This appeal presents the question of whether it is a judge or an arbitrator who must decide if the arbitration agreement between Spirit Airlines, Inc. and members of its $9 Fare Club allows for arbitration of claims brought by a class of claimants. To answer this question, we must, in turn, decide whether the agreement's choice of American Arbitration Association rules, standing alone, is clear and unmistakable evidence that Spirit intended that the arbitrator decide this question. Following the reasoning of Terminix International Co. v. Palmer Ranch Ltd. Partnership , 432 F.3d 1327 , 1332 (11th Cir. 2005), we conclude that it is, so the arbitrator will decide. For this reason and a few others we will discuss, we affirm.

I. Background

On April 12, 2017, Steven Maizes and three other class representatives filed a claim in arbitration against Spirit Airlines, Inc. on behalf of a class of consumers. The claim arose out of Spirit's offer of membership in a club called the "$9 Fare Club," for a yearly membership fee of $59.95. Spirit advertised that club members would "experience the ultimate in cost savings"

*1232 and could "cancel at any time." But the class representatives alleged Spirit broke several promises made in the $9 Fare Club Agreement. The details of these promises, and whether or how they were broken, are not the subject of this appeal.

Soon after, on May 30, Spirit filed suit against the class representatives in federal court in the Southern District of Florida. Spirit's lawsuit sought a declaration that the agreement's arbitration clause does not authorize class arbitration claims. The agreement's arbitration clause states:

This Agreement and the terms of membership shall be governed and construed in accordance with the laws of the State of Florida without giving effect to the choice of law provisions thereof. Any dispute arising between Members and Spirit will be resolved by submission to arbitration in Broward County, State of Florida in accordance with the rules of the American Arbitration Association then in effect . Notwithstanding the foregoing, nothing in this Agreement is intended or shall be construed to negate or otherwise affect the consumer protection laws of the state in which Members reside.

Shortly after Spirit filed its suit, it asked the District Court to impose a preliminary injunction to stop the arbitration of class claims. The class representatives, in turn, moved to dismiss Spirit's lawsuit, saying subject matter jurisdiction did not exist in federal court. The District Court held a hearing on both motions. During the hearing, Spirit's counsel said he would like to have Spirit's vice president testify "that there was never an intent to arbitrate more than one dispute at a time." Spirit's counsel said that the vice president's testimony would be relevant "[i]f there is an ambiguity as to what's intended" in the agreement.

After the hearing, the District Court denied Spirit's request for an injunction and dismissed the case. The District Court ruled that the agreement's choice of AAA rules incorporated Rule 3 of the Supplementary Rules for Class Actions, which designates the arbitrator to decide whether the arbitration agreement permits class arbitration. Because the AAA rules require the arbitrator to decide this question, the court dismissed the case for lack of jurisdiction. This appeal followed.

II. Standard of Review

"We review de novo the district court's grant of a motion to dismiss and compel arbitration." Bodine v. Cook's Pest Control Inc. , 830 F.3d 1320 , 1324 (11th Cir. 2016).

III. Discussion

Arbitrations routinely generate three categories of dispute. First, there are the merits of the disagreement. Second, there is a dispute about whether the parties agreed to arbitrate their disagreement. Third, parties disagree about who gets to decide whether they agreed to arbitrate their differences. See First Options of Chicago, Inc. v. Kaplan , 514 U.S. 938 , 942, 115 S.Ct. 1920 , 1923, 131 L.Ed.2d 985 (1995).

In First Options , the Supreme Court told us how to go about determining whether the parties agreed to have a court or an arbitrator decide whether they agreed to arbitrate the dispute. Id. at 944 , 115 S.Ct. at 1924 . The Court observed that when parties enter into an arbitration agreement, they "often might not focus" on who should decide whether their agreement to arbitrate extends to a given dispute. Id. at 945 , 115 S.Ct. at 1925 . With this in mind, the Court directed lower courts to never assume the parties agreed to have an arbitrator decide questions of arbitrability "unless there is clear and unmistakable evidence that they did so." Id. at 944 , 115 S.Ct. at 1924 (alterations adopted and quotation omitted).

*1233 Here, the parties dispute whether the agreement's choice of AAA arbitration rules amounts to "clear and unmistakable" evidence of the parties' intent to have an arbitrator decide whether the agreement permits class arbitration. 1 Spirit points to opinions from four other circuits to argue that the incorporation of AAA rules, standing alone, is not enough to overcome the First Options presumption. We have concluded to the contrary.

