USCA11 Case: 21-14117 Date Filed: 10/24/2022 Page: 1 of 12

[DO NOT PUBLISH] In the United States Court of Appeals For the Eleventh Circuit

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No. 21-14117 Non-Argument Calendar ____________________

DELTA DANIELLE HARRIS, Plaintiff-Appellant, versus SECRETARY, U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR,

Defendant-Appellee.

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Appeal from the United States District Court for the Southern District of Florida D.C. Docket No. 2:20-cv-14195-RLR ____________________ USCA11 Case: 21-14117 Date Filed: 10/24/2022 Page: 2 of 12

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Before GRANT, BRASHER, and MARCUS, Circuit Judges. PER CURIAM: Delta Danielle Harris appeals the district court’s grant of the Department of the Interior’s (“DOI”) motion to dismiss her law- suit, which raised claims of discrimination and retaliation under Ti- tle VII of the Civil Rights Act, 42 U.S.C. §§ 2000e-2(a)(1), 2000e- (3)(a), and the Rehabilitation Act of 1973, 29 U.S.C. § 701 et seq. On appeal, Harris argues that: (1) the Federal Circuit Court of Appeals erred in transferring her case to the United States District Court for the Southern District of Florida because her discrimination claims were untimely; (2) the district court abused its discretion in refus- ing to re-transfer her case to the Federal Circuit, where her nondis- crimination claims were timely filed; and (3) the district court erred in refusing to equitably toll the statutory time limit for filing her discrimination claims because she diligently pursued her claims for review of the Merit Systems Protection Board’s (“MSPB”) final or- der and the DOI was not prejudiced by her untimely filing. After careful review, we affirm. I. In March 2018, a DOI supervisor issued a notice of proposed removal of Harris for cause from her position as a Fish and Wildlife Biologist, for being absent without leave, failure to follow leave procedures, lack of candor, misuses of a government vehicle, and inappropriate conduct. Based on the factors laid out in Douglas v. USCA11 Case: 21-14117 Date Filed: 10/24/2022 Page: 3 of 12

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Veterans Administration, 5 M.S.P.B. 313 (1981), the supervisor de- termined that removal was the appropriate penalty for Harris’s misconduct. The DOI agreed and removed Harris effective April 20, 2018. Harris then filed an Equal Employment Opportunity (“EEO”) complaint alleging she was terminated based on her disa- bilities and in discrimination for her prior EEO activity. In Febru- ary 2019, the DOI issued a final decision finding that Harris had not been subjected to employment discrimination, and informed her that she had the right to appeal the decision to the MSPB within 30 days or to file a civil action in the appropriate district court within 30 days, which was her only avenue if her claim arose under the Civil Rights Act. Harris appealed to the MSPB, challenging her re- moval; the MSPB affirmed the DOI’s action, noted that the deci- sion would become final on December 23, 2019 and informed her of the deadlines for an appeal. 1 On February 21, 2020, Harris filed a petition for review of the MSPB’s decision with the Federal Circuit. Because her filings indicated that she sought to pursue a discrimination claim that she’d raised as an affirmative defense before the MSPB, the Federal

1 Specifically, the MSPB explained that Harris had three avenues to appeal. First, Harris could appeal to the Federal Circuit by petitioning for review within 60 days of the date of the final decision. Second, Harris could file a civil action in an appropriate district court within 30 days of the date of the final decision, if she was claiming that she was affected by an action that was ap- pealable to the MSPB and that the action was based, in whole or in part on unlawful discrimination. Third, Harris could file in the Federal Circuit within 60 days if her claim concerned whistleblower protection. USCA11 Case: 21-14117 Date Filed: 10/24/2022 Page: 4 of 12

