Case: 15-12340 Date Filed: 06/15/2016 Page: 1 of 35

[DO NOT PUBLISH] IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT ________________________ No. 15-12340 ________________________ D.C. Docket No. 1:09-md-02051-CMA

BEVERLY JONES, STEVE JONES, Plaintiffs - Appellants, versus SMITHKLINE BEECHAM, d.b.a. GlaxoSmithKline, et al., Defendants, PROCTER AND GAMBLE COMPANY, PROCTER AND GAMBLE DISTRIBUTING LLC, THE, PROCTER AND GAMBLE MANUFACTURING COMPANY, THE,

Defendants - Appellees.

________________________ No. 15-12391 ________________________ D.C. Docket No. 1:09-md-02051-CMA Case: 15-12340 Date Filed: 06/15/2016 Page: 2 of 35

In re: DENTURE CREAM PRODUCTS LIABILITY LITIGATION. _______________________________________________ DONALD KIMBALL, JAMES R. WILKERSON, MARIE WILKERSON, BOBBY COCKRILL, BETTY COCKRILL, DENICE SEDLACEK, MICHAEL SEDLACEK, WILLIAM M. KEITH, Individually and as Executor de son Tort of The Estate of Linda Sakcriska, CORBITT CARTER, OPAL CARTER, DEBORAH G. JONES, ALAN J. JONES, Plaintiffs - Appellants, versus THE PROCTER & GAMBLE DISTRIBUTING, LLC, THE PROCTER & GAMBLE MANUFACTURING CO.,

Defendants - Appellees.

________________________ No. 15-12393 ________________________ D.C. Docket No. 1:09-md-02051-CMA

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In Re: Denture Cream Products Liability Litigation. ________________________________________

MRS. CHRISTY HARDING, MR. DAVID HARDING, her husband, Plaintiffs - Appellants, versus THE PROCTER & GAMBLE DISTRIBUTING, LLC, THE PROCTER & GAMBLE MANUFACTURING COMPANY, THE PROCTER & GAMBLE COMPANY, Defendants - Appellees.

________________________ No. 15-12419 ________________________ D.C. Docket No. 1:09-md-02051-CMA

In Re: Denture Cream Products Liability Litigation. ________________________________________

RAYMOND ENGLISH, THERESA ENGLISH, Plaintiffs - Appellants, versus THE PROCTER & GAMBLE DISTRIBUTING LLC, THE PROCTER & GAMBLE MANUFACTURING COMPANY,

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Defendants - Appellees.

________________________ No. 15-12420 ________________________ D.C. Docket No. 1:09-md-02051-CMA

In Re: Denture Cream Products Liability Litigation. _______________________________________

ELLENIE STEELE, Plaintiff - Appellant, versus THE PROCTER & GAMBLE DISTRIBUTING LLC, THE PROCTER & GAMBLE MANUFACTURING COMPANY, THE PROCTER & GAMBLE COMPANY, Defendants - Appellees.

________________________ No. 15-12421 ________________________ D.C. Docket No. 1:09-md-02051-CMA

In Re: Denture Cream Products Liability Litigation. _______________________________________ Case: 15-12340 Date Filed: 06/15/2016 Page: 5 of 35

DOROTHY GIBSON, Plaintiff - Appellant, versus THE PROCTER & GAMBLE DISTRIBUTING LLC, THE PROCTER & GAMBLE MANUFACTURING COMPANY, THE PROCTER & GAMBLE COMPANY, Defendants - Appellees.

________________________ No. 15-12422 ________________________ D.C. Docket No. 1:09-md-02051-CMA

In Re: Denture Cream Products Liability Litigation. ________________________________________

ANNE M. COFFMAN, Plaintiff - Appellant, versus THE PROCTER & GAMBLE DISTRIBUTING LLC, THE PROCTER & GAMBLE MANUFACTURING COMPANY, THE PROCTER & GAMBLE COMPANY, Defendants - Appellees.

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________________________ No. 15-12424 ________________________ D.C. Docket No. 1:09-md-02051-CMA

In Re: Denture Cream Products Liability Litigation. ________________________________________

PEGGY ANN SMITH-LLOYD, Plaintiff - Appellant, versus PROCTER & GAMBLE DISTRIBUTING LLC, PROCTER & GAMBLE MANUFACTURING COMPANY, Defendants - Appellees.