Our court's opinion in Terminix weighs heavily in our consideration. In Terminix , Palmer Ranch sued Terminix in Florida state court. 432 F.3d at 1329 . Terminix responded by suing Palmer Ranch in federal court to compel it to arbitrate based on agreements between the parties. Id. Palmer Ranch responded that the arbitration agreements were not enforceable because they eliminated Palmer Ranch's statutory remedies and rights under Florida's Deceptive and Unfair Trade Practices Act. Id. The District Court agreed with Palmer Ranch, held the agreements unenforceable, and denied Terminix's motion to compel arbitration. Id. at 1329-31 .

On appeal, this Court reversed and directed the District Court to grant the motion to compel arbitration. Id. at 1333 . We observed that Rule 8(a) of the AAA Commercial Arbitration Rules provides that "the arbitrator shall have the power to rule on his or her own jurisdiction, including any objections with respect to the existence, scope or validity of the arbitration agreement." Id. at 1332 (alteration adopted). Based on Rule 8(a), Terminix held that the parties' choice of AAA's Commercial Arbitration Rules was clear and unmistakable evidence that they intended an arbitrator to decide whether the arbitration agreements were enforceable. Id.

The reasoning of Terminix applies here as well. The parties' agreement plainly chose AAA rules. Those rules include AAA's Supplementary Rules for Class Arbitrations, which, true to their name, supplement the other AAA rules. 2 Supplementary Rule 3 provides that an arbitrator shall decide whether an arbitration clause permits class arbitration. 3 According to Terminix , this is clear and unmistakable evidence that the parties chose to have an *1234 arbitrator decide whether their agreement provided for class arbitration. 4 ibr.US_Case_Law.Schema.Case_Body:v1">See id.

Spirit argues that we should demand a higher showing for questions of class arbitrability than for other questions of arbitrability. It says this higher burden is needed because class arbitration dramatically changes what ordinarily goes on in arbitration. See Stolt-Nielsen S.A. v. AnimalFeeds Int'l Corp. , 559 U.S. 662 , 686-87, 130 S.Ct. 1758 , 1776, 176 L.Ed.2d 605 (2010) (explaining differences between class and bilateral arbitration). Spirit's argument has some authority. Four circuits have held that adoption of the AAA rules is not clear and unmistakable evidence of the parties' intent to have an arbitrator decide whether the agreement allows class arbitration. See Catamaran Corp. v. Towncrest Pharmacy , 864 F.3d 966 , 972-73 (8th Cir. 2017) ; Chesapeake Appalachia, LLC v. Scout Petroleum, LLC , 809 F.3d 746 , 762-63 (3d Cir. 2016) ; Dell Webb Cmtys., Inc. v. Carlson , 817 F.3d 867 , 876-77 (4th Cir. 2015) ; Reed Elsevier, Inc. ex rel. LexisNexis Div. v. Crockett , 734 F.3d 594 , 599-600 (6th Cir. 2013).

While we respect the work of our sister circuits, we have read Supreme Court precedent differently. The out-of-circuit cases relied upon by Spirit import the reasoning of Stolt-Nielsen , 559 U.S. at 684 , 130 S.Ct. at 1774-75 . See Reed Elsevier , 734 F.3d at 599 (citing Stolt-Nielsen , 559 U.S. at 684-85 , 130 S.Ct. at 1774-75 ); Chesapeake Appalachia , 809 F.3d at 760 ("We nevertheless have looked to these 'clause construction' cases [like Stolt-Nielsen ] for guidance in answering the 'who decides' question."). In contrast, we read Stolt-Nielsen to address the question of whether an agreement allows class arbitration at all, separate from the issue of who decides the question to begin with. See 559 U.S. at 684 , 130 S.Ct. at 1775 . We agree with Spirit that these circuits have created a higher burden for showing "clear and unmistakable" evidence for questions of class arbitrability than for ordinary questions of arbitrability. See, e.g. , Catamaran , 864 F.3d at 973 ("The risks incurred by defendants in class arbitration ... and the difficulties presented by class arbitration ... all demand a more particular delegation of the issue than we may otherwise deem sufficient in bilateral disputes."). However, we find no basis for that higher burden in Supreme Court precedent. 5

*1235 At oral argument, Spirit made a new argument based on the last paragraph of Supplementary Rule 3. This paragraph says "[i]n construing the applicable arbitration clause, the arbitrator shall not consider the existence of these Supplementary Rules, or any other AAA rules, to be a factor either in favor of or against permitting the arbitration to proceed on a class basis." According to Spirit, this paragraph means a court should not consider the existence of the Supplementary Rules when deciding whether the parties empowered the arbitrator to decide the question of class arbitrability.

