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[DO NOT PUBLISH] In the United States Court of Appeals For the Eleventh Circuit ____________________ No. 21-10261 Non-Argument Calendar ____________________ UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, Plaintiff-Appellee, versus MELVIN MARTINEZ,

Defendant-Appellant.

____________________ Appeal from the United States District Court for the Southern District of Florida D.C. Docket No. 1:19-cr-20826-FAM-1 ____________________ USCA11 Case: 21-10261 Date Filed: 03/21/2022 Page: 2 of 17

Before JILL PRYOR, NEWSOM, and BRANCH, Circuit Judge.

PER CURIAM: Melvin Martinez pleaded guilty to and was convicted of car- jacking and aiding and abetting carjacking. On appeal, Martinez, for the first time, challenges the knowing and voluntary nature of his guilty plea, as well as the district court’s failure to continue his sentencing hearing sua sponte to give him time to consult new counsel. He also asserts that his 120-month sentence is substan- tively unreasonable. We reject each of these arguments and affirm.

I As detailed in his factual proffer, Martinez and another indi- vidual (K.C.) approached a Mercedes-Benz G550 at a gas station one night in October 2019. They “each pointed firearms at the driver,” and “demanded that [she] exit the [v]ehicle, which [she] did in fear [for] her life.” Martinez then snatched a rather expensive chain from the woman’s neck, and his accomplice entered the Mer- cedes and drove away in the vehicle. A couple of hours later, police recovered the car unoccupied, and determined that two finger- prints on the Mercedes matched those of Martinez. The woman later identified Martinez “as one of the men who pointed a firearm at her at the gas station and took her necklace.” Text messages from Martinez’s phone also revealed that he was with K.C. when they “lost” the Mercedes, and Martinez explained “that’s why we park em to see if [the] feds [are] already on it.”

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21-10261 Opinion of the Court 3 Martinez pleaded guilty to carjacking and aiding and abet- ting carjacking. After accounting for an acceptance-of-responsibil- ity adjustment, the district court determined—and the parties did not dispute—that the advisory Guidelines range was 57 to 71 months’ imprisonment. Before his sentence was imposed, how- ever, Martinez provided a statement. Despite his earlier represen- tations that he was pleased with counsel, Martinez complained that his counsel “pressured” him into signing a bad plea, and he averred that he “really didn’t have nothing to do with this carjacking.” Fur- ther, he claimed that he hadn’t seen his written plea until three months after it was entered. Martinez clarified that he did not want to withdraw his plea, but he hoped that the sentencing judge would “take into consideration” the concerns he had raised.

The sentencing judge found that Martinez’s statements were “inconsistent with acceptance of responsibility and a show of remorse.” On top of that, the judge was troubled by Martinez’s lack of appreciation for the seriousness of his offense, as well as a string of thefts in Martinez’s past for which he hadn’t “really been penalized.” Relying most heavily on the need to protect the public, the sentencing judge decided to depart upward from the Guide- lines’ recommendation—to a sentence of 120 months. He also or- dered Martinez to pay $10,581 in restitution for the items stolen during the carjacking, including the necklace.

Martinez’s appeal raises three issues. First, he argues that the district court failed to comply with Rule 11. Second, he insists that the district court should have sua sponte continued his USCA11 Case: 21-10261 Date Filed: 03/21/2022 Page: 4 of 17

II We turn first to his Rule 11 arguments. Martinez asserts that the district court’s plea colloquy was deficient insofar as the court: (1) did not determine that his plea was free from coercion, (2) failed to apprise Martinez that he was waiving certain rights, (3) neglected to advise him that he could be held liable for restitu- tion, and (4) failed to determine whether Martinez understood the nature of the charge against him. Because he “did not assert these Rule 11 violations in the district court, our review is only for plain error.” United States v. Puentes-Hurtado, 794 F.3d 1278, 1285 (11th Cir. 2015); see Fed. R. Crim. P. 52(b). To show plain error, Martinez has the heavy burden of identifying an (1) error, (2) that was obvious or clear, (3) that affected his substantial rights. Greer v. United States, 141 S. Ct. 2090, 2096–97 (2021). Only “if the above three prongs are satisfied” do we then have “the discretion to rem- edy the error—discretion which ought to be exercised only if the error ‘seriously affect[s] the fairness, integrity or public reputation of judicial proceedings.’” Puckett v. United States, 556 U.S. 129, 135 (2009) (alteration in original) (emphasis omitted) (quoting United States v. Olano, 507 U.S. 725, 736 (1993)). Applying this standard, we conclude that none of Martinez’s purported errors en- titles him to relief.