________________________ No. 15-12427 ________________________ D.C. Docket No. 1:09-md-02051-CMA

In Re: Denture Cream Products Liability Litigation. ________________________________________

FAYE G. HOBSON,

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Plaintiff - Appellant, versus PROCTER & GAMBLE DISTRIBUTING, LLC, THE PROCTER & GAMBLE MANUFACTURING COMPANY, Defendants - Appellees.

________________________ No. 15-12433 ________________________ D.C. Docket No. 1:09-md-02051-CMA

In Re: Denture Cream Products Liability Litigation. _______________________________________

BARBARA SUE MENDENHALL, Plaintiff - Appellant, versus PROCTER & GAMBLE DISTRIBUTING, LLC, PROCTER & GAMBLE MANUFACTURING COMPANY, Defendants - Appellees.

________________________ No. 15-12434 ________________________

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D.C. Docket No. 1:09-md-02051-CMA

In Re: Denture Cream Products Liabiltiy Litigation. ________________________________________

ROBERT DONALD LANE, SHARON GAY LANE, as the Administrator for the Estate of Robert Donald Lane, Plaintiffs - Appellants, versus PROCTER & GAMBLE DISTRIBUTING, LLC, PROCTER & GAMBLE MANUFACTURING COMPANY, Defendants - Appellees.

________________________ No. 15-12436 ________________________ D.C. Docket No. 1:09-md-02051-CMA

In Re: Denture Cream Products Liability Litigation. ________________________________________

JENNIFER J. CORNETT, ROBERT L. CORNETT, Plaintiffs - Appellants,

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versus THE PROCTER & GAMBLE DISTRIBUTING LLC, THE PROCTER & GAMBLE MANUFACTURING COMPANY, Defendants - Appellees.

________________________ No. 15-12437 ________________________ D.C. Docket No. 1:09-md-02051-CMA

In Re: Denture Cream Products Liability Litigation. _________________________________________

ROBIN ANN EVANS, Plaintiff - Appellant, versus THE PROCTER & GAMBLE DISTRIBUTING, LLC, THE PROCTER & GAMBLE MANUFACTURING CO., Defendants - Appellees.

________________________ No. 15-12449 ________________________ D.C. Docket No. 1:09-md-02051-CMA

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In Re: Denture Cream Products Liability Litigation. ________________________________________

RHONDA JOLENE SHUMATE, BRIAN SHUMATE, Plaintiffs - Appellants, versus THE PROCTER & GAMBLE DISTRIBUTING, LLC, THE PROCTER & GAMBLE MANUFACTURING CO., Defendants - Appellees.

________________________ No. 15-12450 ________________________ D.C. Docket No. 1:09-md-02051-CMA

In re: Denture Cream Products Liability Litigation. _______________________________________

PAUL CAMPIONE, MAE CAMPIONE, Plaintiffs - Appellants, versus THE PROCTER & GAMBLE DISTRIBUTING, LLC, THE PROCTER & GAMBLE MANUFACTURING CO.,

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Defendants - Appellees.

________________________ No. 15-12451 ________________________ D.C. Docket No. 1:09-md-02051-CMA

In Re: Denture Cream Products Liability Litigation. _______________________________________

ANGELA COUCH, BARRY COUCH, Individually and as Administrator of the Estate of Angela Couch, Plaintiffs - Appellants, versus THE PROCTER & GAMBLE DISTRIBUTING, LLC, THE PROCTER & GAMBLE MANUFACTURING CO., Defendants - Appellees.

________________________ No. 15-12452 ________________________ D.C. Docket No. 1:09-md-02051-CMA

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In Re: Denture Cream Products Liability Litigation. _______________________________________ MELINDA HALL, Individually, on Behalf of Herself and on Behalf of All Others Similarly Situated, JESSE E. WEST, individually and as a personal representative of the Estate of Opal H. West, Plaintiffs - Appellants, CARMAL HALL, JR. Plaintiff, versus THE PROCTER & GAMBLE DISTRIBUTING, LLC, f.k.a. Proctor & Gamble Distributing Delaware, Inc., THE PROCTER & GAMBLE MANUFACTURING CO., Defendants - Appellees.

