approved KN95

masks and 500,000 FDA-approved surgical masks to New York on April

1, April 8, April 15, and April 22, 2020.      The total price for

this purchase order was $3.48 million.

           A critical part of the New York Order (at least from New

York's perspective) was that the masks be produced in factories

with FDA certification.   Accordingly, during final negotiations,

Parrish asked Moncada to forward to him FDA certifications for any

mask manufacturing suppliers Bay Promo would use to satisfy the

order.   That same day, Moncada sent Parrish FDA certifications for

five different Chinese factories.3       After that, Parrish added




     3  Those manufacturers were: (1) Shanghai Dasheng Health
Products Manufacture Co., Ltd.; (2) Xiantao Sanda Industrial Co.,
Ltd.; (3) San Huei United Company Ltd.; (4) Hangzhou Clongene
Biotech Co., Ltd.; and (5) Xianoheng Zooboo Sports Goods Co., Ltd.
Arguello later in a letter assured Parrish the New York Order would
be manufactured by (2) Xiantao Sanda Industrial Co.


                               - 7 -
another demand to the order -- the requirement that Bay Promo would

"be responsible for the delivery on time with payment."

           On March 22, 2020, Moncada emailed Parrish a contract

and revised purchase order on behalf of Bay Promo consistent with

what had been negotiated up to that point.            It obligated Denim &

More to pay half of the invoice before production started and the

remaining half "before delivery."            However, prior to the parties

signing the documents, the price per mask increased by 4 cents,

bringing the total purchase order to $3.64 million. With the price

adjusted, Moncada sent Parrish updated paperwork which Parrish

signed the same day.     On behalf of Denim & More, Parrish then wired

half of the total invoice to Bay Promo on March 24, 2020.

           The first specified delivery date, April 1, 2020, came

quickly (perhaps a little too quickly) and Bay Promo failed to

timely deliver the initial installment of the New York Order. When

the first installment of masks finally did make it to the city

several weeks late, New York City rejected them because they had

come from a factory for which Bay Promo had not provided FDA

certifications.    Left without the masks it was promised, New York

City refused to pay Denim & More the outstanding balance of its

order.   Denim & More in turn refused to make any further payments

to Bay Promo and sued for a refund of its initial 50% deposit.

Needless   to   say,   Bay   Promo   refused    to   pay   Moncada   her   full

commission on the order.


                                     - 8 -
            For purposes of this appeal, and Moncada's role in the

New York Order, this is all the reader needs to know at this

juncture.

                               C. The Contour Order

            So    back    to   the   country   needing    product    during    the

pandemic. On March 23, 2020, Parrish forwarded an email to Moncada

and   Arguello    from     a   potential   buyer   of    PPE   in   Kansas   City.

Throughout       the     process,    the   buyer    --     a    company      called

Contour -- engaged directly with Parrish in negotiating sales

terms, who in turn worked with Bay Promo.                      Following up on

Contour's interest, Arguello sent Parrish an email with a draft

invoice for KN95 and surgical masks.           Arguello included Moncada on

this email to Parrish and referred to her as the "account rep."

In response, Parrish told Arguello and Moncada he needed to modify

the quantity of the order, and Arguello sent over an appropriately

modified invoice.        Moncada was not copied on this subsequent email

and revision.

            Three days later, Parrish's assistant sent Moncada and

Arguello a second purchase order from Contour.                 Moncada looped in

sales manager, general manager, and mother Margina, who updated

Contour's existing order and sent a new invoice to Parrish for

$503,960, listing Moncada and Arguello as the salespeople to the




                                       - 9 -
transaction.4 Parrish (still playing the role of middleman) signed

the new invoice on March 27, 2020 and paid Bay Promo on May 6,

2020 for what the parties refer to as the Contour Order.

                      D. The Cravens Orders

          While the ink was still wet on previous orders, Parrish

recommended Bay Promo to Jeff Cravens, the owner of an apparel

company called Cravens Group LLC.      The record does not tell us

much about Cravens or his company; however, we do know he had a

prior business relationship with Parrish.      Cravens acted in a

middleman capacity similar to Parrish's role as far as sourcing

various products that his customers needed.

          After Parrish made the introduction, Cravens placed

several PPE orders with Bay Promo seemingly at the request of

companies such as Wells Fargo, Delta Airlines, Marriot, and more.

Cravens submitted his first order to Bay Promo on March 26, 2020

through Parrish.   For her part, Moncada forwarded an invoice to

Parrish for the first Cravens Order on March 28, 2020.5      After

that, the record shows that Cravens placed seven additional orders




     4 The record lacks any explanation as to why Margina listed
Moncada as a salesperson (besides the Commission Agreement's
reference to Moncada's title as a "sales distributor officer");
however, the designation here did not influence the district
court's analysis or shape either parties' claims on appeal.

     5 The record is unclear whether Margina Arguello or Humberto
Arguello prepared the invoice for the first Cravens Order; however,
Moncada makes no claim that it was she who performed this task.


                              - 10 -
with Bay Promo via Parrish, none of which involved any further

communication or dealings with Moncada.

                    E. Moncada's Commission Payments

           That   factual    history     we   just   enumerated     covers    the

orders for PPE that Bay Promo received during Moncada's short

stint.    Although all of the sales transactions (except for the

initial New York Order) fell beyond the scope of Moncada's written

Commission Agreement, Moncada believed she was responsible for all

this new Bay Promo business due to her personal contacts, and when

the orders started pouring in, she began to put pressure on Bay

Promo about giving her a fair cut of the commission action.                    We

briefly   revisit    each   order   to   explain     how    she   attempted    to

formulate new commission agreements with Bay Promo.

           Starting with the Contour order, on March 24, 2020,

Moncada spoke to Arguello about receiving a commission for the

order and was told to take it up with Jayasuriya, Bay Promo's

second principal and chief financial officer.              Moncada followed up

in an email to Arguello and told him that she planned to instruct

Jayasuriya to draft a second commission agreement for the Contour

Order which would grant Moncada a 6% commission of the total price

of the order.6    Arguello did not respond to Moncada's message, but


     6 We note here that this communication, and several others
admitted as exhibits at trial, are written in Spanish without
certified translations. At trial, the district court informed the
parties "an Appeals Court . . . won't accept an untranslated


                                    - 11 -
Moncada pursued her commission efforts by sending a WhatsApp text

to Jayasuriya requesting a second commission agreement, one nearly

identical to her first contract.         Jayasuriya never responded.      In

the end, Moncada did not get a new written commission agreement or

receive payment for the Contour Order.