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21-10261 Opinion of the Court 5 A As to the first, Martinez urges that the district court failed to ensure that his plea was “voluntary and did not result from force, threats, or promises” beyond those contained in his plea agree- ment. Fed. R. Crim. P. 11(b)(2). Martinez is right that the district court did not ask whether his plea was the product of coercion. But to demonstrate that this error affected his substantial rights, Mar- tinez “must show a reasonable probability that, but for the error, he would not have entered the plea.” United States v. Dominguez Benitez, 542 U.S. 74, 83 (2004). He has not done so here.

Martinez relies primarily on his contention at the sentencing hearing that he felt “pressured into signing a bad plea” because his attorney advised him that he could face additional charges if he didn’t plead guilty. But this overlooks the fact that “[a]ll pleas of guilty are the result of some pressures or influences on the mind of the defendant.” United States v. Buckles, 843 F.2d 469, 472 (11th Cir. 1988) (quotation omitted). “A defendant cannot complain of coercion where his attorney, employing [her] best professional judgment, recommends that the defendant plead guilty.” Id.; see United States v. Castro, 736 F.3d 1308, 1315 (11th Cir. 2013) (per curiam). After all, plea decisions are inherently “suffused with un- certainty.” Premo v. Moore, 562 U.S. 115, 124 (2011). In this case, Martinez’s statement shows only that his counsel provided advice and helped him understand the risks of choosing to plead not guilty. He has thus failed to demonstrate that if the district court USCA11 Case: 21-10261 Date Filed: 03/21/2022 Page: 6 of 17

To the contrary, Martinez thrice represented under oath his desire to plead guilty at the initial colloquy. And he did not protest when the district court expressed its finding that Martinez’s “guilty plea [was] freely and voluntarily entered.” Moreover, even after later alleging that his counsel pressured him to enter the guilty plea at the sentencing hearing, Martinez repeatedly insisted that he did not want to withdraw his plea. See Doc. 58 at 33 (“Your Honor, I’m not stating this because I want to withdraw my plea.”); id. at 34–35 (“[N]ow that it’s too late and I’m already here at sentencing, I would like to move forward so I can get back out there to my family.”); id. at 44 (“I never said that I wanted to move backwards or withdraw my plea, Your Honor.”). As Martinez assured the dis- trict court, he raised his concerns simply because he believed that it would help him at sentencing. In light of these facts, Martinez “ha[s] not carried the burden of showing that” any error by the dis- trict court “affected [his] substantial rights.” Greer, 141 S. Ct. at 2097.

B For similar reasons, Martinez fares no better on his conten- tion that the district court neglected to inform him that he was waiving certain rights by pleading guilty. The district court advised Martinez of all the rights and matters specified in Rule 11, except it did not mention his right to plead not guilty, to continue to be rep- resented by counsel at trial, and to cross-examine adverse witnesses USCA11 Case: 21-10261 Date Filed: 03/21/2022 Page: 7 of 17

21-10261 Opinion of the Court 7 and compel the attendance of witnesses. See Fed. R. Crim. P. 11(b)(1)(B), (D), (E). As the government concedes, that was error.

