USCA11 Case: 20-12388 Date Filed: 10/28/2021 Page: 1 of 12

[PUBLISH] In the United States Court of Appeals For the Eleventh Circuit

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No. 20-12388 ____________________

COMMON CAUSE GEORGIA, Plaintiff-Appellee, versus

SECRETARY, STATE OF GEORGIA, Defendant-Appellant.

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Appeal from the United States District Court for the Northern District of Georgia D.C. Docket No. 1:18-cv-05102-AT ____________________ USCA11 Case: 20-12388 Date Filed: 10/28/2021 Page: 2 of 12

2 Opinion of the Court 20-12388

Before WILLIAM PRYOR, Chief Judge, LAGOA, Circuit Judge, and SCHLESINGER,* District Judge. SCHLESINGER, District Judge: The recent Georgia elections garnered significant media at- tention. Mark Leibovich, A Political Hurricane Blew Through Georgia. Now It’s Bracing for More, N.Y. TIMES (Mar. 25, 2021), https://www.nytimes.com/2021/03/13/us/politics/georgia-re- publicans-voting-rights.html. The results of the elections may have been significant, but the question before us is simple—is Common Cause Georgia a “prevailing party” entitled to attorneys’ fees and costs under 42 U.S.C. § 1988? We conclude that it is. I. The November 6, 2018, general election in Georgia was hotly contested and an eagerly watched bellwether of the national political mood. At the time, Georgia’s state government hosted voter-registration information on a website named “My Voter Page.” The website was used both by voters, who could check their voter-registration status, and by election workers, who used the in- formation to determine voter eligibility. On November 5, 2018, Common Cause Georgia, a not-for- profit organization dedicated to electoral reform and voter rights, filed a Complaint against then-Georgia Secretary of State Brian

* Honorable Harvey E. Schlesinger, United States District Judge for the Middle

District of Florida, sitting by designation. USCA11 Case: 20-12388 Date Filed: 10/28/2021 Page: 3 of 12

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Kemp alleging violations of the Fourteenth Amendment of the U.S. Constitution; the Help America Vote Act, 52 U.S.C. § 21082; Article II, Section 1 of the Georgia Constitution; and Georgia Code § 21-2- 211. Common Cause alleged Georgia’s voter registration sys- tems were vulnerable to serious security breaches, increasing the risk eligible voters would be wrongly removed from Georgia’s election rolls or their registration information would be unlawfully manipulated to prevent eligible voters from casting a regular bal- lot. These allegations, if true, were not without effect. Under Geor- gia’s then-existing provisional balloting scheme, voters whose names could not be found on the voter registration list could vote, but only by provisional ballot. But these ballots would be rejected if election officials could not find the voters’ names on the voter registration server. Common Cause also alleged the Secretary knew the security vulnerabilities of the voter registration system but failed to remedy the issues. Fears of registration tampering were amplified when the political parties, each pointing fingers at the other, publicly high- lighted the vulnerabilities in the days leading to the election. On November 7, 2018, one day after Election Day, Com- mon Cause moved for expedited discovery and a temporary re- straining order to enjoin the rejection of any provisional ballots cast due to the failure of the voter’s name to appear on the voter regis- tration list, while a decision on the permanent relief was pending. The Secretary urged the denial of Common Cause’s motion, USCA11 Case: 20-12388 Date Filed: 10/28/2021 Page: 4 of 12

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arguing the relief requested was “extraordinary” and would create a “massive disruption to the state’s election processes” by “go[ing] against well-established Georgia law regarding the processing of provisional ballots.” The district court held a hearing on the mo- tion the next day, November 8, 2018. At that hearing, Common Cause stated that it was “specifi- cally asking for a very, very narrow order preventing the final re- jection of provisional ballots for the narrow class of persons who had registration problems” until there was confidence that “there was not widespread manipulation of the voter registration data- base.” Common Cause contended that it was “not asking for a halt- ing of the processing of provisional ballots[,] . . . not precluding de- fendants from accepting provisional ballots,” and “not precluding defendants from rejecting provisional ballots for other reasons,” such as failure to submit the appropriate identification. The district court noted that Common Cause’s request at the hearing was “something different” from the broader relief it requested in its complaint. Common Cause replied that the two reliefs “peaceably coexist[ed]” and that the relief it proposed at the hearing was “to prevent [voters’ provisional ballots] from being rejected” while it figured out whether possible manipulation of the voter registration database was “widespread.” Additionally, the Secretary repre- sented at the hearing that his office normally certified the election results the day following the certification of results by the counties, which, for the 2018 election, would be November 14, 2018. USCA11 Case: 20-12388 Date Filed: 10/28/2021 Page: 5 of 12