________________________ No. 15-12456 ________________________ D.C. Docket No. 1:09-md-02051-CMA

In Re: Denture Cream Products Liability Litigation. _______________________________________

JUDY SIMPSON SAMMONS, ROBERT TURNER SAMMONS,

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Plaintiffs - Appellants, versus SMITHKLINE BEECHAM CORPORATION, d.b.a. GlaxoSmithKline, et al, Defendants, THE PROCTER & GAMBLE DISTRIBUTING, LLC, THE PROCTER & GAMBLE MANUFACTURING CO., Defendants - Appellees.

________________________ No. 15-12457 ________________________ D.C. Docket No. 1:09-md-02051-CMA

In Re: Denture Cream Products Liability Litigation. _______________________________________

DORA ANNETTE ROWLEN, Plaintiff, CARLTON ROWLEN, Administrator of the Estate of Dora A. Rowlen, Plaintiff - Appellant, versus

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THE PROCTER & GAMBLE DISTRIBUTING, LLC, THE PROCTER & GAMBLE MANUFACTURING CO., Defendants - Appellees.

________________________ No. 15-12462 ________________________ D.C. Docket No. 1:09-md-02051-CMA

In Re: Denture Cream Products Liability Litigation. _______________________________________

CYNTHIA A. WILLIAMS, Plaintiff - Appellant, versus THE PROCTER & GAMBLE DISTRIBUTING, LLC, THE PROCTER & GAMBLE MANUFACTURING CO., THE PROCTER & GAMBLE COMPANY, Defendants - Appellees.

________________________ No. 15-12465 ________________________ D.C. Docket No. 1:09-md-02051-CMA

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In Re: Denture Cream Products Liability Litigation. ________________________________________

JAMES BYLES, Plaintiff - Appellant, versus THE PROCTER & GAMBLE DISTRIBUTING, LLC, THE PROCTER & GAMBLE MANUFACTURING CO., THE PROCTER & GAMBLE COMPANY, Defendants - Appellees.

________________________ No. 15-12467 ________________________ D.C. Docket No. 1:09-md-02051-CMA

In Re: Denture Cream Products Liability Litigation. _______________________________________

DAVID HOFFMAN, CAROL M. HOFFMAN, Plaintiffs - Appellants, versus THE PROCTER & GAMBLE DISTRIBUTING, LLC, THE PROCTER & GAMBLE MANUFACTURING CO., THE PROCTER & GAMBLE COMPANY,

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Defendants - Appellees.

________________________ No. 15-12470 ________________________ D.C. Docket No. 1:09-md-02051-CMA

In Re: Denture Cream Products Liability Litigation. ________________________________________

DIANE DE HAVEN, Plaintiff - Appellant, versus THE PROCTER & GAMBLE DISTRIBUTING, LLC, THE PROCTER & GAMBLE MANUFACTURING CO., THE PROCTER & GAMBLE COMPANY, Defendants - Appellees.

________________________ No. 15-12471 ________________________ D.C. Docket No. 1:09-md-02051-CMA

In Re: Denture Cream Products Liability Litigation. _______________________________________ Case: 15-12340 Date Filed: 06/15/2016 Page: 17 of 35

BRIAN L. STEINE, Plaintiff - Appellant, versus THE PROCTER & GAMBLE DISTRIBUTING, LLC, THE PROCTER & GAMBLE MANUFACTURING CO., THE PROCTER & GAMBLE COMPANY, Defendants - Appellees.

________________________ No. 15-12473 ________________________ D.C. Docket No. 1:09-md-02051-CMA

In Re: Denture Cream Products Liability Litigation. _______________________________________

JUDITH SULLIVAN, Plaintiff - Appellant, versus THE PROCTER & GAMBLE DISTRIBUTING, LLC, THE PROCTER & GAMBLE MANUFACTURING CO., Defendants - Appellees.

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________________________ No. 15-12475 ________________________ D.C. Docket No. 1:09-md-02051-CMA

In Re: Denture Cream Products Liability Litigation. ________________________________________

LEE RUSSO, ANDREW RUSSO, Plaintiffs - Appellants, versus SMITHKLINE BEECHAM CORPORATION, d.b.a. GlaxoSmithKline, et al., Defendants,

THE PROCTER & GAMBLE COMPANY, THE PROCTER & GAMBLE MANUFACTURING CO., Defendants - Appellees.