Nevertheless, Martinez “offers no reason why he would not have pled guilty if he had received more thorough instructions un- der Rule 11.” United States v. Moriarty, 429 F.3d 1012, 1020 n.5 (11th Cir. 2005); see also United States v. Monroe, 353 F.3d 1346, 1357 (11th Cir. 2003). As explained above, Martinez repeatedly ex- pressed his desire to persist in a guilty plea—both at the plea collo- quy and at the sentencing hearing. At the same time, we see “noth- ing in the record [that] indicates that, but for the district judge’s error, [Martinez] would not have entered his guilty plea.” Mori- arty, 429 F.3d at 1020. 1

And the referenced statement was in no way tied to the district court’s Rule errors here, which concern the waiver of rights not listed in the plea agree- ment. Instead, Martinez expressed his concerns as to (1) the appellate waiver contained in the plea and (2) his involvement in the carjacking. With respect to the former, the district court went over the appellate waiver at the initial plea hearing, and Martinez affirmed that he still wanted to plead guilty even knowing of his limited ability to appeal. Further, because the court varied upwards—and thereby rendered the waiver inapplicable—any potential error is harmless. See Fed. R. Crim. P. 11(h). With respect to Martinez’s involve- ment in the carjacking, the district court relied on Martinez’s previous sworn admission that the facts contained in the proffer (and read at his plea hearing) were true. As we explain below, that was permissible.

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C Martinez also complains that the district court failed to ad- vise him of its “authority to order restitution.” Fed. R. Crim. P. 11(b)(1)(K). The court explained the maximum punishments that it could impose, including “a quarter of a million dollar fine.”

Then, after Martinez confirmed his understanding, the court asked whether there was any “expected restitution,” to which the gov- ernment responded “[n]ot at this time.”

Even assuming it was error for the court not to clarify that restitution could still be ordered at sentencing, Martinez’s claim lacks merit. As we’ve held in the past, even a wholesale failure to warn of the possibility of restitution does not affect “a defendant’s USCA11 Case: 21-10261 Date Filed: 03/21/2022 Page: 9 of 17

21-10261 Opinion of the Court 9 substantial rights where he was warned of a potential fine larger than the actual amount of restitution ordered.” United States v. Morris, 286 F.3d 1291, 1294 (11th Cir. 2002). As in Morris, the res- titution order of $10,581 here “was considerably less than the fine [Martinez] was warned of at the time of his guilty plea.” Id. Hence, he cannot make the third showing necessary for plain-error relief.

D Martinez’s final alleged Rule 11 error is that the district court didn’t adequately explain the “nature of [the] charge” to which he pleaded guilty. Fed. R. Crim. P. 11(b)(1)(G). He maintains that the court never set forth the elements of carjacking or explained the aiding-and-abetting theory of liability. We again find no reversible error.

“There is no rigid formula or mechanical rule for determin- ing whether the district court adequately informed the defendant of the nature of the charges.” United States v. Presendieu, 880 F.3d 1228, 1238 (11th Cir. 2018) (quotation marks omitted). Nor does anything in Rule 11’s text “specify that a district court must list the elements of an offense.” Id. “Rather, what constitutes an adequate plea colloquy varies from case to case depending on the complexity of the charges and the defendant’s intelligence and sophistication.” Id. Here, the district court was not faced with a “complex case[],” such as one involving “esoteric terms or concepts unfamil- iar to the lay mind.” Id. at 1239 (quotation omitted). We think that USCA11 Case: 21-10261 Date Filed: 03/21/2022 Page: 10 of 17

21-10261 Opinion of the Court 11 failure” to ensure that Martinez “underst[ood] the nature of the charge[] against him.” Presendieu, 880 F.3d at 1239.

Similarly, “[w]hile a brief explanation of the aiding and abet- ting theory would have been preferable, we cannot find that its omission undermined [Martinez]’s understanding to a degree that would invalidate the district court’s acceptance of the guilty plea.”

DePace, 120 F.3d at 238. As in DePace, “[t]he degree of complexity added by the aiding and abetting theory is minimal” under these facts. Id. at 237. Martinez admitted at the plea colloquy that he pointed a gun at the victim to help force her out of the car so that his accomplice could drive away in the stolen vehicle. A lay person of Martinez’s intelligence “would likely understand his liability for” brandishing a firearm in those circumstances. Id. It certainly wasn’t plain error to so find—particularly not where Martinez “was represented by counsel and had ample opportunity to express any confusion [he] might have had.” United States v. Camacho, 233 F.3d 1308, 1317 (11th Cir. 2000). Indeed, Martinez confirmed that he “went over everything” with his lawyer and represented that there wasn’t anything that he didn’t understand.

