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[PUBLISH] In the United States Court of Appeals For the Eleventh Circuit ____________________ No. 21-11681 ____________________ U.S. DEPARTMENT OF LABOR, Petitioner, versus TAMPA ELECTRIC COMPANY,

Respondent.

____________________ Petition for Review of a Decision of the Occupational Safety and Health Review Commission Agency No. 17-2144 ____________________ USCA11 Case: 21-11681 Date Filed: 06/22/2022 Page: 2 of 10

NEWSOM, Circuit Judge: In this case, we must decide whether the Tampa Electric Company violated OSHA’s Hazardous Waste Operations and Emergency Response standard when employees at one of its power plants responded to an ammonia release without donning certain protective gear. Because we conclude that the release of ammonia at Tampa Electric’s plant wasn’t “uncontrolled” within the mean- ing of the OSHA standard, we hold that the standard didn’t apply to Tampa Electric’s response and, therefore, that Tampa Electric didn’t violate it.

I The disposition of this petition for review turns on the inter- pretation and application of OSHA’s Hazardous Waste Operations and Emergency Response standard—for short, “HAZWOPER.” In relevant part, that standard states that “[e]mployees engaged in emergency response and exposed to hazardous substances present- ing an inhalation hazard or potential inhalation hazard shall wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus[es] while en- gaged in emergency response.” 29 C.F.R. § 1910.120(q)(3)(iv) (em- phasis added).

As our italics indicate, the key term here is “emergency re- sponse,” which the regulation defines in three parts. In particular, the first sentence quoted below explains what is an “emergency USCA11 Case: 21-11681 Date Filed: 06/22/2022 Page: 3 of 10

21-11681 Opinion of the Court 3 response,” and the second and third sentences explain what is not an “emergency response”: Emergency response or responding to emergencies means a response effort by employees from outside the immediate release area or by other designated re- sponders (i.e., mutual aid groups, local fire depart- ments, etc.) to an occurrence which results, or is likely to result, in an uncontrolled release of a hazard- ous substance. Responses to incidental releases of hazardous substances where the substance can be ab- sorbed, neutralized, or otherwise controlled at the time of release by employees in the immediate release area, or by maintenance personnel are not considered to be emergency responses within the scope of this standard. Responses to releases of hazardous sub- stances where there is no potential safety or health hazard (i.e., fire, explosion, or chemical exposure) are not considered to be emergency responses. 29 C.F.R. § 1910.120(a)(3). The determinative question in this case is whether the release of ammonia at Tampa Electric’s plant con- stituted an “uncontrolled release” within the meaning of the defi- nition’s first sentence.

On, then, to the facts. Tampa Electric operates a power plant that uses ammonia as part of its power-generation process.

The plant receives ammonia through underground pipes that con- nect to an aboveground apparatus called a “skid,” which processes the ammonia into usable form. Tampa Electric’s plant is designed USCA11 Case: 21-11681 Date Filed: 06/22/2022 Page: 4 of 10

In May 2017, one of the underground pipes became over- pressurized, and, as it was designed to do, the system automatically diverted ammonia from that pipe to the sump. A short while later, ammonia saturated the sump water, and excess ammonia began venting to the outside. The ammonia in the air triggered a sensor at the skid set to alarm if the ambient ammonia reached 50 parts per million.

About 45 minutes after the ammonia began to vent, a secu- rity guard heard the alarm sounding at the skid and smelled ammo- nia. He began having trouble breathing and reported the leak.

Once notified, control-room personnel dispatched “rovers”—spe- cially trained response employees—to manage the ammonia re- lease.

Upon arriving at the skid, the rovers called the control room and instructed those there to “isolate” one of the valves regulating the flow of ammonia. Meanwhile, the rovers continued working on other parts of the skid and added water to the sump. Working together, plant personnel stopped the ammonia release, but be- cause the rovers arrived at the skid without “self-contained USCA11 Case: 21-11681 Date Filed: 06/22/2022 Page: 5 of 10

21-11681 Opinion of the Court 5 breathing apparatus[es],” OSHA fined Tampa Electric $9,054 under 29 C.F.R. § 1910.120(q)(3)(iv).

