National Labor Relations Board v. I.W.G., Inc.
National Labor Relations Board v. I.W.G., Inc.
Opinion of the Court
The National Labor Relations Board [NLRB or. Board] petitions ■ this court for enforcement of its order against Robert B. Gordon, I.W.G., Inc. [I.W.G.], Con-Bru, Inc. [Con-Bru], and Arlene, Inc. [Arlene]. Respondent, Mr. Gordon, cross-petitions this court for review of the Board’s decision. The case came before the Board on a complaint issued by the General Counsel, following an investigation of charges filed by Road Sprinkler Fitters Local Union No. 669, U.A., AFL-CIO [the Union]. After an administrative law judge [AL J] conducted a hearing on the charges set forth in the Board’s complaint, the Board adopted the ALJ’s decision with a slight modification. The Board essentially decided that Respondent “abandoned and subsequently created” several corporations, namely, I.W.G., Con-Bru, and Arlene, “primarily to avoid paying his employees pursuant to an extant collective-bargaining agreement and to evade a statutory obligation to bargain with the Union over the terms and conditions of employment.” I.W.G., Inc., 322 N.L.R.B. No. 12, 1997-98 NLRB Dec. (CCH) ¶ 16,108, at 33,441, 1996 WL 506089 (Aug. 27, 1996). We assume jurisdiction pursuant to 29 U.S.C. § 160(f).
Respondent claims that there is a procedural impediment to the Board’s conclusion that Arlene was an alter ego of I.W.G. and Con-Bru.
After reviewing the record and the Board’s contentions, we hold that Respondent was not accorded his due process rights as to the Arlene alter ego claim. In its Decision and Order, the NLRB found that the Arlene alter ego claim had a sufficient connection to the complaint for Respondent to anticipate the Arlene alter ego issue. See I.W.G., Inc., 1997-98 NLRB Dec. (CCH) at 33,443. The Board articulated two reasons for its decision: (1) Arlene was named as a respondent in the proceeding along with I.W.G., ConBru, and Respondent Mr. Gordon; and (2) “the gravamen of the General Counsel’s complaint is that Gordon created and abandoned corporate entities in order to evade I.W.G.’s contractual and statutory obligations to its employees and the Union.” Id. The Board’s summary of the complaint is inaccurate; nowhere does the complaint allege Respondent “created and abandoned” Arlene. Id. We agree with the Board’s dissenting opinion that the General Counsel’s complaint drew a clear distinction between (1) I.W.G. and ConBru and (2) Arlene. Id. at 33,448 (Member Cohen, dissenting). The complaint alleged that Con-Bru, I.W.G., and Respondent were a single employer or alter egos. See Peti
The Board’s second articulated basis for concluding Respondent had notice was the naming of Arlene in the complaint. The fact that Arlene was named in the complaint does not by itself provide a sufficiently close connection to the alter ego claim to warrant adequate notice of that unalleged claim against Arlene. Our review of the facts of this case convinces us that Respondent was unaware that the Arlene alter ego claim was raised in the proceeding. Even during the course of the evidentiary hearing, Respondent received no notice of the claim that Arlene was an alter ego. Although the General Counsel amended the complaint to dismiss Connie Gordon as a party, see Petitioner’s App., Vol. I at 196, he intentionally did not amend the complaint to add the Arlene alter ego claim. See Petitioner’s App., Vol. II at 687; NLRB v. Tamper, Inc., 522 F.2d 781, 788 n. 9 (4th Cir. 1975). The ALJ never advised the parties that he would consider an alter ego claim against Arlene. As in NLRB v. Pepsi-Cola Bottling Co. of Topeka, Inc., 613 F.2d 267, 274 (10th Cir. 1980), the “case was complex and confusing' ... [with] not only a number' of charges but [ ] change[s] of ownership.” Like the respondent in Pepsi Respondent tried to resolve the confusion about the General Counsel’s litigation theories. See id. at 273. Respondent’s counsel specifically asked “if in the brief we have to address an alter ego claim between I.W.G., Con-Bru, and Arlene, or just a successorship claim against Arlene.” Petitioner’s App., Vol. II at 689. The ALJ responded, “[T]he Board eases are clear-—you look to the pleadings.” Id. Because Respondent never received notice of the Arlene alter ego claim through the pleadings, the first time Respondent was informed that an alter ego claim was alleged against Arlene was in the Union’s posthearing brief • filed prior to the ALJ’s decision. Cf. Stokely-Van Camp, Inc. v. NLRB, 722 F.2d 1324, 1331 (7th Cir. 1983) (identical conduct held to be a “clear violation of [Respondent’s] due process rights”). Although the ALJ indicated that he would only address the claims in the pleadings, he recommended liability against Respondent on a claim'unalleged in the complaint.