            Moving on to the Cravens transactions, in early April

shortly after Cravens began placing orders with Bay Promo, Moncada

proposed to Arguello that she could generate a commission for

herself on future Cravens orders by marking up the cost per item

by 6%.    On April 3, 2020, Moncada tried to get Arguello to go along

with this proposal and lobbied for a markup in an order from

Cravens    in   connection   with   a   Delta   Airlines   ("Delta   Order")

purchase.       Seemingly in consideration of Moncada's request, the

two discussed over text messaging whether to quote the items in

the Delta Order at $1.50 or $1.59 each.              Eventually, Arguello

explained to Moncada that $1.50 was appropriate because the buyer

was going to absorb the shipping costs.             In response, Moncada

texted back, "from the $1.50 the 6% is included.              I will do it

right now."      Arguello responded, "Yes.      Send them the quote."    And

Moncada did.


document."   This is correct, and this court "will not receive
documents . . . not in the English language unless translations
are furnished." 1st Cir. R. 30.0(e). Without any translations
having been furnished, we rely on the district court's findings
related to any Spanish documents as they were interpreted and used
at trial.


                                    - 12 -
          Still   unsatisfied     and    in   search     of   new   commission

agreements, Moncada next turned to Margina and requested that an

incoming Cravens Order -- later placed on April 14, 2020 -- contain

marked up prices to reflect her 6% commission.                  Margina told

Moncada the price would stay at $1.50 per item while Moncada

repeatedly insisted the price should be $1.60. Eventually, Margina

instructed Moncada to take it up with her son Arguello.                 A few

days later, Margina sent a message to Moncada telling her the price

per item would be increased to $1.56, to which Moncada responded,

"I told [Arguello] that I will receive 6%."

          At trial Moncada presented evidence and testified to

other communications with Arguello regarding her plan to mark up

prices to cover her commission, but the district court found

Moncada's testimony on that front not credible.

          Mid-April 2020, Moncada's time with Bay Promo came to an

unceremonious   end.   All   in   all,     Bay   Promo    had   paid   Moncada

approximately $41,000 for her services.7


     7Moncada received roughly $41,000 from Bay Promo across three
installments between March 28 and April 15, 2020.       At trial,
Arguello testified that this payment was, in part, a 25% advance
on Moncada's New York Order commission because her father was in
the hospital, and she needed to help pay for hospital bills.
According to Arguello, he willingly made these payments to his
employee and friend despite his understanding that Moncada's
commission was only due once Denim & More paid the full balance of
the New York Order. Bay Promo initially sued Moncada to recover
these payments, but that claim got jettisoned.     See back story
infra note 8.



                                  - 13 -
                        II. PROCEDURAL HISTORY

           With their desultory business engagement a wrap, Moncada

and Bay Promo headed to the courts.          In fall 2020, Bay Promo sued

Moncada   first   alleging   claims   of    breach   of    contract,   unjust

enrichment, violations of Florida's anti-surveillance statute, and

misappropriation of trade secrets.          Moncada answered by asserting

four counterclaims against Bay Promo and a third-party complaint

against Arguello, Jayasuriya, and Margina for breach of contract,

violation of 

, quantum meruit, and unjust

enrichment   (we'll   explain   later      why   Florida   law   governs   the

parties' dispute).    For reasons unrelated to our work today, only

Moncada's counterclaims against Bay Promo further advanced after

some heated pre-trial skirmishes.8

           Following a two-day bench trial, the district court

found Bay Promo had breached the written Commission Agreement and

that Moncada was entitled to an award of $218,400 as commission on

the New York Order.    However, the district court denied Moncada's

remaining claims for commission on any other sales reasoning "there

was no meeting of the minds to pay Moncada a further commission"




     8 Due to some questionable representations from Bay Promo,
the affirmative claims against Moncada were dismissed with
prejudice as a sanction, and that ruling has not been appealed.
The district court also dismissed Moncada's third-party claims for
lack of personal jurisdiction and her 

 claim
against Bay Promo because it determined the statute had been
repealed well before she asserted her counterclaim.


                                 - 14 -
and "no express contract" had formed.         The district court also

denied Moncada's alternative claims to equitable relief under a

theory of implied contract because Moncada failed to prove that

she conferred a benefit on Bay Promo for any sale following the

New York Order.

          With that procedural history in place, we can now turn

to the parties' appellate contentions.        At bottom, both parties

think the district court got it wrong.        Bay Promo thinks Moncada

shouldn't have recovered any commission for the New York Order,

and Moncada continues to argue she is entitled to a commission on

every order placed by Parrish and Cravens during her tenure.

                            III. DISCUSSION

          Since both parties present multiple arguments on appeal,

we will break them up and start with Bay Promo's claims of error.

                  A. Bay Promo's Claims on Appeal

          1. Bay Promo's Objections in Pink Highlighter

          Bay Promo says the district court made a couple of

evidentiary blunders.      It believes the district court erred by

failing   to   rule   on   evidentiary    objections   related   to   the

admissibility of certain deposition testimony.         Here's how that

dispute came about.

          Prior to trial, the district court issued an order which

stated, in part, that "[t]he parties shall designate deposition

testimony and/or discovery responses to be offered at trial."         The


                                 - 15 -
order went on to indicate that "[e]ach party shall then identify

any objections [to the] offered testimony and shall mark the

objected-to    portions,      by   inclusive    page     and   line,    in   PINK

HIGHLIGHTER, indicating the basis for each objection in the margin

next to each objected-to portion."            (Emphasis in original).        That

same order also instructed the parties to file "Motions in Limine

or   other   requests      regarding    foreseeable      evidentiary     issues,

including authority for the ruling requested."             Bay Promo contends

it timely and properly submitted its pink-highlighted objections

(though it clearly filed no motion seeking a preliminary ruling on

its objections), and it faults the district court for never ruling

on them.     Had it done so, the court would have disallowed the

contested evidence, and if not admitted, Moncada (to quote Bay

Promo's brief) would have been unable to prove facts "relied on by

Moncada to substantiate her defense" (even though Bay Promo was

the one putting on a defense against Moncada's counterclaims at

this point).

             Given   the   terms   of   the   district    court's      scheduling

order, it should have been reasonably clear to Bay Promo that

either the district court's failure to rule on the highlighted

objections was an oversight (after all, district courts are very

busy places), it found Bay Promo's objections meritless given Bay

Promo's lack of follow through with the filing of an in limine

motion on those objections, or it reflected the court's preference


                                    - 16 -
of   withholding   a     ruling   until    trial.     But   rather   than    seek

clarification of the court's inaction or press for a definitive

ruling,   Bay    Promo    kept    silent,    first,    when   the    court    was

entertaining in limine motions on other trial matters, and again,

during trial, when Moncada moved for admission of the contested

evidence.       Because Bay Promo never sought to disentangle the

district court's stance, its remonstrations here are likely not

preserved and, at best, plain error review would adhere to our

review.   See Rodríguez v. Señor Frog's de la Isla, Inc., 

 (1st Cir. 2011) (citing Crowe v. Bolduc, 

(1st Cir. 2003)).        But since the standard of review applicable to

Bay Promo's claims is not outcome determinative, we will opt to

afford those claims abuse of discretion scrutiny and resolve them

with dispatch.     Cf. Crowe, 

 & n.4.

