*1297 Flat Creek Transportation sued for declaratory and injunctive relief on the ground that the Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration had unfairly targeted it for compliance reviews and used an unsound methodology in doing so. The district court determined that it lacked subject matter jurisdiction to consider Flat Creek's claims. We reach the same destination, albeit by a different route. We hold that Flat Creek has failed to establish that it suffered an injury in fact sufficient to confer standing to sue.

I

Flat Creek is a commercial trucking company that transports non-hazardous materials-mainly refrigerated food products. Because it operates in interstate commerce, Flat Creek is subject to Department of Transportation regulations. And because its claim in this case arises against the backdrop of that regulatory framework, we begin with an overview. (Warning: Unavoidable Acronyms Ahead.)

A

Within the Department of Transportation, the Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration ("FMCSA") investigates carriers and operators to ensure that they are safe to operate on the nation's roadways. FMCSA uses a safety-fitness rating methodology-the Safety Measurement System ("SMS")-to quantify carriers' performance. For example, the SMS pulls data from the Motor Carrier Management Information System ("MCMIS") related to the following metrics: (1) unsafe driving, (2) fatigued driving, (3) driver fitness, (4) controlled-substance and alcohol usage, (5) vehicle maintenance, (6) hazardous-material compliance, and (7) crash history. See 75 Fed. Reg. 18256 , 18258 (April 9, 2010). A carrier is given a weighted score in each category, and then ranked against other carriers. A non-passenger carrier like Flat Creek will receive a "High Risk" designation only if it both (1) has "not received an onsite investigation in the previous 18 months" and (2) scores at or above the 90th percentile for two consecutive months in two or more of the MCMIS categories "most closely correlated with crash risk": unsafe driving, fatigued driving, vehicle maintenance, and crash history. See 81 Fed. Reg. 11875 -11876 Table 2 (March 7, 2016).

This "High Risk" designation matters to carriers because FMCSA concentrates its compliance-review resources on high-risk carriers. A compliance review is an in-depth "on-site investigation of the carrier's *1298 operations" that examines the carrier's compliance with FMCSA regulations. 49 C.F.R. § 385.3 ; see generally 49 C.F.R. § 350 et seq . During a compliance review, an investigator will commonly check driver-qualification files, records of duty status (basically, a measure of the number of hours a driver works per 24-hour day), and vehicle-maintenance data. Within 30 days of the review, FMCSA is required to give the carrier written notice that it has received one of three safety ratings: Satisfactory, Conditional, or Unsatisfactory. 49 C.F.R. §§ 385.3 , 385.11(a).

Safety ratings become "final" in slightly different ways. A Satisfactory rating, the highest possible, is final and effective on the date of notice. 49 C.F.R. § 385.11 (b). A Conditional or Unsatisfactory rating becomes final after 60 days if it is not upgraded or overturned. Id. § 385.11(c). If a carrier seeks administrative review of an Conditional or Unsatisfactory rating, FMCSA's Chief Safety Officer must issue a written decision, which will constitute final agency action. Id. § 385.15. Alternatively, a carrier can take corrective action to remedy a reported defect and then request an upgrade from FMCSA. Id. § 385.11(f). If a carrier receives a final Unsatisfactory safety rating, it is prohibited from operating. Id. § 385.13(a).

Naturally, commercial carriers don't particularly want a "High Risk" designation-because it increases their odds of a compliance review, which in turn increases the odds of suffering an Unsatisfactory safety rating. To address carriers' concerns about the accuracy of the data that factor into the MCMIS system and that can prompt a high-risk designation, FMCSA operates DataQs, an online system that permits carriers to contest those data. See FMCSA Notice to Amend a System of Records, 77 Fed. Reg. 42548 -02, 42551 (July 19, 2012).

B

Flat Creek's managing member is Charles Patterson Sr.; Charles' son, Charles Patterson Jr., formed and operates a separate trucking company, Liberty Express. In July 2016, FMCSA's Alabama Division conducted a compliance review of Liberty. Flat Creek alleges that during Liberty's review, FMCSA agents asked a bunch of questions about Flat Creek. Not long after, Flat Creek says, its regulatory consultant "received surreptitious reports from confidential informant(s) that agents ... planned an unannounced on-site compliance investigation at Flat Creek with the intent to falsely charge Flat Creek with multiple regulatory violations sufficient to ... forc[e] a cessation of Flat Creek's operations and likely leading to business closure." Br. of Appellant at 8-9.