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Circuit entered an order advising that the proper forum for discrim- ination cases was the district court. The order directed the parties to show cause why the case should not be transferred to a district court and asked which court would be most appropriate. Harris responded that she intended to pursue her discrimi- nation claims, agreed with the Federal Circuit that her case should be transferred to a district court, and urged that it be transferred to the United States District Court for the Southern District of Flor- ida. On June 18, 2020, the Federal Circuit transferred Harris’s case to the Southern District of Florida. Once in district court, the DOI moved for dismissal, arguing that Harris’s suit was untimely. It said that the MSPB decision be- came final on December 23, 2019, and that judicial review had to be sought with the Federal Circuit within 60 days if the claim did not involve an allegation of discrimination or with a district court within 30 days if the claim involved discrimination. Because Harris had not met these deadlines and had offered no justification for her late filing, a magistrate judge issued a report and recommendation (“R&R”), recommending that the DOI’s motion to dismiss be granted. After reviewing Harris’s objections to the R&R, the dis- trict court granted the DOI’s motion to dismiss. This timely appeal followed. II. We have an obligation to ensure that we have jurisdiction to review a case before us. Corley v. Long-Lewis, 965 F.3d 1222, USCA11 Case: 21-14117 Date Filed: 10/24/2022 Page: 5 of 12

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1227 (11th Cir. 2020). We review jurisdictional issues de novo. Ad- ams v. Monumental Gen. Cas. Co., 541 F.3d 1276, 1277 (11th Cir. 2008). However, we review for abuse of discretion a district court’s decision not to transfer a case. Richardson v. Ala. State Bd. of Educ., 935 F.2d 1240, 1247–48 (11th Cir. 1991) (reviewing for abuse of discretion the district court’s refusal to transfer the case, under 28 U.S.C. § 1404(a), to another district court). The grant of a motion to dismiss based on the statute of lim- itations is reviewed de novo. United States v. Henco Holding Corp., 985 F.3d 1290, 1296 (11th Cir. 2021). We also review a dis- trict court’s ruling on equitable tolling de novo. Booth v. Carnival Corp., 522 F.3d 1148, 1149 (11th Cir. 2008). While we will liberally construe the pleadings of pro se liti- gants, Tannenbaum v. United States, 148 F.3d 1262, 1263 (11th Cir. 1998), liberal construction of pro se pleadings “does not give a court license to serve as de facto counsel for a party, or to rewrite an oth- erwise deficient pleading in order to sustain an action.” Campbell v. Air Jam., Ltd., 760 F.3d 1165, 1168–69 (11th Cir. 2014) (quota- tions omitted). A district court has discretion to refuse to consider arguments that were not raised before the magistrate judge or were raised for the first time in objections to a magistrate judge’s report and recommendation. Williams v. McNeil, 557 F.3d 1287, 1292 (11th Cir. 2009). Moreover, we are precluded “from reviewing an issue raised on appeal if it has been waived through the doctrine of invited er- ror.” United States v. Brannan, 562 F.3d 1300, 1306 (11th Cir. USCA11 Case: 21-14117 Date Filed: 10/24/2022 Page: 6 of 12

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2009). “[T]he doctrine of invited error is implicated when a party induces or invites the district court into making an error.” Id. (quo- tations omitted). III. First, we lack jurisdiction to review the Federal Circuit’s or- der transferring Harris’s case to the United States District Court for the Southern District of Florida. The procedure for a federal em- ployee to seek protection from adverse personnel actions was es- tablished by the Civil Service Reform Act (“CSRA”). Kloeckner v. Solis, 568 U.S. 41, 44 (2012). A serious personnel action, like re- moval, may be appealed to the MSPB. Id. A complaint that alleges a serious personnel action and that the action was based on discrim- ination is a “mixed case.” Id. (quotations omitted). When a federal employee brings a “mixed case” appealing an adverse personnel action from the MSPB and raising claims of discrimination, we review the non-discrimination claims on the ad- ministrative record using an arbitrary and capricious standard. Kel- liher v. Veneman, 313 F.3d 1270, 1274–75 (11th Cir. 2002). The MSPB’s findings or conclusions may only be set aside if they are (1) arbitrary, capricious, an abuse of discretion or otherwise not in ac- cordance with law; (2) obtained without procedures required by law, rule or regulation having been followed; or (3) unsupported by substantial evidence. 5 U.S.C. § 7703(c). The MSPB considers factors including whether the offense was intentional or commit- ted maliciously, the employee’s potential for rehabilitation, the ef- fect of the action on the employee’s ability to perform her duties, USCA11 Case: 21-14117 Date Filed: 10/24/2022 Page: 7 of 12