            The scheme for ruling on evidentiary objections has been

codified in the 2000 Amendment to Rule 103 of the Federal Rules of

Evidence and fairly imposes the burden to seek clarification of a

ruling on the objecting party.            Rule 103 provides in part:         "Once

the court rules definitively on the record -- either before or at

trial -- a party need not renew an objection or offer of proof to

preserve a claim of error for appeal."           Fed. R. Evid. 103(b).        And

"[a]s the commentary to the Rule makes clear:                  'The amendment

imposes an obligation on counsel to clarify whether an in limine

or other evidentiary ruling is definitive when there is doubt on


                                    - 17 -
that point.'"   Crowe, 

 (quoting Fed. R. Evid. 103

advisory committee's note to 2000 amendment).    Furthermore, and

importantly here, "when the trial court appears to have reserved

its ruling or to have indicated that the ruling is provisional, it

makes sense to require the party to bring the issue to the court's

attention subsequently."   Fed. R. Evid. 103 advisory committee's

note to 2000 amendment (emphasis added).

            Indisputably, the district court was well within its

discretion to defer ruling on the pink highlighted evidentiary

challenges until the crucial moment when the admissibility of the

contested evidence became a relevant trial issue.   At that point

the obligation most clearly fell to Bay Promo to protest whether

the evidence could come in.    See Crowe, 

 ("The

burden . . . was on [the objecting party] to clarify whether the

in limine ruling was final or not."); see also Dimanche v. Mass.

Bay Transp. Auth., 

, 6 n.6 (1st Cir. 2018).   Instead, it

sat mute.    We further note that in claiming the district court

should have ruled the contested evidence inadmissible, Bay Promo

has not advanced any argument before us as to why that would be

so.   As such, we are left with nothing else to say other than we

see no abuse of discretion in the district court putting off its

evidentiary ruling, so we move on.




                              - 18 -
                   2. Exhibits Introduced in Spanish

            Next up is Bay Promo's second evidentiary challenge.     It

asks this court to toss the district court's judgement in Moncada's

favor because the court allowed her to enter into evidence several

exhibits     written   in   Spanish      without   certified   English

translations.9

            Moncada spends little time responding to Bay Promo's

claim as she states in her brief this is the first time this

argument has surfaced.      And since Bay Promo did not raise any

objection below to evidence written in Spanish (and as we will

discuss, Bay Promo actually consented to the use of evidence

written in Spanish), Moncada argues Bay Promo has "failed to

establish the requirements for appellate relief."

            Here's how this language translation issue played out at

trial.     On day one, the district court brought to the parties'

attention    the   potential   appellate     issues   associated   with

untranslated trial evidence.    In reply, Bay Promo told the court,

"as long as your Honor is fluent enough in Spanish to read the

originals, then I'm fine with it."    From there, both Bay Promo and




     9 Citing Gener-Villar v. Adcom Grp., Inc., 

(1st Cir. 2005), Bay Promo also states that Moncada must now
"provide such translations as part of the record on appeal." Given
our merits resolution of this issue, we need say no more about
this contention.


                                - 19 -
Moncada asked witnesses to translate exhibits from Spanish to

English and discuss them in support of their respective arguments.

              Given this joint acquiescence to the language process at

trial, Bay Promo faces an insurmountable problem pressing its

newfound challenge to the district court's decision to allow

Spanish language exhibits.             As we've said time and time again, a

party "cannot concede an issue in the district court and later, on

appeal, attempt to repudiate that concession and resurrect the

issue.    To hold otherwise would be to allow a litigant to lead a

trial court down a primrose path and later, on appeal, profit from

the invited error."          Baker v. Smith & Wesson, Inc., 

,

45 n.1 (1st Cir. 2022) (quoting United States v. Miranda-Carmona,

 (1st Cir. 2021)).               "We will not sanction such

tactics," United States v. Gates, 

 (1st Cir. 2013)

(citing   Merchant      v.    Ruhle,    

   (1st    Cir.   1984)

(cautioning      against      the    use   of    "agreeable     acquiescence      to

perceivable error as a weapon of appellate advocacy")), so that

ends that.

                    3. Challenges to Factual Findings

              We next turn to Bay Promo's claim that the district court

erred    in   several    of    its     factual   determinations        relevant   to

Moncada's breach of contract claim.              As Bay Promo broadly puts it,

the district court "committed clear error when it misconstrued

evidence."      In doing so it contends that "insufficient evidence


                                        - 20 -
exist[ed] to support each of [the district court's] key findings,"

all of which were cornerstones in Moncada's ability to prevail on

her commission entitlement claims.10

             We   ordinarily    review   the   district   court's   factual

findings for clear error. See, e.g., Nevor v. Moneypenny Holdings,

LLC, 

 (1st Cir. 2016) (citing Reliance Steel

Prods. Co. v. Nat'l Fire Ins. Co., 

 (1st Cir.

1989)).      So here goes.     Bay Promo (quite confusingly) lists five

findings which it says are wrong and mandate reversal of the

judgement:11      (1) The district court's determination that "Bay

Promo, through Moncada, provided FDA Certifications to several of

their customers."      (2) The court's finding that Bay Promo failed

to make a timely delivery of the New York Order.12 (3) The district


     10 Bay Promo conflates the district court "misconstru[ing]"
evidence with the issue of the court making factual findings based
on "insufficient" evidence. For example, it is unclear whether
Bay Promo argues the district court drew improper inferences from
the evidence presented or whether the district court jumped to a
certain conclusion without enough proof. As we discuss throughout
the remainder of this section, Bay Promo's failure in the long run
to explain and develop its arguments amounts to waiver of the
issue.
     11 Wenote here that in trying to discern whether the district
court erred in its factual determinations, "our ability to engage
meaningfully with [Bay Promo's] claims is hampered by [its] failure
to 'spell out [its] issues clearly, highlighting the relevant facts
and analyzing on-point authority.'"     See W.R. Cobb Co. v. V.J.
Designs, LLC, 

 (1st Cir. 2025) (first two
brackets added) (quoting Rodríguez v. Mun. of San Juan, 

 (1st Cir. 2011)).