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The district court largely granted the motion for a tempo- rary restraining order on November 12, 2018, finding, based on “the combination of the statistical evidence and witness declara- tions in the record,” Common Cause was likely to succeed on the merits of its claim “that the Secretary’s failure to properly maintain a reliable and secure voter registration system has [resulted in] and will continue to result in the infringement of the rights of the voters to cast their vote and have their votes counted.” The district court found other considerations, such as the risk of irreparable injury, the balance of harms, and the public interest, also supported grant- ing the order. But the district court determined the relief Common Cause requested was “not practically feasible” because it required an “al- teration of the original deadline for local county election boards to certify their results to the Secretary of State,” even though “a great number of counties ha[d] already completed their certifications.” Instead, the district court directed the Secretary to take other steps to “ensur[e] the certification of correct and complete election re- sults.” For example, the district court enjoined the Secretary “from certifying the results of the election prior to” 5:00 p.m. on Novem- ber 16, 2018, noting that the Secretary had represented he intended to certify the elections results on November 14, 2018—“the same day [his office] receive[d] the returns from the counties, rather than tak[e] any portion of the additional week provided under the law to fully discharge the Secretary’s independent duty of review.” The USCA11 Case: 20-12388 Date Filed: 10/28/2021 Page: 6 of 12

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Secretary complied and did not seek reconsideration of the tempo- rary restraining order by the district court or review by this Court. The parties began discovery. In 2019, two new voting laws were enacted in Georgia which affected the procedures surround- ing handling provisional ballots and touched on issues and con- cerns about security that are directly relevant here. The parties agreed the passage of these provisions made further litigation un- necessary and stipulated to dismiss the action with prejudice. See Fed. R. Civ. P. 41(a)(1)(A). Common Cause moved for attorneys’ fees and litigation ex- penses incurred through the issuance of the temporary restraining order and in preparing the fee motion. Common Cause argued it was the prevailing party, as it achieved the relief it sought, and re- quested attorneys’ fees of $179,105 for 433 hours spent and $4,527.59 in litigation costs and expenses. The Secretary maintained that Common Cause deserved no fee award because it was not a prevailing party as that term is used in § 1988, and argued in the alternative that the award should be reduced to no more than $34,314. On May 29, 2020, the district court granted the motion, holding Common Cause was a prevailing party entitled to fees un- der § 1988 because Common Cause, in obtaining the temporary restraining order, “succeeded on ‘a significant issue in litigation which achieve[d] some of the benefit the parties sought in bringing suit.’” And it determined the litigation was necessary “to alter the USCA11 Case: 20-12388 Date Filed: 10/28/2021 Page: 7 of 12

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legal relationship between the parties and to obtain an injunction providing significant relief to prevent the irreparable harm to the rights of Georgians who sought to cast their votes and have them counted.” Common Cause was awarded $161,682.50 in attorneys’ fees, and $4,527.59 in expenses for a total award of $166,210.09. The district court found much of the time billed was sensibly expended and the attorneys’ rates were mostly reasonable. The Secretary timely appealed. He disputes the district court’s characterization of Common Cause as a “prevailing party” because he alleges nothing in the temporary restraining order “sub- stantially modified” the Secretary’s behavior or authority under the challenged statutes, and Common Cause achieved no significant goal of the lawsuit as alleged in the pleadings. Last, the Secretary argues even if Common Cause were entitled to fees, the award should be significantly reduced. II. We review the award of attorneys’ fees and costs for an abuse of discretion, with subsidiary factual findings reviewed for clear error and conclusions of law reviewed de novo. Common Cause/Ga. v. Billups, 554 F.3d 1340, 1349 (11th Cir. 2009). III. “For private actions brought under 42 U.S.C. § 1983 and other specified measures designed to secure civil rights,” Congress enacted 42 U.S.C. § 1988, which “authorizes federal district courts, in their discretion, to ‘allow the prevailing party . . . a reasonable USCA11 Case: 20-12388 Date Filed: 10/28/2021 Page: 8 of 12

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attorney’s fee as part of the costs.’” Sole v. Wyner, 551 U.S. 74, 77 (2007) (quoting 42 U.S.C. § 1988(b)). A plaintiff qualifies as a pre- vailing party entitled to attorneys’ fees under 42 U.S.C. § 1988 if there is a “material alteration of the legal relationship of the parties in a manner which Congress sought to promote in the fee statute.” Id. (quoting Tex. State Tchrs. Ass’n v. Garland Indep. Sch. Dist., 489 U.S. 782, 792-93 (1989)). We have “interpreted this language to require either ‘(1) a situation where a party has been awarded by the court at least some relief on the merits of his claim or (2) a ju- dicial imprimatur on the change in the legal relationship between the parties.’” Billups, 554 F.3d at 1356 (quoting Smalbein ex rel. Es- tate of Smalbein v. City of Daytona Beach, 353 F.3d 901, 905 (11th Cir. 2003)). The grant of the temporary restraining order constituted re- lief on the merits. The district court found Common Cause “ha[d] shown a substantial likelihood of proving that the Secretary’s fail- ure to properly maintain a reliable and secure voter registration system ha[d] [resulted in] and [would] continue to result in the in- fringement of the rights of the voters to cast their vote and have their votes counted.” The district court also required changes to the Secretary’s behavior that benefited Common Cause and its members. The award of fees under § 1988 is not thwarted solely be- cause it stemmed from a temporary restraining order. The Su- preme Court teaches “prevailing party” status may be based on “succe[ss] on any significant claim affording [the litigant] some of USCA11 Case: 20-12388 Date Filed: 10/28/2021 Page: 9 of 12

