USCA11 Case: 20-10450 Date Filed: 04/11/2022 Page: 1 of 10

[DO NOT PUBLISH] In the United States Court of Appeals For the Eleventh Circuit

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No. 20-10450 ____________________

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, Plaintiff-Appellee, versus WILBERT MCKREITH,

Defendant-Appellant.

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Appeal from the United States District Court for the Southern District of Florida D.C. Docket No. 0:01-cr-06095-DMM-1 ____________________ USCA11 Case: 20-10450 Date Filed: 04/11/2022 Page: 2 of 10

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Before JORDAN, LUCK, and LAGOA, Circuit Judges. PER CURIAM: Wilbert McKreith appeals the district court’s denial of his motion for compassionate release. After oral argument and a thor- ough review of the record and the briefs, we affirm. FACTUAL BACKGROUND AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY McKreith robbed ten banks between 1999 and 2001 and was convicted of twelve counts: seven counts of bank robbery, in vio- lation of 18 U.S.C. section 2113(a); two counts of possession of a firearm as a felon, in violation of 18 U.S.C. section 922(g)(1); and three counts of use of a firearm during a bank robbery, in violation of 18 U.S.C. section 924(c)(1)(A). When McKreith was sentenced in 2003, section 924(c)(1)(C)(i) provided a mandatory minimum sentence of twenty-five years’ imprisonment “[i]n the case of a second or sub- sequent conviction” under section 924(c). 18 U.S.C. § 924(c)(1)(C)(i) (2003). The mandatory minimum applied to “sec- ond (and third, and fourth, and so on) [section] 924(c) convictions within a single prosecution,” resulting in “stacked” sentences. United States v. Smith, 967 F.3d 1196, 1210 (11th Cir. 2020). Be- cause McKreith had a prior conviction from 1991 for use of a fire- arm during a bank robbery, his section 924(c) convictions in this case were second or subsequent convictions. McKreith was sentenced to ninety-two and a half years in prison: seventeen and a half years for the seven section 2113(a) USCA11 Case: 20-10450 Date Filed: 04/11/2022 Page: 3 of 10

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counts and ten years for the two section 922(g) counts, all running concurrently; and twenty-five years for each of the three section 924(c) counts, with each running consecutively to the other two and to the other counts. McKreith appealed his convictions and sentence, and we affirmed. See United States v. McKreith, 140 F. App’x 112 (11th Cir. 2005). In 2018, Congress amended section 924(c)(1)(C)’s stacked- sentence provision through the First Step Act. See 18 U.S.C. § 924(c)(1)(C) (2018). After the amendment, the stacked-sentence provision no longer applied “to multiple [section] 924(c) convic- tions . . . resulting from a single prosecution.” Smith, 967 F.3d at 1210. But the First Step Act’s amendment to the stacked-sentence provision wasn’t retroactive. Id. at 1210–13. In 2019, McKreith moved for compassionate release under 18 U.S.C. section 3582(c)(1)(A). He argued that the non-retroactive amendment of section 924(c)(1)(C)’s stacking provision “create[d] an extraordinary and compelling reason” to reduce his sentence to time served. He also sought compassionate release because of his age. The district court denied the motion because McKreith “fail[ed] to demonstrate extraordinary and compelling reasons for compassionate release,” he was only sixty-one years old,1 and he

1 McKreith said that sixty years old was “the required age . . . warrant[ing] compassionate release consideration,” but this is wrong. The policy statement in guideline section 1B1.13(1)(B) applies only to defendants seventy years or USCA11 Case: 20-10450 Date Filed: 04/11/2022 Page: 4 of 10

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had not served enough of his sentence. The district court explained that it had “review[ed] [McKreith]’s motion, the [g]overnment’s re- sponse[,] and the U.S. Probation[’]s [a]nalysis.” After we appointed counsel for McKreith on appeal, the par- ties told us that they had not received the probation analysis that the district court mentioned in its order. The parties jointly moved for a limited remand for the district court to clarify “whether [it] actually relied on new information” in the analysis, and for the par- ties to “respond to any new information.” We granted the joint motion and remanded the case “on a limited basis for further pro- ceedings as outlined in the motion.”