     12Interestingly, although Bay Promo says the district court
erred in making this timeliness finding, it goes on to say that


                                   - 21 -
court's erroneous conclusion that Bay Promo breached its contract

with Denim & More because the PPE it delivered to New York had not

originated from a factory for which Bay Promo had provided FDA

certification.   The operative contract, says Bay Promo, made no

mention of Bay Promo having to utilize any specific manufacturers

to use as a supplier and the court's determination that New York

rightfully rejected the PPE goods as non-conforming was wrong.

(4) The district court's unsupportable determination that      Bay

Promo had been fully paid by Denim & More for the Contour Order.

(5) The district court's contradictory determinations that Moncada

had been paid $41,000.00 for both her regular salary and commission

on the New York Order, while simultaneously concluding that Bay

Promo still owed Moncada a 6% commission on the total New York

Order.

           The difficulty we are having with Bay Promo's challenge

is this.   While it is apparent it believes some of the district

court's "key findings" were "fundamentally incorrect," it does

little to elaborate on why it believes that to be so.   It does not

point to any record evidence that it claims the district court

purportedly misconstrued; it does not provide record citations

that advance its propositions; it does not meaningfully confront

the testimony and evidence relied upon by Moncada and the district



such a finding is "irrelevant to the suit" because its contract
with Denim & More allowed for delays in delivery.


                              - 22 -
court in making its factual determinations; and crucially, it does

not tell us anything about what these purported errors mean in

relation to its claims on appeal.      See Calandro v. Sedgwick Claims

Mgmt. Servs., Inc., 

, 38 n.8 (1st Cir. 2019) (deeming

an argument that the district court committed clear error waived

for lack of development); see also Addamax Corp. v. Open Software

Found., Inc., 

 (1st Cir. 1998) (outlining elements

of an argument on clear error review of a factual finding).             In

other words, even if Bay Promo is correct that the district court's

factual findings are incorrect, it does not explain why those

enumerated errors are difference makers (i.e., prejudice) to its

claims or defenses.        Cf. González-Pagán v. Veterans Affs. Med.

Ctr., No. 18-1323, 

, at *3 (1st Cir. June 23, 2020)

(finding waiver of a claim against the district court's factual

findings where appellant failed to explain the connection between

those findings and the district court's holding); Rodríguez v.

Mun. of San Juan, 

 (1st Cir. 2011) (finding waiver

where a party did not explain how a legal "concept works generally

or how it works here").      As such, Bay Promo has failed to develop

a meaningful argument as to why the district court's factual

determinations require reversal, and as such, it has waived the

issues for lack of development.       See Town of Norwood v. FERC, 

   (1st    Cir.   2000)    ("[D]eveloping   a   sustained

argument . . . is the job of the appellant, not the reviewing


                                   - 23 -
court."); Nevor, 

 n.4 (citing United States v.

Zannino, 

 (1st Cir. 1990)) (deeming an argument

presented as a "conclusory assertion" undeveloped and waived).

                   4. Ready, Willing, and Able Buyer

          As earlier noted, the district court determined that

Moncada was entitled to recover from Bay Promo the commission she

earned on the New York Order.      In its opening brief, Bay Promo

protests this ruling, accusing the district court of misconstruing

Florida law and thus erring as a matter of law in finding in

Moncada's favor.    Its reply brief adds a new gloss to the argument

by accusing the district court of making clearly erroneous factual

determinations.    We skirt whether Bay Promo's terse one paragraph

(half page) argument in its opening, and its new argument in its

reply brief, is a dual flirtation with waiver,13 and, given the

argument's lack of merit, proceed to review the district court's

factual findings for clear error and its legal interpretation of

Florida law de novo.14    See Touch v. Master Unit Die Prods., Inc.,


     13See Town of Norwood, 

 (finding waiver of a
claim for lack of development); Nevor, 

 n.4 (same);
see also Lawless v. Steward Health Care Sys., LLC, 

(1st Cir. 2018) (citing Sandstrom v. ChemLawn Corp., 

 (1st Cir. 1990)) (finding waiver of a claim not raised in
appellant's opening brief and only raised in a reply brief).

     14 The district court, applying Massachusetts law, gave effect
to the choice of law provision of the contract between the parties.
Furthermore, the parties agreed that Florida law ought to apply,
and do not argue otherwise here on appeal. We find no reason to
disrupt the district court's ruling that Florida law is the


                                - 24 -


 (1st Cir. 1995) (first citing Salve Regina Coll.

v. Russell, 

 (1991); and then citing Interstate

Com. Comm'n v. Holmes Transp., Inc., 

, 1129 (1st Cir.

1993)).

          We begin with the Commission Agreement's sole reference

to Moncada's commission payments which serves as the toehold for

the district court's award to her:

          [Bay Promo] will make commission payments to
          [Moncada] based on Commission based on 6% of
          gross sales of 3,640,000.00 USD.          This
          commission will be paid at the conclution
          [sic] of each project.    The commission rate
          will be determined by Humberto Arguello CEO by
          project by project basis.

In the court proceedings that flowed from this broken employment

relationship,     Bay   Promo   has   never   --   not   then   and   not

now -- accused Moncada of not upholding her end of the Commission

Agreement, i.e., all agreed she brought Denim & More to the table

for the sale.15    Rather, Bay Promo maintained below that per the

terms of the Commission Agreement, unless it received from Denim

& More full payment for the New York Order, it was not liable to

Moncada for a commission.       In support of its claim, Bay Promo




reasonable choice. See W.R. Cobb Co., 

 (citing
Fithian v. Reed, 

 (1st Cir. 2000)).

     15 In opening arguments to the district court, Bay Promo
informed the court it would "gladly pay the commission" if it
received payment from Denim & More.


                                 - 25 -
directed the district court to Knowles v. Henderson, 

(Fla. 1945), asserting it stood for the proposition "that unless

the failure of the deal is the sole responsibility, in this case

of [Bay Promo]," (which it says it wasn't), "[Moncada] doesn't get

paid."   Interestingly, Moncada also pointed the district court to

Knowles and contended a proper understanding of that case actually

supports her claim for relief.

          Knowles was a case involving a real estate sale.   In it,

the Supreme Court of Florida held a purchaser who agreed to buy a

property for an agreed price, paid a percentage down payment, and

stood ready to pay the remainder on delivery of the deed, remained

a ready, willing, and able buyer, even though the seller thwarted

the transaction (thus, entitling the broker to a commission).