Even so, Martinez protests that some of the statements that he made at the sentencing hearing indicate that he didn’t under- stand the concept of aiding and abetting. Yet in that same conver- sation, Martinez also claimed that there was “no gun involved in my case.” He does not dispute that if there were a gun, he didn’t understand how brandishing it would amount to aiding and abet- ting the carjacking. In essence, then, Martinez’s argument USCA11 Case: 21-10261 Date Filed: 03/21/2022 Page: 12 of 17

There is, however, a “strong presumption” that his admissions to those very facts during the plea colloquy were true. United States v. Medlock, 12 F.3d 185, 187 (11th Cir. 1994). And Martinez fell far short of rebutting that presumption; the district court was entitled to accept Martinez’s sworn admissions over his later, self-serving repudiation of his involvement in the carjacking. See United States v. Rogers, 848 F.2d 166, 168 (11th Cir. 1988) (per curiam). That being the case, the district court did not plainly err in its attempt to ensure that Martinez understood the nature of the charges against him.

Accordingly, we see no reversible Rule 11 error.

III Next, Martinez insists that, after he lodged complaints about his attorney, the district court should have continued the sentenc- ing hearing to permit him to consult new counsel. Normally, we’d review the denial of a motion to continue sentencing for abuse of discretion. United States v. Edouard, 485 F.3d 1324, 1350 (11th Cir. 2007). But, as Martinez acknowledges, he never moved for a con- tinuance. “[B]ecause [he] did not raise this issue below, the plain error standard applies.” United States v. Cingari, 952 F.3d 1301, 1305 (11th Cir. 2020); see also, e.g., United States v. Scott, 877 F.3d 42, 51 (1st Cir. 2017); United States v. Rivas-Macias, 537 F.3d 1271, 1281 (10th Cir. 2008); United States v. Carrera, 259 F.3d 818, 824 USCA11 Case: 21-10261 Date Filed: 03/21/2022 Page: 13 of 17

21-10261 Opinion of the Court 13 (7th Cir. 2001); United States v. Kizzee, 150 F.3d 497, 501 (5th Cir. 1998). 2 “As we have repeatedly recognized, an error cannot meet the ‘plain’ requirement of the plain error rule if it is not clear under current law.” United States v. Chau, 426 F.3d 1318, 1322 (11th Cir. 2005) (per curiam) (quotation marks omitted). Martinez does not identify any case similar to this one, where we or the Supreme Court have found that a district court abused its discretion in refus- ing to continue a proceeding so that the defendant could obtain new counsel. Nor could we find any. That is fatal to Martinez’s claim. See United States v. Leon, 841 F.3d 1187, 1196 (11th Cir. 2016) (“In this circuit, a district court’s error is not plain or obvious if there is no precedent directly resolving the issue.” (cleaned up)).

2 Seeking to escape plain-error review, Martinez cites to our decision in United States v. Wingo, 789 F.3d 1226, 1236 (11th Cir. 2015). But that case applied an abuse-of-discretion standard to “a district court’s failure to sua sponte order a hearing on the defendant’s competency under [18 U.S.C. § 4241].” Id. Our application of the abuse-of-discretion standard turned on the unique circum- stance of an allegedly incompetent defendant and the language of § 4241, which imposes a specific “duty on the district court to inquire sua sponte into a defendant’s mental competency.” Id. at 1236 n.10; see also id. at 1235–38.

Here, Martinez does not identify any similar reason why his claim isn’t subject to the ordinary mandate that “unpreserved errors must be analyzed for plain error under Rule 52(b).” Greer, 141 S. Ct. at 2099; see Puckett, 556 U.S. at 135–36. Simply put, then, the issue wasn’t “properly preserved for appeal in order to warrant abuse-of-discretion review.” United States v. Akwuba, 7 F.4th 1299, 1316–17 (11th Cir. 2021).