The district court then gave the parties the probation analy- sis and asked them to address it. In response, McKreith argued that the probation analysis had been drafted prior to decisions from other courts of appeals holding that district courts could consider “any” extraordinary and compelling reason for release in a compas- sionate release proceeding. McKreith also gave a new ground for compassionate release: “his susceptibility to [COVID-19]” and the “harshness” of prison conditions during the pandemic. The gov- ernment responded that McKreith’s new health ground was out- side the scope of the limited remand.

older, U.S.S.G. § 1B1.13(1)(B)(i), and application note 1(B) applies only to de- fendants sixty-five years or older, id. § 1B1.13 cmt. n.1(B)(i). On appeal, McKreith does not argue that the district court erred in denying his motion based on his age. USCA11 Case: 20-10450 Date Filed: 04/11/2022 Page: 5 of 10

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The district court entered an order clarifying that it “did not rely on” the probation analysis when it denied McKreith’s motion for compassionate release. It explained its typical process for de- ciding compassionate release motions: it “order[ed] a response from both the government and probation,” and “[i]f they differed, [it] would appoint counsel, disclose the conflict, and set the matter for hearing.” The district court said that it did not believe that it ever relied on new information from probation, but if it had done so, it “would have disclosed that information to counsel.” The dis- trict court also explained that “the nature of the offense and history of violence weighed heavily against [McKreith’s] release” and that, even if our limited remand allowed it to consider McKreith’s new health claim, its “decision remain[ed] unchanged.”

STANDARD OF REVIEW We review the district court’s denial of a motion for com- passionate release for an abuse of discretion. See United States v. Harris, 989 F.3d 908, 911 (11th Cir. 2021). A district court abuses its discretion when it “applies an incorrect legal standard, follows improper procedures,” makes “clearly erroneous” factual findings, or “commits a clear error of judgment.” Id. at 911–12 (quoting Cor- doba v. DIRECTV, LLC, 942 F.3d 1259, 1267 (11th Cir. 2019), and citing United States v. Brown, 415 F.3d 1257, 1266 (11th Cir. 2005)). DISCUSSION

“District courts may modify a prison sentence after it is im- posed only as authorized by statute or rule.” United States v. USCA11 Case: 20-10450 Date Filed: 04/11/2022 Page: 6 of 10

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Denson, 963 F.3d 1080, 1086 (11th Cir. 2020); see also 18 U.S.C. § 3582(c)(1)(B) (providing that a district court “may modify an im- posed term of imprisonment to the extent otherwise expressly per- mitted by statute” or by rule 35). Under section 3582(c)(1)(A)’s “plain text,” a “district court may reduce a term of imprisonment” if (1) “the [section] 3553(a) sentencing factors favor doing so,” (2) “there are ‘extraordinary and compelling reasons’ for doing so,” and (3) “doing so wouldn’t endanger any person or the community within the meaning of [guideline section] 1B1.13’s policy state- ment.” United States v. Tinker, 14 F.4th 1234, 1237 (11th Cir. 2021). Application note 1 to guideline section 1B1.13 defines “ex- traordinary and compelling reasons.” U.S.S.G. § 1B1.13 cmt. n.1; see also United States v. Bryant, 996 F.3d 1243, 1248 (11th Cir. 2021) (“[Guideline section] 1B1.13 is an applicable policy statement for all [s]ection 3582(c)(1)(A) motions . . . .”). In his motion for compas- sionate release, McKreith contended that the non-retroactive amendment of section 924(c)(1)(C) was “an extraordinary and compelling reason” under section 3582(c)(1)(A)(i) and application note 1(D). McKreith argues on appeal that the district court abused its discretion in denying his motion in three ways. First, he asserts that the district court had an improperly limited view of its author- ity to reduce sentences under application note 1(D) in guideline section 1B1.13. Second, McKreith maintains that the district court did not properly consider the section 3553(a) factors. And third, he USCA11 Case: 20-10450 Date Filed: 04/11/2022 Page: 7 of 10