Tampa Electric appealed the citation. The Occupational Safety and Health Review Commission held that Tampa Electric’s response to the ammonia release wasn’t an “emergency response” within the meaning of the HAZWOPER standard and, therefore, that the company hadn’t violated that standard. For the reasons explained below, we agree and thus deny OSHA’s petition for re- view. 1 II To establish a prima facie case that an employer violated an OSHA regulation, the agency must show “(1) that the regulation applied; (2) that it was violated; (3) that an employee was exposed to the hazard that was created; and importantly, (4) that the em- ployer ‘knowingly disregarded’ the Act’s requirements.” Quinlan v. Sec’y, U.S. Dep’t of Lab., 812 F.3d 832, 836 (11th Cir. 2016) (quot- ing ComTran Grp., Inc. v. U.S. Dep’t of Lab., 722 F.3d 1304, 1307

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We agree with the Commission that Tampa Electric’s ac- tions here didn’t constitute an “emergency response” within the meaning of 29 C.F.R. § 1910.120(a)(3). 2 As that provision’s first sentence explains, to be considered an “emergency response,” the response must be “to an occurrence which results, or is likely to result, in an uncontrolled release of a hazardous substance.” Id. (emphasis added). What does it mean for the release of a hazard- ous substance like ammonia to be “uncontrolled”? One commonly used dictionary explains that the word “control” means, among other things, “to limit the level [or] intensity” of something or—in the specific context of “a mechanical or scientific process”—to “reg- ulate,” as in “the airflow is controlled by a fan.” Control, Oxford Dictionary of English 379 (3d ed. 2010). Another defines the word “control,” as relevant here, to mean “to exercise restraining or di- recting influence over” and to “regulate [or] curb,” Control,

2 Although the Secretary of Labor has asked us to defer to his interpretation of the HAZWOPER regulation, we decline to do so. Generally, we defer to an agency’s interpretation of its own regulation only if (1) the regulation is “‘gen- uinely ambiguous,’” (2) the agency’s interpretation is “‘reasonable,’” and (3) “‘the character and context’” of the interpretation entitle it to controlling weight. See Rafferty v. Denny’s, Inc., 13 F.4th 1166, 1179 (11th Cir. 2021) (quoting Kisor v. Wilkie, 139 S. Ct. 2400, 2415–16 (2019)). For reasons ex- plained in text, once the “traditional tools of construction” are brought to bear, the HAZWOPER regulation’s “uncontrolled release” requirement is not gen- uinely ambiguous. Rafferty, 13 F.4th at 1179.

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21-11681 Opinion of the Court 7 Webster’s Third New International Dictionary 496 (1961), and de- fines that term’s derivative “controlled” to mean “restrained, man- aged, or kept within bounds,” or “conducted or maintained in ac- cordance with fixed rules, restraints, or procedures,” id., Con- trolled. It follows, therefore, that an “uncontrolled” release is one that isn’t regulated, restrained, or directed, or whose level or inten- sity isn’t limited. 3 Assessing whether a particular release was “uncontrolled” will often turn on the specific facts and circumstances of the situa- tion. In making the uncontrolled-release determination, a court must inquire whether the entity charged with violating

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On the flip side, though, it can’t be, as OSHA has at times insisted, that any release of a gaseous substance into the air, no mat- ter how carefully regulated, restrained, and directed, is by defini- tion “uncontrolled” simply because the gas may well disperse. See id. at 06:23–06:30. That’s so for two reasons—one legal and the other practical. As a matter of law, OSHA’s sweeping theory effec- tively reads the word “uncontrolled” out of the regulation, at least as it applies to releases of gas, contrary to the usual rule that “[i]f possible, every word and every provision is to be given effect” and “[n]one should be ignored.” Antonin Scalia & Bryan A. Garner, Reading Law: The Interpretation of Legal Texts 174 (2012). And as a matter of practice, it seems to us indisputable that a plant owner can take responsible steps to meaningfully limit the amount of gas released into the atmosphere and thereby mitigate harm.

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21-11681 Opinion of the Court 9 Due to the myriad ways in which a release may occur, we doubt the existence of a bright-line rule for determining when a release is uncontrolled. Here, though, we are satisfied that Tampa Electric designed a response system to manage when, how, and to what extent ammonia would be emitted in the event of a pipe over- pressurization and thereby adequately “[]controlled” the release. A “release” is as much an ongoing “process” as a one-time event, see Release, Oxford Dictionary of English at 1500, and we hold that at each stage of the process here, Tampa Electric meaningfully regu- lated, restrained, and directed the release of ammonia at its plant.

When the pipe overpressurization occurred, Tampa Electric’s plant design controlled the release by (1) initially diverting some of the ammonia into the sump to be neutralized and then (2) venting excess, unabsorbable ammonia into the air. In so doing, Tampa Electric limited the amount of ammonia that was released into the air at any given time and prevented the overpressurized pipe from rupturing and releasing all its contents at once. And once the ex- cess ammonia was in the air, Tampa Electric’s rovers further con- trolled the release by isolating the ammonia valve and adding wa- ter to the sump so that the sump could absorb more of the chemi- cal. Accordingly, we hold that the release here was controlled— or, in the words of the regulation, that it wasn’t “uncontrolled.”

Because the release wasn’t uncontrolled, the response to it wasn’t an “emergency response,” and the HAZWOPER standard didn’t USCA11 Case: 21-11681 Date Filed: 06/22/2022 Page: 10 of 10

The petition for review is DENIED and the order of the Commission is AFFIRMED.