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21-10261 Opinion of the Court 15 IV Last up is Martinez’s challenge to his sentence. We review the substantive reasonableness of a defendant’s sentence under a “deferential abuse-of-discretion standard.” Gall v. United States, 552 U.S. 38, 41 (2007). When, as here, the sentence imposed is above that recommended by the Guidelines, we “may consider the extent of the deviation, but must give due deference to the district court’s decision that the § 3553(a) factors” justify the upward de- parture. Id. at 51. “Although there is no proportionality principle in sentencing, a major variance does require a more significant jus- tification than a minor one—the requirement is that the justifica- tion be ‘sufficiently compelling to support the degree of the vari- ance.’” United States v. Irey, 612 F.3d 1160, 1196 (11th Cir. 2010) (en banc) (quoting Gall, 552 U.S. at 50). At the same time, we may not substitute our own judgment for that of the district court.

United States v. Rosales-Bruno, 789 F.3d 1249, 1257 (11th Cir. 2015). The challenger can prevail only if he shows that the district court’s sentence was entirely outside “the ballpark of permissible outcomes.” Id. (quotation omitted).

That’s not the case here. The district court emphasized the “very serious” nature of Martinez’s offense, which included point- ing a gun at someone—and thereby threatening her life—in order to steal her car. See 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a)(1), (a)(2)(A). In addition, the court stressed that Martinez hadn’t “really been penalized for what [he had] done in the past.” “District courts have broad leeway in deciding how much weight to give to prior crimes the defendant USCA11 Case: 21-10261 Date Filed: 03/21/2022 Page: 16 of 17

And one case in particular troubled the sentencing judge. There, Martinez’s girlfriend instructed someone to park his car in a dimly lit area so that she could perform sexual acts on him. When the man complied, Martinez entered the car and attacked him from be- hind. As Martinez pistol-whipped the victim, his girlfriend used the diversion to steal the man’s phone and money. After the victim escaped to confront Martinez’s girlfriend, Martinez took the oppor- tunity to drive his car to the other end of the parking lot so that he could rummage through it. When the victim returned, Martinez “again attacked” him. Martinez was sentenced only to probation and was ordered to pay deferred restitution. Because of the simi- larities between that crime and the instant offense—as well as Mar- tinez’s lack of appreciable punishment for the former—the district court thought that a stiff sentence was needed to “protect the pub- lic.” See id. § 3553(a)(2)(C); United States v. Shaw, 560 F.3d 1230, 1239–40 (11th Cir. 2009). That determination was reasonable.

What’s more, the court observed that Martinez wasn’t re- morseful and hadn’t “fully accept[ed]” responsibility for his actions, as he contested his role in the carjacking and his possession of the firearm at the sentencing hearing. This was despite him previously admitting to the veracity of the factual proffer under oath. Those USCA11 Case: 21-10261 Date Filed: 03/21/2022 Page: 17 of 17

21-10261 Opinion of the Court 17 factors, too, support the district court’s upward variance. See United States v. Kapordelis, 569 F.3d 1291, 1318 (11th Cir. 2009).

Finally, we note that “an additional sign of the upward variance’s reasonableness” is the fact that Martinez’s sentence was a full 5 years below the statutory maximum. United States v. Riley, 995 F.3d 1272, 1280 (11th Cir. 2021); see 18 U.S.C. § 2119(1).

In the end, “[w]e are not left with the definite and firm con- viction that the district court committed a clear error of judgment in weighing the § 3553(a) factors by arriving at [this] sentence.”

United States v. Gibson, 708 F.3d 1256, 1283 (11th Cir. 2013) (quo- tation marks omitted). It was within “the range of reasonable sen- tences dictated by the facts of the case.” Id. (quotation omitted).

Accordingly, Martinez’s sentence is due to be affirmed. * * * We AFFIRM both Martinez’s conviction and his sentence.