Knowles, 

.16   In explaining its reasoning, the


     16 As used in Knowles, the ready, willing, and able designation

carries a distinct meaning under Florida law in the context of a
brokerage agreement involving the sale of real estate. See 

. Bay Promo does not argue that this specific meaning
applies in the context of Moncada's duties under the Commission
Agreement, and instead uses the term more generically to encompass
Denim & More's obligations under the New York Order. Accordingly,
our analysis is mindful of Knowles's general contract principles
and applies those principles (as Florida courts have done in other
legal scenarios) while understanding the ready, willing, and able
terminology in its most general sense -- a party prepared to
consummate a deal. See Aldora Alum. & Glass Prods., Inc. v. Poma
Glass & Specialty Windows, Inc., No. 3:14-cv-1402-J-34JBT, 

, at *1-2, 5 (M.D. Fla. July 6, 2015) (citing Knowles
generally in a contract dispute over the sale of business assets
that did not involve a brokerage agreement for the sale of real
estate); see also Magnum Constr. Mgmt. Corp. v. City of Miami
Beach, 

 (Fla. Dist. Ct. 2016) (citing Knowles


                              - 26 -
court there held "[i]t is a general principle of law, that he who

himself prevents the happening or performance of a condition

precedent, upon which his liability, by the terms of the contract,

is made to depend, cannot avail himself of his own wrong and

relieve himself from his responsibility to the obligee."    

 at

386 (quoting Walker & McClelland v. Chancey, 

 (Fla.

1928)).

          In rejecting Bay Promo's argument17 that Knowles relieved

it of any obligation to pay Moncada due to Denim & More's purported

contract default on the New York Order (i.e., it didn't pay the

balance owed), the district court determined that Bay Promo was

the true contract breacher due to its failure to deliver FDA

approved masks, and to do so in a timely fashion.   Conversely, it

found Denim & More had satisfied its end of the bargain and, at

the time of the breach, had remained a ready, willing, and able

PPE purchaser as promised.   In attributing fault to Bay Promo for

the New York Order's demise, the district court concluded that

Denim & More was rightly relieved of its obligation to tender the



generally in a contract dispute over the right to cure defects in
a playground built by plaintiffs).
     17 We note that the district court first determined that it

was not clear from the Commission Agreement as written whether
Moncada was entitled to her payment before or only after Denim &
More fulfilled its duties under the binding purchase agreement,
but also that such a distinction was irrelevant to its ultimate
analysis given its focus on which party breached the New York Order
contract.


                              - 27 -
outstanding 50% of the purchase price, and that consistent with

Knowles' general principles, the failure to consummate the sale

did not vitiate Moncada's right to her commission balance.      See

          Before us, Bay Promo insists with scant elaboration,

that the district court erred.   After our careful scrutiny of its

arguments, what they substantively appear to boil down to is not,

as Bay Promo initially framed it, a legal argument premised on

whether Denim & More was properly characterized as a ready,

willing, and able buyer, but rather, a challenge to the district

court's chief factual finding underpinning its contract breach

determinations.   Had the district court not found as a matter of

fact that Bay Promo failed to timely deliver to New York masks

from FDA certified Chinese factories, it could not have legally

determined that Bay Promo breached the contract, which legally

excused Denim & More from further payment of the balance.   In other

words, without such an erroneous factual determination about Bay

Promo's performance relative to what the New York Order contract

terms demanded, Denim & More would have been the party considered

the breacher for withholding payment without just cause, and

therefore, it would not have been properly viewed as a ready,

willing, and able buyer, which, under Knowles, would have allowed

Bay Promo to withhold Moncada's commission.




                              - 28 -
            Notwithstanding Bay Promo's protestations, the record

supports    the   district   court's   factual    findings   regarding      Bay

Promo's dereliction in timely delivering conforming and quality

PPE product as required by the terms of the New York Order

contract.    As far as timeliness is concerned, Arguello testified

that Bay Promo did not meet the first delivery date.             Parrish also

testified that the Order arrived "almost two months late" and the

products that did arrive came from a factory that Bay Promo had

not provided an FDA certification for.       While finalizing the terms

of the New York Order, Parrish requested and Moncada sent FDA

certifications for five Chinese factories.               The final invoice

executing the New York Order expressly stated that the Bay Promo

would deliver FDA approved masks.          On March 29, 2020, Arguello

sent Parrish an email with "FDA guarantee letter" in the subject

line and assured the masks for the New York Order would be

manufactured by Xiantao Sanda Industrial -- a company which Denim

& More had received an FDA certification for courtesy of Moncada.

But the masks did not come from Xiantao Sanda Industrial.                On the

second day of trial, Bay Promo produced a letter (for the first

time) from Dong Yang Shi Qing Dou Home Articles Co., Ltd. (the

previously    unmentioned    manufacturer    of    the   masks    that    were

eventually delivered to Denim & More, "Dong Yang" for short) dated

November 3, 2020 asserting its FDA approval to manufacture masks.

Bay Promo also produced at trial a certificate of registration


                                  - 29 -
with the FDA for Dong Yang issued on April 15, 2020.               The district

court decided not to credit either piece of evidence's authenticity

and   did    not   credit   Arguello's    testimony    that      he    sent   this

certification to Denim & More.

             Our court has "repeatedly said that in a bench trial,

credibility calls are for the trier."           Morgan-Lee v. Therapy Res.

Mgmt. LLC, 

 (1st Cir. 2025) (internal quotation

marks omitted) (quoting Sawyer Bros., Inc. v. Island Transporter,

LLC, 

 (1st Cir. 2018)).          We find no reason to second

guess the district court's determinations here given the timing

and inconsistencies of Arguello's evidence alongside Moncada and

Parrish's     testimony,    which   was   corroborated      by     their      email

correspondence and Arguello's email to Parrish guaranteeing a

specific FDA approved manufacturer.             And to the extent that the

court's      findings   depended    on    its    weighing     of      conflicting

testimony, "such an appraisal falls peculiarly within the trial

court's ken."      Nevor, 

; see also Anderson v. City

of Bessemer City, 

 (1985) (explaining that a

finding based on the trial court's decision to credit one of two

witnesses with a plausible story can "virtually never be clear

error").      In sum, we find plentiful evidence in the record to

support the district court's factual findings allocating fault for

the collapse of the New York Order solely on the actions of Bay

Promo.      See Nevor, 

.


                                    - 30 -
            With this evidence established, Bay Promo has made no

effort (even in the alternative) to explain why the court's legal

determinations, based on the factual findings it actually made,

were    incorrect.18     Therefore,      we   affirm    the    district    court's

bottom-line conclusion that Bay Promo remains on the hook to pay

Moncada a commission on the New York Order.

            That's all for Bay Promo's claims on appeal.             We now may

turn to Moncada's challenges to the district court's decision.