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the relief sought, either pendente lite or at the conclusion of the litigation.” Garland, 489 U.S. at 791. And under this Court’s prece- dent “a preliminary injunction on the merits entitles one to prevail- ing party status and an award of attorney’s fees.” Billups, 554 F.3d at 1356 (alteration adopted) (internal quotation marks omitted). We find no basis for distinguishing between preliminary in- junctions—which may confer prevailing party status under our precedent—and the temporary restraining order here, which pro- vided the Secretary “notice of the application for the temporary re- straining order” and awarded merits-based relief. United States v. Alabama, 791 F.2d 1450, 1459 (11th Cir. 1986) (quoting Dilworth v. Riner, 343 F.2d 226, 229 (5th Cir. 1965)). The district court’s temporary restraining order materially altered the parties’ legal relationship. The Secretary was directed to comply with the Help America Vote Act (and state law) by “im- mediately establish[ing] and publiciz[ing] on its website a secure and free-access hotline or website for provisional ballot voters to access to determine whether their provisional ballots were counted and if not, the reason why.” The district court also ordered State officials to supply voters with more information about their provisional ballots and registra- tion status beyond the information within the My Voter Page da- tabase. This order prevented Common Cause from “having to fur- ther divert personnel and resources to resolving the problems of voters left off the registration rolls on election day.” USCA11 Case: 20-12388 Date Filed: 10/28/2021 Page: 10 of 12

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Additionally, the district court enjoined the Secretary “from certifying the results of the election prior to . . . November 16,” providing more time to verify the provisional ballots. The Secre- tary argues he had the discretion to certify the results on November 16 absent court intervention. But, before the district court, the Sec- retary revealed he intended to certify the election results on No- vember 14, 2018. The temporary restraining order thus prevented the Secretary from exercising the discretion afforded in the statute to certify at an earlier date. Finally, the court ordered the Secretary to “engage in an in- dependent review” of provisional-voter eligibility using “all availa- ble registration documentation,” or to direct county election offi- cials to engage in a similar “good faith review.” It ordered review- ers to consider “registration information made available by voters themselves” among the documents used to verify eligibility. And it prohibited the Secretary and local officials from “relying solely on the registration information” in the My Voter Page database. The temporary restraining order marked a change in the le- gal relationship between the parties—it altered the Secretary’s con- duct and benefited Common Cause and its members. While the Secretary contends that Common Cause only received “highly lim- ited” or “modest” relief from the temporary restraining order com- pared to the relief it originally sought in its complaint, “a party ‘need not obtain relief identical to the relief [that it] specifically de- manded, as long as the relief obtained is of the same general type.’” Dillard v. City of Greensboro, 213 F.3d 1347, 1354 (11th Cir. 2000) USCA11 Case: 20-12388 Date Filed: 10/28/2021 Page: 11 of 12

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(alteration in original) (quoting Ensley Branch, N.A.A.C.P. v. Seibels, 31 F.3d 1548, 1583 (11th Cir. 1994)). “Nor does the plaintiff need to obtain relief to the extent demanded; getting something suffices to authorize an award of fees.” Id.; see also Farrar v. Hobby, 506 U.S. 103, 114 (1992) (“‘[T]he degree of the plaintiff’s success’ does not affect ‘eligibility for a fee award.’” (quoting Gar- land, 489 U.S. at 790)). The district court correctly determined Common Cause was a “prevailing party” entitled to attorneys’ fees under § 1988. 42 U.S.C. § 1988(b). The question then becomes: was the fee awarded reasonable? IV. The starting point for determining reasonableness is “the number of hours reasonably expended on the litigation multiplied by a reasonable hourly rate.” Hensley v. Eckerhart, 461 U.S. 424, 433 (1983). But district courts have wide latitude in determining the amount of a fee. Brooks v. Ga. State Bd. of Elections, 997 F.2d 857, 866 (11th Cir. 1993) (citing Webb v. Bd. of Educ., 471 U.S. 234, 244 (1985)). The reason is simple—district courts have a “superior un- derstanding of the litigation,” and the parties have an interest in “avoiding frequent appellate review of what essentially are factual matters.” Hensley, 461 U.S. at 437. Additionally, “[t]here remain other considerations that may lead the district court to adjust the fee upward or downward, in- cluding the important factor of the ‘results obtained.’” Id. at 434. USCA11 Case: 20-12388 Date Filed: 10/28/2021 Page: 12 of 12

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In considering the “results obtained” factor, “the district court should focus on the significance of the overall relief obtained by the plaintiff in relation to the hours reasonably expended on the litiga- tion.” Id. at 435. Upon our independent review, the district court properly considered the relevant factors in analyzing whether the attorneys’ fees requested by Common Cause were reasonable and in setting the fee award, and its factual findings were not clearly erroneous. See id. at 436–37. We AFFIRM.