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the mission of the organization, the employee’s past disciplinary record, unusual job tensions and any mental impairment. Douglas v. Vets. Admin., 5 M.S.P.B. at 331–32. The MSPB accords consid- erable deference to the agency’s penalty determination and may modify a penalty only if the agency’s judgment clearly exceeded the bounds of reasonableness, or the agency failed to conscien- tiously consider relevant mitigating factors. Id. at 332–33. Generally, a petition for review of a final order of the MSPB must be filed in the Federal Circuit within 60 days of the decision becoming final. 5 U.S.C. § 7703(b)(1)(A). Judicial review of a final order of the MSPB in an action based, in whole or in part, on un- lawful discrimination must be filed in an appropriate district court within 30 days. Id. § 7703(b)(2). The Federal Circuit has no author- ity over discrimination claims, nor does it have authority over “mixed cases.” Perry v. Merit Sys. Prot. Bd., 137 S. Ct. 1975, 1979 (2017). Whenever a civil action is filed, including a petition for re- view of an administrative action, and the court in which it is filed finds that it lacks jurisdiction, it shall, if it is in the interest of justice, transfer the action to any other court in which the action could have been brought when it was filed. 28 U.S.C. § 1631. When a transfer like this occurs, the action shall proceed as if it had been filed in the court to which it is transferred on the date that it is transferred. Id. However, we lack jurisdiction to review an order transfer- ring a case to a district court within this Circuit. Cf. Corley, 965 USCA11 Case: 21-14117 Date Filed: 10/24/2022 Page: 8 of 12

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F.3d at 1232 (stating in the context of a transfer order from a district court to a district court in another circuit that “an out-of-circuit transfer order is not reviewable on appeal in the transferee cir- cuit”); Murray v. Scott, 253 F.3d 1308, 1314 (11th Cir. 2001) (stating that we lacked jurisdiction to review the decision of a district court from another circuit transferring a case to a district court in this Circuit). Our case law is clear that we lack jurisdiction to review the Federal Circuit’s order transferring Harris’s case to United States District Court for the Southern District of Florida. See Murray, 253 F.3d at 1314; Corley, 965 F.3d at 1232. But even if we somehow had jurisdiction to review the order, we would be precluded from considering any challenge to the transfer order under the invited error doctrine. As the record reflects, Harris agreed with the trans- fer and advised the Federal Circuit that her case should be trans- ferred to the Southern District of Florida. See Brannan, 562 F.3d at 1306. For these reasons, we are unable to review this issue on ap- peal. IV. Next, we find no merit in Harris’s claim that the district court abused its discretion in declining to re-transfer her case to the Federal Circuit. For starters, Harris argued for re-transfer to the Federal Circuit for the first time in her objections to the R&R. She did not raise that argument in her response to the DOI’s motion to dismiss and did not offer any explanation for why she did not make the request earlier. Thus, whether or not the district court USCA11 Case: 21-14117 Date Filed: 10/24/2022 Page: 9 of 12

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considered this argument as part of Harris’s objections to the R&R, the district court acted within its discretion in not discussing this argument because Harris did not raise it to the magistrate judge. See Williams, 557 F.3d at 1292. Moreover, while Harris says that she asserted a nondiscrim- ination claim of wrongful termination that should have been re- transferred to the Federal Circuit, where it was timely filed, she did not actually raise any nondiscrimination claims. In her amended complaint -- which included a wrongful termination heading and a wrongful discrimination heading -- Harris raised only discrimina- tion claims under the “Wrongful Termination” heading. Further, throughout the complaint, she consistently alleged that her re- moval was due to discrimination and retaliation for her protected EEOC activity. As we’ve said many times, courts may not rewrite an otherwise deficient pro se pleading. Tannenbaum, 148 F.3d at 1263; Campbell, 760 F.3d at 1168–69. Because Harris appears to have alleged only discrimination claims, there were no claims over which the Federal Circuit had authority and there was nothing to transfer to the Federal Circuit. Perry, 137 S. Ct. at 1979. We recognize that in deciding whether to transfer a case, we’ve suggested that one important factor to consider is whether dismissal would effectively time-bar the plaintiff from seeking relief in the proper court. See ITT Base Servs. v. Hickson, 155 F.3d 1272, 1276 (11th Cir. 1998). But even though the district court’s refusal to re-transfer Harris’s case left it time-barred, Harris had no case to pursue in the Federal Circuit, and the interest of justice would not USCA11 Case: 21-14117 Date Filed: 10/24/2022 Page: 10 of 12