                       B. Moncada's Claims on Appeal

            Below, Moncada sought to recover damages for breach of

contract after Bay Promo refused to pay her a commission on all

the orders placed by Parrish and Cravens.                After convincing the

district court that Bay Promo breached the initial Commission

Agreement, Moncada was unsuccessful in persuading the court she

was entitled to more.        She now offers two appellate asseverations

for our review.       First, Moncada believes the district court erred

in   finding   that    she   did   not   enter   into    any    contract    for   a

commission beyond her original Commission Agreement for the New

York Order (without a contract for any of the other orders, no

breach could have occurred).         Second, Moncada argues that even if



       When the sales transaction in Knowles collapsed through no
       18

fault of the buyer (as the district court found was the case here)
the Florida court found the broker still entitled to a sales
commission as that buyer, as a matter of law, remained ready,
willing, and able to proceed. See Knowles, 

.


                                    - 31 -
she never entered into any subsequent written contracts, she is

entitled to recover under an equitable theory of implied contract

for the benefits she conferred upon Bay Promo.                 But as we're about

to explain, we agree with the district court's conclusions and

affirm.

           Because Moncada appeals the results of a bench trial, we

review the district court's finding of fact for clear error.                     See

Smith v. F.W. Morse & Co., Inc., 

 (1st Cir. 1996).

Additionally, "in a bench trial, credibility calls are for the

trier,"   and      cannot    generally     be   second    guessed     on     appeal.

Morgan-Lee, 

 (quoting Sawyer Bros., 

). We "review the district court's legal determinations de novo,

affording them no deference."             W.R. Cobb Co., 

(citing United States v. 15 Bosworth St., 

 (1st

Cir. 2001)).

                       1. Breach of Contract Claims

           We start with Moncada's assertion that the district

court erred in finding no agreement took place to pay a 6%

commission    on    any     of   the   orders   after    the    New   York   Order.

According to Moncada, the preponderance of evidence submitted at

trial shows that Arguello agreed, either verbally or through text

messages, to pay her a commission on each sale involving Parrish

or Cravens.




                                       - 32 -
            In support of its finding that Moncada did not meet her

counterclaim burden, the district court's analysis began with the

Commission Agreement, which the parties agree covered the New York

Order and the general terms of Moncada's employment.                     The court

observed that the Commission Agreement specifically indicated that

for   any   subsequent   projects      beyond    the   New   York    Order,    the

"commission rate will be determined by Humberto Arguello CEO [on

a] project by project basis."          Since the Commission Agreement did

not cover the nine orders that took place after the New York Order,

the district court looked to see if there was any other evidence

of new contract formation between the parties pertaining to those

nine orders. In its assessment of the evidence, the district court

found that Moncada had, in fact, tried on multiple occasions to

consummate new commission contracts, but Bay Promo had never agreed

to any of her offers.         Therefore, said the district court, the

parties never reached the requisite meeting of the minds needed to

form an express contract for commission beyond the New York Order.

Again, Moncada challenges that legal conclusion.

            A reminder before we plunge into our analysis.                 For the

reasons heretofore stated (i.e., we have no cause to disturb the

parties'    agreement    to   such),    we    will   continue   using      Florida

contract law to decide Moncada's challenges.             Looking to that law

we see that in order for Moncada to prevail, she must point to

evidence    demonstrating      the     basic    requirements        of    contract


                                     - 33 -
formation -- an      "offer,         acceptance,     consideration[,]      and

sufficient specification of essential terms."            See, e.g., St. Joe

Corp. v. McIver, 

 (Fla. 2004).

          Unfortunately for Moncada, our search of the record

reveals it is thin with respect to any agreements between Moncada

and Bay Promo following the original Commission Agreement.               To be

sure, the record is replete with evidence that Moncada requested

commissions from Bay Promo on several occasions, but Moncada

concedes in her brief that despite her importuning, she only

received a "single response by Arguello on the issue of Moncada's

commissions" (and we hasten to add, an ambiguous one at that).

Without a response from Bay Promo that would allow us to understand

the essentials of a contract as contemplated by both parties, we

cannot discern the requisite reciprocal assent needed to form a

binding agreement.     See Suarez Trucking FL Corp. v. Souders, 

, 42 (Fla. 2022).

          To   illustrate      the    point,   the   first   project   falling

beyond the scope of the Commission Agreement was the Contour Order,

and on March 24, 2020, Moncada asked Arguello about receiving a

commission on it.       Arguello directed her to Jayasuriya, and

Moncada, through texts and emails, made it clear to both of Bay

Promo's principals that she wanted to sign a second commission

agreement.   But Moncada's requests generated neither a written nor




                                      - 34 -
an oral response from Arguello or Jayasuriya agreeing to pay

Moncada a commission for the Contour Order.

            The same goes for almost all the other orders (almost

because Moncada did get that one response which we will discuss

shortly).    After missing out on the Contour Order, Moncada began

pressing Arguello to mark up the price of products in the Cravens

Orders so that Bay Promo could generate a 6% commission Moncada

believed she was owed.    The record shows that Moncada made these

requests several times, but we discern no evidence deemed credible

by the district court showing that Arguello agreed to these

requests or charged the marked-up rates that Moncada wanted.    And

we have no basis to quibble with the court's finding.19        As a



     19 Moncada contends otherwise, highlighting an April 7, 2020
WhatsApp conversation between Arguello and herself as evidence of
a prior verbal agreement to mark up the prices of a Cravens Order.
In the April 7 text exchange, Moncada requested a commission by
marking up the prices on two orders placed by Cravens on March 26
and April 2, 2020. Curiously (as the district court pointed out)
this would suggest Moncada and Arguello were still debating the
price of items for orders that they had already received 50%
deposits on ($185,250 on March 27, 2020 and $181,000 on April 2,
2020). We agree with the district court that Moncada's claim and
the record's version of the story are quite different. Not only
would marking up the price after receiving payment be an
inconceivable business strategy, but contrary to Moncada's claim,
the fact that the messages show a continuing disagreement in prices
does not drive us toward the "irresistible conclusion" that a prior
contract had already been formed. See F.W. Morse & Co., 

; see also Webster Lumber Co. v. Lincoln, 

(Fla. 1927) (holding no meeting of the minds and consequently no
contract can occur where the parties are negotiating the terms of
an agreement).



                               - 35 -
reviewing court, we must be "especially deferential" to witness

credibility evaluations of the district court.           United States v.

Sierra-Ayala, 

 (1st Cir. 2022) (quoting United States

v. Jones, 

 (1st Cir. 1999)).

            Turning to the only instance in which a message from

Arguello might seemingly be viewed as a response to Moncada's

request for a commission through marked up pricing, Moncada points

to the Delta Order and argues that a series of texts created a

binding contract entitling her to a 6% commission on that Order.