________________________ No. 15-12476 ________________________ D.C. Docket No. 1:09-md-02051-CMA

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In Re: Denture Cream Products Liability Litigation. _______________________________________ HERSHEL BIFFLE, Plaintiff,

FELECIA BIFFLE, individually and as Administratrix of the Estate of Hershel Biffle, Plaintiff - Appellant, versus SMITHKLINE BEECHAM CORPORATION, et al., Defendants, THE PROCTER & GAMBLE DISTRIBUTING, LLC, THE PROCTER & GAMBLE MANUFACTURING CO., Defendants - Appellees.

________________________ No. 15-12477 ________________________ D.C. Docket No. 1:09-md-02051-CMA

In Re: Denture Cream Products Liability Litigation. ________________________________________

KATHERINE B. MEHROFF, Case: 15-12340 Date Filed: 06/15/2016 Page: 20 of 35

Plaintiff, DAVID L. MEHRHOFF, Individually and as Executor of the Estate of Katherine Mehrhoff, Plaintiff - Appellant, versus SMITHKLINE BEECHAM CORPORATION, d.b.a. GlaxoSmithKline, et al., Defendants, THE PROCTER & GAMBLE DISTRIBUTING, LLC, THE PROCTER & GAMBLE MANUFACTURING CO., Defendants - Appellees.

________________________ No. 15-12478 ________________________ D.C. Docket No. 1:09-md-02051-CMA

In Re: Denture Cream Products Liability Litigation. _______________________________________

MELISSA J. BABB, THOMAS R. BABB, Plaintiffs - Appellants, versus

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SMITHKLINE BEECHAM CORPORATION, d.b.a. GlaxoSmithKline, et al., Defendants,

THE PROCTER & GAMBLE DISTRIBUTING, LLC, THE PROCTER & GAMBLE MANUFACTURING CO., Defendants - Appellees.

________________________ No. 15-12480 ________________________ D.C. Docket No. 1:09-md-02051-CMA

In Re: Denture Cream Products Liability Litigation. ________________________________________

MISTY DAWN JORDAN, Plaintiff, JOHNNY R. ELLZY, as the Administrator of the Estate of Misty Dawn Jordan, Plaintiff - Appellant, versus THE PROCTER & GAMBLE DISTRIBUTING, LLC,

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THE PROCTER & GAMBLE MANUFACTURING CO., Defendants - Appellees.

________________________ No. 15-12481 ________________________ D.C. Docket No. 1:09-md-02051-CMA

In Re: Denture Cream Products Liability Litigation. _______________________________________

SHAWN RENAY RANKIN, MAX RANKIN, Plaintiffs - Appellants, versus

SMITHKLINE BEECHAM CORPORATION, d.b.a. GlaxoSmithKline, et al., Defendants,

THE PROCTER & GAMBLE DISTRIBUTING, LLC, THE PROCTER & GAMBLE MANUFACTURING CO., Defendants - Appellees.

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________________________ No. 15-12484 ________________________ D.C. Docket No. 1:09-md-02051-CMA

In Re: Denture Cream Products Liability Litigation. ________________________________________ JOYCE LUNNE HARRELL, RICK A. HARRELL, Plaintiffs - Appellants, versus THE PROCTER & GAMBLE DISTRIBUTING, LLC, THE PROCTER & GAMBLE MANUFACTURING CO., Defendants - Appellees.

________________________ No. 15-12485 ________________________ D.C. Docket No. 1:09-md-02051-CMA

In Re: Denture Cream Products Liability Litigation. ________________________________________ HEIDI SUE WEBER, et al., Plaintiffs, Case: 15-12340 Date Filed: 06/15/2016 Page: 24 of 35

STEPHANIE FUS, as the Administratrix of the Estate of Heidi Sue Weber, Plaintiff - Appellant, versus SMITHKLINE BEECHAM CORPORATION, et al., Defendants, THE PROCTER & GAMBLE DISTRIBUTING, LLC, THE PROCTER & GAMBLE MANUFACTURING CO., Defendants - Appellees.

________________________ No. 15-12486 ________________________ D.C. Docket No. 1:09-md-02051-CMA

In Re: Denture Cream Products Liability Litigation. ________________________________________ TENA R. THORN, Plaintiff, BRENT TYLER URBAN, individually and as Administrator of the Estate of Tena R. Thorn, deceased, Plaintiff - Appellant,

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versus SMITHKLINE BEECHAM CORPORATION, et al., Defendants, THE PROCTER & GAMBLE DISTRIBUTING, LLC, THE PROCTER & GAMBLE MANUFACTURING CO., Defendants - Appellees.