Clearly, the Arlene alter ego theory was not fully and fairly litigated. The NLRB asserted in its order that the Arlene claim was fully and fairly litigated because “considerable evidence” relevant to the Arlene alter ego claim was presented and challenged at the hearing. I.W.G., Inc., 1997-98 NLRB Dec. (CCH) at 33,443. “But the simple presentation of evidence important to an alternative claim does not satisfy the requirement that any claim at variance from the complaint be ‘fully and fairly litigated’ in order for the Board to decide the issue without transgressing [Respondent’s] due process rights.” NLRB v. Quality C.A.T.V., Inc., 824 F.2d 542, 547 (7th Cir. 1987) (quoting Pepsi-Cola Bottling Co., 613 F.2d at 274); see Conair Corp. v. NLRB, 721 F.2d 1355, 1372 (D.C.Cir. 1983) (“ ‘[T]he introduction of evidence relevant to an issue already in the case .may not be used to show consent to trial of a new issue absent a clear indication that the party who introduced the evidence was attempting to raise a new issue.’ ”) (quoting Cioffe v. Morris, 676 F.2d 539, 542 (11th Cir. 1982)), cert. denied sub nom. Local 222, Int’l Ladies’ Garment Workers’ Union, AFL-CIO v. NLRB, 467 U.S. 1241, 104 S.Ct. 3511, 82 L.Ed.2d 819 (1984); Montgomery Ward & Co. v. NLRB, 385 F.2d 760, 763 (8th Cir. 1967) (“ ‘Evidence without a supporting allegation cannot serve as the basis of a determination of an unfair labor practice.’ ”) (quoting Engineers & Fabricators, Inc. v. NLRB, 376 F.2d 482, 485 (5th Cir. 1967)). This court has stated, “Failure to clearly define the issues and advise an employer charged with a violation of the law of the specific complaint he must meet and provide
The' Board contends that even if Respondent was denied due process, the remedy of another hearing is unnecessary because Respondent has not identified specific, unconsidered evidence that contravenes the Arlene alter ego theory. See NLRB Br. at 32. We disagree. In his brief, Respondent articulates unconsidered evidence, with sufficient specificity to merit a hearing that adequately comports with procedural due process. See Robert B. Gordon’s Opening Br. at 30-31. Under the facts of this ease,
The Board pierced the corporate veils of each of the three corporate respondents to find Respondent Mr. Gordon personally liable. Whether a corporate veil ought to be pierced is a question of law, and we give “great weight” to the Board’s determination that the situation justified piercing and uphold that determination if it is within “reasonable bounds.”- NLRB v. Greater Kansas City Roofing, 2 F.3d 1047, 1051 (10th Cir. 1993) (internal quotations omitted). The factual findings of the Board are conclusive “if supported by substantial evidence on the record considered as a whole.” 29 U.S.C. § 160(e).
It is impossible for us to accurately review the Board’s veil-piercing analysis because it is based in substantial part on the unlitigated conclusion that Arlene is a single employer/alter ego of I.W.G. and Con-Bru. The two-prong analysis provided by Greater Kansas City Roofing for veil piercing was not applied to each corporate respondent individually; rather, evidence of the operations of I.W.G., Con-Bru, and Arlene was combined to support the Board’s conclusion that the situation justified piercing. See I.W.G., Inc., 1997-98 NLRB Dec. (CCH) at 33,446. We therefore remand the .issue of Respondent’s personal liability to the Board to be analyzed in light of this opinion.
In his petition for review, Respondent Mr. Gordon complains that there was no specific allegation in the complaint addressing the failure of Con-Bru and Arlene to apply the union contract terms to their non-union employees. In his Decision, the ALJ acknowledged that this issue was not specifically
We deny Respondent’s Motion to Strike the Union-Intervenor’s Brief. We also deny Respondent’s Motion to Supplement the Record with his Post-Hearing Brief to the ALJ because that brief was unnecessary to our determination of this case. We hold that, based on the record on appeal, the notice to Respondent and Arlene with respect to the Arlene alter ego claim was insufficient to satisfy due process standards and that this issue was not fairly and fully litigated.
. I.W.G., Con-Bru, and Arlene all failed to file exceptions with the Board to the ALJ's recommended decision and order against them. None of them filed an answer to the Board’s application for enforcement of its order. Since the Arlene alter ego issue was never pled, we will not enter a default judgment on that issue. In all other respects, we grant the Board’s Motion for Entiy of Default Judgment against those corporate respondents. See Fed. R.App. P. 15(b); NLRB v. Bell Co., 561 F.2d 1264, 1266 n. 2 (7th Cir. 1977).
. We recognize that NLRB v. Jordan Bus Co., 380 F.2d 219, 223-24 (10th Cir. 1967), appears to stand for a contrary view. However, we note that the issue of whether due process was accorded is heavily dependent upon the circumstances of each case. See Pergament United Sales, Inc. v. NLRB, 920 F.2d 130, 136 (2d Cir. 1990) ("[WJhether a charge has been fully and fairly litigated is so peculiarly fact-bound as to make every case unique; a determination of whether there has been full and fair litigation must therefore be made on the record in each case.”). In Jordan Bus Co., we concluded that the respondent had received a meaningful opportunity to prepare and present its case. See Jordan Bus Co., 380 F.2d at 224. In that case, unlike this one, the respondent was afforded actual notice in time to present evidence on the issue at the evidentiary hearing. See id. at 223. Because the respondent had actual notice prior to the evidentiary hearing, we proceeded to determine whether the evidentiary record was complete with regard to the challenged issue and whether any prejudice to the respondent resulted. In the case at bar, however. Respondent never had any chance to present evidence because he never received notice of the unalleged claim until after the close of the evidentiary - hearing.
. We are not persuaded by, and do not discuss at length, Respondent’s argument that the Board engaged in misconduct justifying an equity court in refusing relief because of bad faith or unclean hands. See Robert B. Gordon’s-Reply Br: at 19.
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