It   was   the   district   court's   view   that   Arguello's   ambiguous,

noncommittal response did not provide the essential terms required

to create a binding contract, but obviously, Moncada disagrees.20

As best we can tell, here's how that hyped exchange played out

(which isn't totally clear because, like we said before, the

correspondence took place in Spanish and neither party has provided

certified translations).

            On April 3, 2020, Arguello initiated a conversation with

Moncada over WhatsApp asking her to send Parrish and his team a

price estimate for what would become the Delta Order.              The two

went back and forth on whether to quote certain items at $1.50 or



       If you're wondering what Bay Promo thinks about Moncada's
      20

claims on appeal, it thinks the district court got it right and
decided not to add anything further in its reply brief. So anytime
we reference what the district court did, it is safe to say Bay
Promo concurs.


                                  - 36 -
$1.59 each, Moncada requesting the higher amount to cover her

commission.     Arguello explained that $1.50 was appropriate for

this order because the purchaser was to cover the shipping costs.

To this, Moncada replied with two separate statements, "from the

$1.50 the 6% is included.     I will do it right now."         Arguello

responded, "Yes.   Send them the quote."     To Moncada, this response

from Arguello meant she would get 6% of the total Delta Order.

However, to the district court, Arguello's "yes" response was a

noncommittal, ambiguous answer falling short of providing the

essential terms required to form a binding contract.       We agree.

           For over a hundred years, Florida contract law has

required   "reciprocal    assent   to    a     certain   and   definite

proposition."    Strong & Trowbridge Co. v. H. Baars & Co., 

, 93 (Fla. 1910); see Suarez Trucking FL Corp., 350 So. 3d at

42.   "There must therefore be an objective manifestation by both

parties of assent to the same terms."        Suarez Trucking FL Corp.,

350 So. 3d at 42.     However, from what we can discern about the

WhatsApp text thread between Moncada and Arguello, "[t]here does

not appear to have been a point reached in the correspondence where

there was a definite proposal made by one of the parties which was

unconditionally accepted by the other."       See Webster Lumber Co. v.

Lincoln, 

 (Fla. 1927).       On the day of the relevant

exchange between the parties, Moncada sent two distinct statements

(it is not clear whether these statements came in two separate


                               - 37 -
texts or in one longer text with two components) but received only

one response from Arguello.          In the first statement, Moncada

effectively requested a promise from Arguello that even the lower

price point for the Delta Order would include her commission.            In

the second statement, Moncada said that she'd send the lower price

quote "right now" -- the reason Arguello had reached out that day

in the first place.      To both statements, Arguello texted some

thirty-two minutes later, "[y]es.       Send them the quote."      Based on

this exchange, like the district court, we do not view Arguello's

singular    response   following    Moncada's   two   statements    as   an

unambiguous assent to Moncada's request for a commission on the

sale.     In other words, Arguello's response does not reflect an

objective manifestation "to make precisely the promise requested."

Suarez Trucking FL Corp., 350 So. 3d at 43 (quoting 2 Lord,

Williston on Contracts § 6:11 (4th ed. 2007)).

            Summing up then, we affirm the district court's ruling

that Bay Promo and Moncada did not establish any express contracts

for a commission beyond the New York Order.      And without an express

contract, there could be no basis for recovery on such a theory.

                          2. Equitable Relief

            Moncada's final claims to commission payments fare no

better.    Moncada argues her role in the facilitation of PPE sales

following the New York Order entitles her to equitable relief under

two separate (but similar) theories of implied contract: (1) a


                                   - 38 -
contract implied in fact (a.k.a. quantum meruit) or (2) a contract

implied in law (sometimes referred to as unjust enrichment or even

a quasi-contract).    See F.H. Paschen, S.N. Nielsen & Assocs. LLC

v. B&B Site Dev., Inc., 

, 48 (Fla. Dist. Ct. App.

2021); Com. P'ship 8090 Ltd. P'ship v. Equity Contracting Co.,

Inc., 

 (Fla. Dist. Ct. App. 1997).         We note

upfront that under any theory of equitable relief, a party cannot

recover where an express contract exists.      F.H. Paschen, 311 So.

3d at 49.     When "the rights of the parties are described in a

written contract," courts cannot rely upon the "legal fiction" of

equitable remedies.   Corn v. Greco, 

 (Fla. Dist.

Ct. App. 1997). Having already determined that no express contract

was entered into between Moncada and Bay Promo for commission

payments on sales beyond the New York Order, we may consider these

equitable remedies.

            Like   before,   we     review   the   district   court's

interpretations of state law de novo and findings of fact for clear

error.   See Touch, 

 (1st Cir. 1995) (first citing

Salve Regina Coll., 

; and then citing Interstate

Com. Comm'n, 983 F.2d at 1129).     And just to keep things straight,

we'll stick with calling the equitable theories either contracts

implied in fact or contracts implied in law, and we start with

Moncada's implied in fact claim.




                                  - 39 -
            i. Moncada's Contract Implied in Fact Claims

            For Moncada to recover under a contract implied in fact,

she must satisfy several elements as outlined by Florida law.     A

contract implied in fact arises where one party "provided, and the

[other party] assented to and received, a benefit in the form of

goods or services under circumstances where, in the ordinary course

of common events, a reasonable person receiving such a benefit

would expect to pay for it."       F.H. Paschen, 311 So. 3d at 48

(quoting W.R. Townsend Contracting, Inc. v. Jensen Civ. Constr.,

Inc., 

 (Fla. Dist. Ct. App. 1999)).      "Common

examples of contracts implied in fact are where a person performs

services at another's request, or 'where services are rendered by

one person for another without his expressed request, but with his

knowledge, and under circumstances' fairly raising the presumption

that the parties understood and intended that compensation was to

be paid."    Com. P'ship 8098, 

 (quoting Lewis v.

Meginniss, 

, 21 (Fla. 1892)). In other words, a party

arguing a contract implied in fact asks the court to find an

implied promise was made.    See 

.

            With these elements in mind, we look to what services

Moncada says she provided for the non-New York Orders and ask

whether Bay Promo should have expected to have paid Moncada a

commission for them.    Moncada argues that she conferred a benefit

on Bay Promo with each order because she brought in Denim & More


                               - 40 -
through her personal connection with Parrish, and she therefore

delivered all other orders through the "referral chain" that she

started.    Problem is, while Bay Promo may have received a net

benefit from each subsequent sale, it was not a benefit Moncada

herself provided through services she rendered, nor did Bay Promo

implicitly ask her to provide such services.                        Cf. F.H. Paschen,

311 So. 3d at 50; see also Morgan & Morgan, P.A. v. Guardianship

of   McKean,     

     (Fla.    Dist.     Ct.   App.   2011)

(explaining in a contract implied in fact claim that a court must

consider the actual value of the services rendered); Solutec Corp.

v. Young & Lawerence Assocs., Inc., 

 (Fla. Dist.