Flat Creek further asserts that it received "flawed" scores and misleading crash indicators from the MCMIS data, which FMCSA failed to keep "complete, timely, and accurate" as required by 49 U.S.C. § 31106 (a)(3)(F). Flat Creek insists that, contrary to the MCMIS data, the company's industry performance was above average. Because of the allegedly false data, Flat Creek contends that it "has been consistently but illegally targeted and harassed with multiple unwanted interventions by FMCSA agents." Compl. at ¶ 47. It points to three specific events: an allegedly false Notice of Violation on October 6, 2011; another of the same, on August 10, 2012; and an unfavorable compliance-review report on June 15, 2015. And even before those three instances, Flat Creek alleges that it was subject to "an unusually high number of [compliance review] interventions." Id. at ¶ 48 . Most provocatively, Flat Creek further asserts that FMCSA's adverse regulatory actions were taken in part due to "on[going] prejudice and bias" against Patterson Sr. Compl. at ¶ 58.

*1299 Flat Creek admits that none of the additional compliance reviews "resulted in a safety rating less than 'Satisfactory.' " Id.

C

Flat Creek filed a complaint seeking declaratory and injunctive relief under the Administrative Procedure Act, 5 U.S.C. § 500 et seq. (2000). FMCSA responded with a motion to dismiss for lack of subject matter jurisdiction pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(1). While the motion to dismiss was pending, Flat Creek received a letter from FMCSA's Alabama Division notifying it of an impending on-site compliance review. Seeking to head off that review, Flat Creek filed an emergency motion for a preliminary injunction. Flat Creek's motion was denied, and the review went ahead as scheduled.

Following the compliance review, FMCSA initially advised Flat Creek that its safety rating would be downgraded from Satisfactory to Conditional. FMCSA argued to the district court that the case was unripe because the new Conditional rating was not yet final. A month later, however, FMCSA notified the district court that the agency had reviewed Flat Creek's downgraded safety rating sua sponte, removed a violation incorrectly included in the calculation, and restored the rating to Satisfactory. 1

The district court granted FMCSA's Rule 12(b)(1) motion on the ground that the Hobbs Act, 28 U.S.C. § 2342 (3)(A), vested the courts of appeals with exclusive jurisdiction to provide Flat Creek the injunctive relief that it had requested. 2 We find it unnecessary to decide the Hobbs Act question, because we conclude that Flat Creek has failed to establish standing to sue.

II

We review de novo whether a party has standing. See Perry v. Cable News Network, Inc. , 854 F.3d 1336 , 1339 (11th Cir. 2017). Flat Creek contends that it has standing to sue because it was injured in two ways: first , its most recent safety rating-which originally came back "Conditional"

*1300 but was thereafter upgraded to "Satisfactory"-and second , by the ongoing potential for agency bias in the conduct of compliance reviews. We hold that the injuries that Flat Creek alleges do not establish the requisite standing.

The doctrine of standing is "an essential and unchanging part" of the case-or-controversy requirement embodied in Article III of the Constitution. Lujan v. Defenders of Wildlife , 504 U.S. 555 , 560, 112 S.Ct. 2130 , 119 L.Ed.2d 351 (1992). The " 'irreducible constitutional minimum' of standing" requires a plaintiff to show that he "(1) suffered an injury in fact, (2) that is fairly traceable to the challenged conduct of the defendant, and (3) that is likely to be redressed by a favorable judicial decision." Spokeo, Inc. v. Robins , --- U.S. ----, 136 S. Ct. 1540 , 1547, 194 L.Ed.2d 635 (2016) (quoting Lujan , 504 U.S. at 560-61 , 112 S.Ct. 2130 ). "The plaintiff, as the party invoking federal jurisdiction, bears the burden of establishing these elements." Id . And because standing doctrine is intended to "confine[ ] the federal courts to a properly judicial role," id. , we take seriously the requirement that a plaintiff clearly demonstrate each requirement. Finally, and importantly here, the Supreme Court has made clear that "Article III demands that an 'actual controversy' persist throughout all stages of litigation" and, therefore, that standing requirements "must be met by persons seeking appellate review, just as [they] must be met by persons appearing in courts of first instance." Hollingsworth v. Perry , 570 U.S. 693 , 705, 133 S.Ct. 2652 , 186 L.Ed.2d 768 (2013) (quoting Already, LLC v. Nike, Inc. , 568 U.S. 85 , 90-91, 133 S.Ct. 721 , 184 L.Ed.2d 553 (2013), and Arizonans for Official English v. Arizona , 520 U.S. 43 , 64, 117 S.Ct. 1055 , 137 L.Ed.2d 170 (1997) ).