________________________ No. 15-12490 ________________________ D.C. Docket No. 1:09-md-02051-CMA

In Re: Denture Cream Products Liabiltiy Litigation. ________________________________________ MARY LOU SMITH-BROXTON, Plaintiff - Appellant, versus THE PROCTER & GAMBLE DISTRIBUTING, LLC, THE PROCTER & GAMBLE MANUFACTURING CO., THE PROCTER & GAMBLE COMPANY, Defendants - Appellees.

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________________________ No. 15-12491 ________________________ D.C. Docket No. 1:09-md-02051-CMA

In Re: Denture Cream Products Liability Litigation. ________________________________________ CHRISTINA BALLMAN, Plaintiff - Appellant, versus THE PROCTER & GAMBLE DISTRIBUTING, LLC, THE PROCTER & GAMBLE MANUFACTURING CO., THE PROCTER & GAMBLE COMPANY, Defendants - Appellees.

________________________ No. 15-12492 ________________________ D.C. Docket No. 1:09-md-02051-CMA

In Re: Denture Cream Products Liability Litigation. ________________________________________ SHARI BAKER GARRISON, Plaintiff - Appellant, Case: 15-12340 Date Filed: 06/15/2016 Page: 27 of 35

versus THE PROCTER & GAMBLE DISTRIBUTING, LLC, THE PROCTER & GAMBLE MANUFACTURING CO., THE PROCTER & GAMBLE COMPANY, Defendants - Appellees.

________________________ No. 15-12493 ________________________ D.C. Docket No. 1:09-md-02051-CMA

In Re: Denture Cream Products Liability Litigation. ________________________________________ WILLIAM R. WILLIS, Plaintiff - Appellant, versus THE PROCTER & GAMBLE DISTRIBUTING, LLC, THE PROCTER & GAMBLE MANUFACTURING CO., THE PROCTER & GAMBLE COMPANY, Defendants - Appellees.

________________________ No. 15-12494 ________________________

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D.C. Docket No. 1:09-md-02051-CMA

In Re: Denture Cream Products Liability Litigation. _______________________________________ ANN CLAIR, Plaintiff - Appellant, versus THE PROCTER & GAMBLE DISTRIBUTING, LLC, THE PROCTER & GAMBLE MANUFACTURING CO., THE PROCTER & GAMBLE COMPANY, Defendants - Appellees.

________________________ No. 15-12495 ________________________ D.C. Docket No. 1:09-md-02051-CMA

In Re: Denture Cream Products Liability Litigation. ________________________________________ JANICE LYNN KERR, HARVEL KERR, Plaintiffs - Appellants, versus THE PROCTER & GAMBLE DISTRIBUTING, LLC, Case: 15-12340 Date Filed: 06/15/2016 Page: 29 of 35

THE PROCTER & GAMBLE MANUFACTURING CO., THE PROCTER & GAMBLE COMPANY, Defendants - Appellees.

________________________ No. 15-12499 ________________________ D.C. Docket No. 1:09-md-02051-CMA

In Re: Denture Cream Products Liability Litigation. ________________________________________ PETER MICHAEL BASSIN, Plaintiff - Appellant, versus THE PROCTER & GAMBLE DISTRIBUTING, LLC, THE PROCTER & GAMBLE MANUFACTURING CO., THE PROCTER & GAMBLE COMPANY, Defendants - Appellees.

________________________ No. 15-12500 ________________________ D.C. Docket No. 1:09-md-02051-CMA

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In Re: Denture Cream Products Liability Litigation. ________________________________________ ANNA JANE BAKER, Plaintiff - Appellant, versus THE PROCTER & GAMBLE DISTRIBUTING, LLC, THE PROCTER & GAMBLE MANUFACTURING CO., THE PROCTER & GAMBLE COMPANY, Defendants - Appellees.

________________________ No. 15-12501 ________________________ D.C. Docket No. 1:09-md-02051-CMA

In Re: Denture Cream Products Liability Litigation. ________________________________________ GENE GOSNELL, Plaintiff - Appellant, versus THE PROCTER & GAMBLE DISTRIBUTING, LLC, THE PROCTER & GAMBLE MANUFACTURING CO., THE PROCTER & GAMBLE COMPANY, Defendants - Appellees.