Again, we understand Spirit's argument to substitute the question of whether a particular agreement permits class arbitration for the different question of whether the agreement delegates the decision on that question to the arbitrator. We read the last paragraph of Supplementary Rule 3 to mean simply that the existence of the Supplementary Rules has no effect on whether the agreement permits class arbitration.

Spirit also argues the agreement's choice of Florida law makes the agreement ambiguous about whether the Florida Arbitration Code or the AAA rules apply. In this regard, we look back at the arbitration clause again, this time with different emphasis:

This Agreement and the terms of membership shall be governed and construed in accordance with the laws of the State of Florida without giving effect to the choice of law provisions thereof. Any dispute arising between Members and Spirit will be resolved by submission to arbitration in Broward County, State of Florida in accordance with the rules of the American Arbitration Association then in effect . Notwithstanding the foregoing, nothing in this Agreement is intended or shall be construed to negate or otherwise affect the consumer protection laws of the state in which Members reside.

Spirit says the choice of "the laws of the State of Florida" incorporates the Florida Arbitration Code. And Florida's Arbitration Code reserves questions of arbitrability for courts. See Fla. Stat. § 682.02 (2). According to Spirit, the ambiguity created by the simultaneous incorporation of the Florida Arbitration Code and the AAA rules means the District Court must decide whether the agreement permits class arbitration.

Yet any perceived ambiguity in Spirit's agreement can be resolved through normal interpretive methods. See City of Homestead v. Johnson , 760 So.2d 80 , 84 (Fla. 2000) ("[W]e rely upon the rule of construction requiring courts to read provisions of a contract harmoniously in order to give effect to all portions thereof."). The best interpretation of Spirit's agreement is that Florida law covers the parties' substantive rights and duties while the choice of AAA rules covers dispute resolution procedures. See Mastrobuono v. Shearson Lehman Hutton, Inc. , 514 U.S. 52 , 63-64, 115 S.Ct. 1212 , 1219, 131 L.Ed.2d 76 (1995) (giving an arbitration agreement a similar *1236 construction). Thus the agreement is not ambiguous.

Finally, Spirit argues the District Court should be reversed because it did not apply the correct legal standard and instead decided an issue of fact on the motion to dismiss. Somewhat relatedly, Spirit says the District Court erred by not allowing its vice president to testify about Spirit's intent in choosing the AAA rules.

There is no merit to these arguments. The arbitration agreement was attached to Spirit's complaint, was central to the case, and its authenticity was not disputed. It was therefore appropriate for the District Court to consider it in deciding the class representatives' motion to dismiss for lack of subject matter jurisdiction. See Maxcess, Inc. v. Lucent Techs., Inc. , 433 F.3d 1337 , 1340 n.3 (11th Cir. 2005) (per curiam); see also Fed. R. Civ. P. 10(c) ("A copy of a written instrument that is an exhibit to a pleading is a part of the pleading for all purposes."). And interpretation of the agreement is a question of law, not fact. See Inetianbor v. CashCall, Inc. , 768 F.3d 1346 , 1350 (11th Cir. 2014).

Also, by finding the arbitration agreement clearly and unmistakably evidenced the parties' intent to arbitrate the class arbitration question, the District Court implicitly found the agreement is not ambiguous on that issue. See First Options , 514 U.S. at 944-45, 115 S.Ct. at 1924. As a result, the District Court was not permitted to rely on testimony from Spirit's vice president to explain the agreement's meaning, and was correct to reject the offer of that testimony. See, e.g. , Lab. Corp. of Am. v. McKown , 829 So. 2d 311 , 313 (Fla. 5th DCA 2002) ("[W]hen the terms and provisions of a contract are unambiguous and complete, parol evidence is not admissible to define or explain them." (quotation omitted) ). There was no error in refusing this testimony.

AFFIRMED.