"First and foremost" among the standing doctrine's requirements is "injury in fact." Spokeo , 136 S. Ct. at 1547 (quoting Steel Co. v. Citizens for a Better Env't , 523 U.S. 83 , 103, 118 S.Ct. 1003 , 140 L.Ed.2d 210 (1998) ). In order to satisfy the injury-in-fact requirement, "a plaintiff must show that he or she suffered 'an invasion of a legally protected interest' " that is both (1) " 'concrete and particularized' " and (2) " 'actual or imminent.' " Id . at 1548 (quoting Lujan , 504 U.S. at 560 , 112 S.Ct. 2130 ). For an injury to be "concrete," "it must actually exist"-that is, it must be " 'real,' and not 'abstract.' " Id . (quoting Webster's Third New International Dictionary 472 (1971)). And for an injury to be "particularized," "it 'must affect the plaintiff in a personal and individual way.' " Id . (quoting Lujan , 504 U.S. at 560 , 112 S.Ct. 2130 ).

Flat Creek's allegations don't meet the constitutional standard. To begin with the most obvious point, Flat Creek has no standing to pursue its once-upon-a-time pre-enforcement effort to prevent FMCSA from conducting a compliance review. While Flat Creek's case was pending in the district court, the compliance review went forward, and all now agree that Flat Creek received a Satisfactory safety rating, the highest possible mark. Flat Creek certainly suffered no cognizable injury as a result of a passing rating. See Ezzell Trucking, Inc. v. Fed. Motor Carrier Safety Admin. , 309 F.3d 24 , 25-26 (D.C. Cir. 2002) (dismissing carrier's challenge for lack of standing under similar circumstances). 3

*1301 Separately, and notwithstanding its Satisfactory rating, Flat Creek alleges that it continues to suffer present injury because it remains subject to an enhanced threat of future compliance reviews at the hands of (in its view) a biased agency. In particular, Flat Creek asserts that FMCSA has an "improper on[going] prejudice and bias against [Charles] Patterson, Sr. and Flat Creek" and that FMCSA will use future compliance reviews "as a pretext for [its] real but illegal purpose of fabricating regulatory violations" and ultimately "terminating Flat Creek's operations." Compl. at ¶¶ 58-59. These allegations fail to satisfy the constitutional test. The injury that Flat Creek asserts-designation as a "High Risk" carrier, subject to an increased likelihood of compliance reviews-is neither "concrete" nor "imminent," but rather "conjectural" and "hypothetical." Spokeo , 136 S. Ct. at 1548 . That is so for two related reasons. First, as a matter of sheer timing, Flat Creek can't be designated "High Risk" for a full 18 months after an onsite investigation. See FMCSA Notification of Changes to the Definition of High Risk Motor Carrier , 81 Fed. Reg. 11875 , 11875 (March 6, 2016) ("Non-passenger carriers are considered 'High Risk' if they have two or more" safety categories "at or above the 90th percentile for two consecutive months and they have not received an onsite investigation in the previous 18 months ." (emphasis added)). As already noted, during the course of this litigation, in April 2017, the Administration conducted an onsite investigation of Flat Creek-meaning that Flat Creek wasn't even eligible for a "High Risk" classification until October 2018. Flat Creek has given us no indication during the pendency of this appeal that any such contingency has materialized. Cf. Whitmore v. Arkansas , 495 U.S. 149 , 158, 110 S.Ct. 1717 , 109 L.Ed.2d 135 (1990) (holding that "[a]llegations of possible future injury" do not confer Article III standing).

Second, even after the 18-month period runs, a carrier can be deemed "High Risk" only if additional conditions obtain. In particular, before a carrier can be designated "High Risk," it must be determined that the carrier scores at or above the 90th percentile on two of the following metrics: (1) unsafe driving, (2) fatigued driving, (3) vehicle maintenance, and (4) crash history. See 81 Fed. Reg. 11875 , 11876 Table 2. Again, so far as we can tell from the record and Flat Creek's arguments to us, there is no indication that any of those conditions has been satisfied. 4

Because Flat Creek has shown neither concreteness nor imminence, it has failed to establish that it has suffered a cognizable injury in fact. Accordingly, it lacks standing to sue.

* * *

Flat Creek has failed to establish the requisite standing to sue under Article III of the Constitution. We lack jurisdiction to address its claim, and therefore AFFIRM the district court's dismissal of Flat Creek's complaint.