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________________________ No. 15-12502 ________________________ D.C. Docket No. 1:09-md-02051-CMA

In Re: Denture Cream Products Liability Litigation. ________________________________________ PEGGY L. SINGLETON, Plaintiff - Appellant, versus THE PROCTER & GAMBLE DISTRIBUTING, LLC, THE PROCTER & GAMBLE MANUFACTURING CO., THE PROCTER & GAMBLE COMPANY, Defendants - Appellees.

________________________ No. 15-12503 ________________________ D.C. Docket No. 1:09-md-02051-CMA

In Re: Denture Cream Products Liability Litigation. _______________________________________ JAMES L. ATKINSON, TANA S. ATKINSON,

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Plaintiffs - Appellants, versus THE PROCTER & GAMBLE DISTRIBUTING, LLC, THE PROCTER & GAMBLE MANUFACTURING CO., THE PROCTER & GAMBLE COMPANY, Defendants - Appellees.

________________________ No. 15-12504 ________________________ D.C. Docket No. 1:09-md-02051-CMA

In Re: Denture Cream Products Liability Litigation. ________________________________________ DORETHA GILES, Plaintiff - Appellant, versus THE PROCTER & GAMBLE DISTRIBUTING, LLC, THE PROCTER & GAMBLE MANUFACTURING CO., THE PROCTER & GAMBLE COMPANY, Defendants - Appellees.

________________________ No. 15-12505 ________________________

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D.C. Docket No. 1:09-md-02051-CMA

In Re: Denture Cream Products Liability Litigation. _______________________________________ EFRAIN RODRIGUEZ, IRENE FELIZ SEGURA, Plaintiffs - Appellants, versus SMITHKLINE BEECHAM CORPORATION, d.b.a. Glaxosmithkline, et al., Defendants, THE PROCTER & GAMBLE DISTRIBUTING, LLC, THE PROCTER & GAMBLE MANUFACTURING CO., THE PROCTER & GAMBLE COMPANY, Defendants - Appellees.

________________________ No. 16-10130 ________________________ D.C. Docket No. 1:09-md-02051-CMA

BENJAMIN BERMAN, CHRISTOPHER D. BIRD, SR., JOSEPH DAVIS, III, Plaintiffs - Appellants, Case: 15-12340 Date Filed: 06/15/2016 Page: 34 of 35

versus THE PROCTER & GAMBLE COMPANY, THE PROCTER & GAMBLE MANUFACTURING CO., THE PROCTER & GAMBLE DISTRIBUTING LLC, Defendants - Appellees.

________________________ Appeals from the United States District Court for the Southern District of Florida ________________________ (June 15, 2016) Before WILSON and JULIE CARNES, Circuit Judges, and WOOD,∗ District Judge.

PER CURIAM: This appeal consolidates forty-eight individual appeals arising out of multidistrict litigation in In re Denture Cream Products Liability Litigation, 1:09- md-02051-CMA. In their complaints, Plaintiffs alleged that Defendants produced a denture cream that caused Plaintiffs to develop a condition known as copper deficiency myelopathy.

In 2015, the district court issued an order granting Defendants’ Daubert1 motion to exclude all or part of the testimony of Plaintiffs’ general causation expert

∗ Honorable Lisa Godbey Wood, United States District Chief Judge for Southern District of Georgia, sitting by designation.

Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharm., Inc., 509 U.S. 579 (1993).

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witnesses. The parties stipulated that this order was case-dispositive, meaning that without the ability to prove general causation, Plaintiffs could not prevail. Given that stipulation, the district court issued orders dismissing the Plaintiffs’ cases with prejudice. In its orders of dismissal, the court referenced the 2015 Daubert order, as well as a 2013 order precluding testimony by any treating physicians of Plaintiffs who had not produced Rule 26(a)(2)(B) reports.

Plaintiffs now appeal these orders of dismissal and, more particularly, the Daubert and Rule 26(a)(2)(B) orders identified above. After carefully reviewing the parties’ briefs and the record, and with the benefit of oral argument, we find no reversible error in either of the district court’s orders.

AFFIRMED.