Ct. App. 1971) (explaining in a contract implied in fact claim

that the measure of recovery is "the reasonable value of the labor

performed . . . and         not    the    value     to     the    defendant    that   the

completed project represents").

            The difference between the benefit Moncada argues she

provided to Bay Promo and the services she performed becomes clear

when comparing the Contour Order to the original New York Order.

Moncada brought Parrish to Bay Promo as a customer ready to buy

PPE for New York City.            A few days later, Parrish -- for whatever

reason,    maybe      the    price        was     right      or     customer    service

helpful -- returned with the prospect of the Contour Order.

Moncada    was   copied     on    the     initial    email        correspondence,     but

Arguello directly handled the invoices and otherwise worked on the


                                          - 41 -
Contour Order.   Bay Promo did not indicate that it wanted Moncada

to solicit more business from Parrish or sell more PPE product to

him.   Once Parrish approached Arguello and Moncada with the

possibility of the Contour Order, Moncada did not engage in

negotiations to complete the sale.     Cf. Fred McGilvray, Inc. v.

Delphian Grp., Inc., 

 (Fla. Dist. Ct. App. 1982)

(finding sufficient evidence for a contract implied in fact where

plaintiff produced a loan offer for defendant based on specific

terms that defendant wanted); see also F.H. Paschen, 311 So. 3d at

50 (finding a contract implied in fact for costs incurred by one

party after the other party requested and changed the scope of

work of their original agreement). Unlike the New York Order where

Moncada introduced a large order to Bay Promo, the evidence

suggests that Moncada was merely along for the ride on the Contour

Order with Parrish and Arguello handling the heavy lifting.

          Turning to the Cravens Orders, Moncada similarly argues

that she provided a benefit to Bay Promo by establishing the

relationship with Denim & More that led to Cravens.   Again, while

Bay Promo may have benefitted from the relationship with Denim &

More that led to Cravens placing several large orders for PPE,

Moncada did not provide this benefit to Bay Promo through any

services she performed.   Cravens heard about Bay Promo from his

former business associate Parrish and was not roped into the

situation through any affirmative act or offer from Moncada.   See


                              - 42 -
Morgan & Morgan, 

; Solutec Corp., 

. Furthermore, Moncada does not provide any citation to Florida

caselaw to support her argument that a person in her employment

position provides a benefit to their employer solely by creating

a referral chain following a sale.21   Therefore, Moncada did not

provide a service entitling her to commission for the orders placed

by Cravens either.

          To repeat, a party arguing a contract implied in fact

asks the court to find an implied promise was made.       See Com.

P'ship 8098, 

.    We do not find Bay Promo made

such an implied promise to Moncada, nor did Moncada provide a

service that Bay Promo should have expected to compensate her for

based on her role in the orders following the New York Order.

Therefore, we must reject her claim.

          ii. Moncada's Contract Implied in Law Claims

          Unlike its factual counterpart, a contract implied in

law is "an obligation created by the law without regard to the


     21The few courts that have addressed claims for a commission
deriving from a similar referral-chain-like pattern have declined
to grant a commission without an express agreement to do so.
Compare Scheduling Corp. of Am. v. Massello, 

(Ill. App. Ct. 1987) (affirming award for commissions on sales
resulting from clients referred by previously referred clients
where the contract expressly allowed), with Lion's Prop. Dev. Grp.
LLC v. New York City Reg'l Ctr., LLC, No. 651016/11, 

, at *2, 4-5 (N.Y. Sup. Ct. Mar. 15, 2013), aff'd, 

, 5 (N.Y. App. Div. 2014) (declining to award commissions
on investors referred by a company whom plaintiff introduced to
defendant where parties' contract did not support such an award).


                              - 43 -
parties' expression of assent by their words or conduct."                    F.H.

Paschen, 311 So. 3d at 48 (quoting Com. P'ship 8098, 

).   In a contract implied in law claim, courts look to see

whether:    "(1) the    plaintiff      has   conferred   a   benefit    on   the

defendant; (2) the defendant has knowledge of the benefit; (3) the

defendant    has    accepted    the     benefit    conferred;   and     (4) the

circumstances are such that it would be inequitable for the

defendant to retain the benefit without paying fair value for it."

            The first element of an implied in law contract is

similar to an implied in fact contract requirement -- the person

seeking recompense must have provided something of value to the

person from whom payment is sought.            See Com. P'ship 8098, 

; see also 14th & Heinberg, LLC v. Terharr & Cronley

Gen. Contractors, Inc., 

 (Fla. Dist. Ct. App.

2010) (explaining that a plaintiff arguing under a theory of

contract implied in law cannot recover the additional value of an

unexpected windfall benefit gained by a defendant).                  And if the

reader has been following along, they will already know we've

determined that Moncada, beyond the New York order, has not met

her burden of demonstrating she benefitted Bay Promo in the sense

of personally ginning up and negotiating business. As the district

court   found,     although   Moncada    may    have   contributed     to   these

additional Parrish and Cravens orders by performing her general


                                      - 44 -
job duties as described in the Commission Agreement, Moncada is

not the person who brought those orders to Bay Promo.           After being

introduced by Moncada for the New York Order, Parrish emailed Bay

Promo to initiate negotiations for the Contour Order and later

referred Cravens to Bay Promo after Cravens contacted him with

customers that needed PPE.         The record does not show these sales

were the fruits of any labor provided by Moncada, and accordingly,

she has not provided a benefit to Bay Promo such that Bay Promo

has a legal obligation to compensate her for it.           See Com. P'ship

8098, 

.

            A parting thought on Moncada's equitable claims:             "The

law should place a tougher burden on a plaintiff who relies on an

implied contract than it does on one 'who uses reasonable care and

foresight   in   protecting   [themselves]    by   means   of   an   express

contract.'"      W.R.   Townsend    Contracting,   Inc.    v.   Jensen   Civ.

Constr., Inc., 

 (Fla. Dist. Ct. App. 1999)

(quoting Hermanowski v. Naranja Lakes Condo. No. Five, Inc., 

 (Fla. Dist. Ct. App. 1982)).              Moncada may have

avoided these issues through clearer drafting of her initial

Commission Agreement, but as things turned out, we conclude she is

not entitled to equitable relief.




                                    - 45 -
                          IV. CONCLUSION

            Neither side has convinced us that the district court

committed reversible error, and we affirm with each side to bear

its own costs.



Affirmed.




                              - 46 -