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have been furthered by re-transferring her case. Id. It’s also worth reiterating that Harris specifically asked the Federal Circuit to transfer her case to the district court. On this record, the district court did not abuse its discretion in refusing to re-transfer Harris’s case. See Richardson, 935 F.2d at 1247–48. Nor did the district court err in dismissing Harris’s case as untimely. When she filed her case in the Federal Circuit, more than 30 days had passed from the date the MSPB decision became final. And a civil action seeking review of the MSPB’s final order involv- ing discrimination claims must be filed in the district court within 30 days. 5 U.S.C. § 7703(b)(2). Thus, even had she correctly filed in the district court in the first instance, her filing would have been untimely. Accordingly, the district court properly dismissed her case as time-barred. V. Finally, we are unpersuaded by Harris’s claim that the dis- trict court erred in refusing to equitably toll the statutory time limit for filing her discrimination claims. Under the equitable tolling doctrine, “plaintiffs may sue after the statutory time period has ex- pired if they have been prevented from doing so due to inequitable circumstances.” Ellis v. Gen. Motors Acceptance Corp., 160 F.3d 703, 706 (11th Cir. 1998). The general test for equitable tolling re- quires the party seeking tolling to prove (1) she has diligently pur- sued her rights, and (2) an extraordinary circumstance has pre- vented her from meeting a deadline. Villarreal v. R.J. Reynolds To- bacco Co., 839 F.3d 958, 971 (11th Cir. 2016) (en banc). Equitable USCA11 Case: 21-14117 Date Filed: 10/24/2022 Page: 11 of 12

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tolling is an extraordinary remedy that should be extended only sparingly. Chang v. Carnival Corp., 839 F.3d 993, 996 (11th Cir. 2016). Equitable tolling is not warranted when a plaintiff does not timely file her action even though she knew, or was in a position reasonably to know, that the limitations period was running, and she failed to act with due diligence. Id. Ignorance of the law does not usually warrant equitable tolling, and absent more, does not meet the “extraordinary circumstances” test. Jackson v. Astrue, 506 F.3d 1349, 1356 (11th Cir. 2007) (quotations omitted). “[G]ar- den-variety negligence” is also insufficient to warrant tolling. Chang, 839 F.3d at 996 (quotations omitted). Nor is “lack of preju- dice to the defendant . . . nearly enough to show injustice to the plaintiff.” Raziano v. United States, 999 F.2d 1539, 1542 (11th Cir. 1993). Although lack of prejudice may be a factor in deciding whether to apply equitable tolling, “it is not an independent basis for invoking the doctrine.” Id. (quotations omitted). We have not yet held that equitable tolling applies to the time limit found in § 7703(b)(2). However, we’ve affirmed the dis- missal of an untimely MSPB appeal when the appellant failed to proffer facts that might be grounds for equitable tolling. See Lee v. U.S. Postal Serv., 774 F.2d 1067, 1068–69 (11th Cir. 1985). Because we held in Lee that the appellant did not establish that equitable tolling was warranted, we did not resolve the question of whether the timely filing requirement was jurisdictional and not subject to equitable tolling. Id. USCA11 Case: 21-14117 Date Filed: 10/24/2022 Page: 12 of 12

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Here, regardless of whether equitable tolling is available un- der § 7703(b)(2), the district court did not err in refusing to equita- bly toll the statute of limitations for Harris’s appeal of the MSPB’s final order. Notably, both the DOI and the MSPB informed Harris -- in detail -- of the 30-day time limit to file for review of her dis- crimination claims, and she has not shown that any extraordinary circumstance prevented her from timely filing. Villarreal, 839 F.3d at 971; Chang, 839 F.3d at 996. To the extent she argues that this is a complex area of the law, the DOI and MSPB were very clear about the deadlines for an appeal, and ignorance of the law, with- out more, does not establish the extraordinary circumstances nec- essary to warrant equitable tolling. Jackson, 506 F.3d at 1356. Nor is lack of prejudice to the DOI “nearly enough to show injustice” to Harris. Raziano, 999 F.2d at 1542. As for her suggestion that the Federal Circuit or the DOI should have told her that her discrimi- nation claims were untimely, she cites no authority imposing this requirement on the court or the DOI. On this record, the district court did not err in declining to equitably toll the time for Harris to file for review of the MSPB’s final order on her discrimination claims. AFFIRMED.