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contends that the district court followed improper procedures when it considered the probation analysis. As to McKreith’s first argument, he now concedes that it is foreclosed by Bryant. We explained in Bryant that district courts are limited to the medical condition-, age-, and family-related cir- cumstances in application notes 1(A), (B), and (C) in guideline sec- tion 1B1.13 because application note 1(D) allows only the Bureau of Prisons—not the district court—to come up with other reasons for compassionate release. 996 F.3d at 1248. McKreith argued in his motion for compassionate release that the district court could consider the non-retroactive amendment of section 924(c)(1)(C) as an extraordinary and compelling circumstance under application note 1(D)’s catchall provision. But, under Bryant, the district court couldn’t depart from the limited circumstances in application notes 1(A), (B), and (C). Id.; see also United States v. Giron, 15 F.4th 1343, 1347 (11th Cir. 2021) (explaining that district courts are “precluded . . . from finding extraordinary and compelling reasons within the catch[]all provision beyond those specified by the Sentencing Com- mission in [s]ection 1B1.13”). Thus, the district court did not abuse its discretion by recognizing that its authority to reduce McKreith’s sentence was limited to those circumstances. As to McKreith’s second argument, he maintains that the district court did not consider the section 3553(a) factors. Although a district court may not grant a motion for compassionate release unless it first “consider[s] the factors set forth in section 3553(a) to the extent that they are applicable,” 18 U.S.C. § 3582(c)(1)(A), the USCA11 Case: 20-10450 Date Filed: 04/11/2022 Page: 8 of 10

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district court did not grant McKreith’s motion. Rather, it denied McKreith’s motion because of the lack of extraordinary and com- pelling reasons. Thus, the district court didn’t need to consider the section 3553(a) factors. See Tinker, 14 F.4th at 1237–38 (“Under [section] 3582(c)(1)(A), the court must find that all necessary con- ditions are satisfied before it grants a reduction. Because all three conditions—i.e., support in the [section] 3553(a) factors, extraordi- nary and compelling reasons, and adherence to [section] 1B1.13’s policy statement—are necessary, the absence of even one would foreclose a sentence reduction.”); Giron, 15 F.4th at 1348 (“The plain language of [section 3582(c)(1)(A)] means that compassionate release is permissible only if all three findings are made . . . . If any one of the necessary findings cannot be made, then compassionate release is not permissible.”). Finally, as to McKreith’s third argument, he contends that the district court abused its discretion when it relied on the proba- tion analysis to deny his motion for compassionate release. Under United States v. Jules, 595 F.3d 1239, 1245 (11th Cir. 2010), “each party” “in a [section] 3582(c)(2) proceeding” “must be given notice of and an opportunity to contest new information re- lied on by the district court.” But the district court “need not per- mit re-litigation of any information available at the original sen- tencing.” Id. “Nor is either party entitled to any response when the court does not intend to rely on new information.” Id. Here, the district court said that it “did not rely on” any new information from the probation analysis. McKreith gives us no USCA11 Case: 20-10450 Date Filed: 04/11/2022 Page: 9 of 10

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good reason to doubt the district court’s clarification and we can find none. As Bryant makes clear, nothing in the probation analysis could have made the non-retroactive amendment of section 924(c)(1)(C) an extraordinary and compelling circumstance. In any event, even if the district court did rely on the proba- tion analysis, which it didn’t, McKreith had the opportunity to re- view the analysis and to rebut it. After hearing McKreith’s new health claim, the district court explained that it would still deny his motion. Thus, any error in considering the probation analysis would have been harmless. See Giron, 15 F.4th at 1349 n.4 (ex- plaining that an error is harmless when “the district court would have imposed the same sentence without the error” (quotation omitted)). McKreith maintains that we should issue a full remand be- cause the district court “did not address any of the new infor- mation” in the probation analysis and did not address his response “to that information.” But the purpose of the limited remand—a limited remand McKreith jointly sought with the government— was merely for the district court to clarify “whether [it] actually re- lied on new information” in the analysis, and for the parties to “re- spond to any new information.” The district court’s answer to the jointly sought limited remand was unequivocal: it didn’t rely on any new information and didn’t rely on the probation analysis. The district court also explained what its ruling would be if it could consider McKreith’s new health ground raised in his re- sponse. If the limited remand allowed it to consider this new claim, USCA11 Case: 20-10450 Date Filed: 04/11/2022 Page: 10 of 10

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the district court said, its decision to deny compassionate release “remain[ed] unchanged.” Thus, a full remand is unnecessary be- cause the district court answered the question posed by the limited remand, and it addressed what its ruling would be even if its discre- tion was broader than the limited remand. Because the district court did not abuse its discretion when it denied McKreith’s motion for compassionate release, we affirm. AFFIRMED.