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[DO NOT PUBLISH] United States Court of Appeals For the Eleventh Circuit ____________________ No. 21-13795 Non-Argument Calendar ____________________ UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, Plaintiff-Appellee, versus AQUILES ALEXANDER DELAOSA,

Defendant-Appellant.

____________________ Appeal from the United States District Court for the Northern District of Florida D.C. Docket No. 4:21-cr-00014-AW-MAF-1 ____________________ USCA11 Case: 21-13795 Document: 31-1 Date Filed: 01/12/2023 Page: 2 of 13

We find no merit in any of these grounds and accordingly affirm.

2 18 U.S.C. §§ 2252A(a)(2) and (b)(1).

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21-13795 Opinion of the Court 3 I.

We begin our discussion with the presentence investigation report (“PSR”) prepared by one of the District Court’s probation officers prior to sentencing. The officer prepared four reports—an initial report and three revisions. He submitted each to the parties and the third revision to the District Court. The officer elicited the parties’ objections. Delaosa had none.

Based on a total offense level of 43 and a criminal history category of I, the guidelines sentence range for the offenses of con- viction was life imprisonment. The maximum penalties prescribed for the offenses of conviction totaled 960 months of imprisonment, so 960 months became the sentence range. The guidelines range for supervised release on Counts One through Three was five years to life. Because sex offenses were involved, the recommended range for supervised release was life. 4 The PSR specified the fol- lowing special conditions of supervised release: 96. The defendant shall not possess or use a computer without the prior approval of the proba- tion officer. “Computer” includes any electronic de- vice capable of processing or storing data as de- scribed at 18 U.S.C. § 1030, and all peripheral devices.

97. As directed by the probation officer, the de- fendant shall enroll in the probation office’s See U.S.S.G. § 5D1.2(b)(2).

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98. The defendant shall not access the Internet or any “on-line computer service” at any location (including employment) without the prior approval of the probation officer. “On-line services” include any Internet service provider, or any other public or private computer network. As directed by the pro- bation officer, the defendant shall warn his employer of restrictions to his computer use.

99. The defendant shall consent to the probation officer conducting periodic unannounced examina- tions of his computer equipment, which may include retrieval and copying of all data from his/her com- puter(s) and any peripheral device to ensure compli- ance with this condition, and/or removal of any such equipment for the purpose of conducting a more thorough inspection. The defendant shall also consent to the installation of any hardware or soft- ware as directed by the probation officer to monitor the defendant’s Internet use.

100. The defendant shall not possess or use any data encryption technique or program.

As for the fine, the guidelines prescribed a range of $50,000 to $250,000. At sentencing, the District Court imposed a total USCA11 Case: 21-13795 Document: 31-1 Date Filed: 01/12/2023 Page: 5 of 13

21-13795 Opinion of the Court 5 prison sentence of 288 months—substantially below the guidelines range of 960 months—a supervised release term of life with the special conditions listed above, and a fine of $100,000. At issue in this appeal are the supervised release and the fine. We first con- sider the supervised release issues.

II.

We review a sentence under the abuse of discretion stand- ard. Gall v. United States, 552 U.S. 38, 51, 128 S. Ct. 586, 597 (2007).

Because supervised release is part of a prison sentence, we review the imposition of supervised release for abuse of discretion as well.

See United States v. Trailer, 827 F.3d 933, 935–36 (11th Cir. 2016) (per curiam). A district court abuses its discretion and, in sentenc- ing jargon, renders a sentence that is “procedurally unreasonable” if the sentence it imposes rests on an error of law or findings of fact that are clearly erroneous. See Klay v. United Healthgroup, Inc., 376 F.3d 1092, 1096 (11th Cir. 2004). An error of law occurs if the sentence results from a misapplication of the sentencing statutes— here 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a)—or the Sentencing Commission’s guide- lines or policy statements or if the court fails to adequately explain (for appellate review purposes) the reasons for the sentence it im- posed. Gall, 552 U.S. at 51, 127 S. Ct. 586, 597. Findings of fact are clearly erroneous when they lack support in the evidence or we are left with a “definite and firm conviction that a mistake has been committed.” Knight v. Thompson, 797 F.3d 934, 942 (11th Cir. 2015) (internal quotation marks omitted) (quoting Lincoln v. Bd. of Regents of Univ. Sys. of Ga., 697 F.2d 928, 939–40 (11th Cir. 1983)).

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As noted surpra, Delaosa did not object to any of the facts recited in the PSR or to the PSR’s application of the relevant law— 18 U.S.C. § 3553, the guidelines and accompanying policy USCA11 Case: 21-13795 Document: 31-1 Date Filed: 01/12/2023 Page: 7 of 13

21-13795 Opinion of the Court 7 statements—to the facts recited. Northern District of Florida Local Rule 88.1(C) states: “A party must make objections or give notice that it has no objections [to the PSR] as required by Fed. R. Crim.

P. 32(f).” 5 N.D. Fla. Loc. R. 88.1(C). The addendum the probation officer appended to each version of the PSR states: “Counsel for the defendant notified this officer via electronic communications that he did not have any objections to the report.” 6 Moreover, at no time during the sentencing hearing did Delaosa ask leave to

Fed. R. Crim. P. 32(f).

6 The Fourth PSR contains this statement. The same statement appears in the addendum appended to the previous versions of the PSR.

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Under plain error review, the defendant has the burden to show that the district court erred, that the error is plain, and that it affects his substantial rights. United States v. Monroe, 353 F.3d 1346, 1349 (11th Cir. 2003). If the defendant meets all three condi- tions, we “may then exercise [our] discretion to notice a forfeited error, but only if . . . the error seriously affect[s] the fairness, integ- rity, or public reputation of judicial proceedings.” Id. (quotation marks omitted, last alteration in original). Without explicit, on point language in the relevant statute, “there can be no plain error where there is no precedent from the Supreme Court or this Court directly resolving” the issue. United States v. Kushmaul, 984 F.3d 1359, 1363 (11th Cir. 2021).

We turn now to the supervised release arguments, asking whether the District Court committed plain error in imposing a life term and the computer and internet access conditions.

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21-13795 Opinion of the Court 9 III.

A.

Delaosa’s opening brief says nothing in support of an argu- ment that the life term of supervised release is challengeable as pro- cedurally unreasonable, and we find nothing in the record that would support one. We turn then to the substantively unreasona- bleness argument. We consider whether the life term of super- vised release is “substantively unreasonable under the totality of the circumstances and in light of the 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a) factors.”

United States v. Johnson, 803 F.3d 610, 618 (11th Cir. 2015); accord Trailer, 827 F.3d at 936. We conclude that it is not.

Delaosa faced a statutory term of five years to life of super- vised release. 18 U.S.C. § 3583(k). The guidelines range was a term of life. U.S.S.G. § 5D1.2(b) & (c). As we noted in United States v. Pugh, the legislative history surrounding the enactment of § 3583(k) “reveals that Congress and the Sentencing Commission intended to impose life terms of supervised release on sex offend- ers. Congress explicitly recognized the high rate of recidivism in convicted sex offenders.” 515 F.3d 1179, 1199 (11th Cir. 2008) (in- ternal quotations omitted). Consistent with that intent, the Sen- tencing Guidelines recommend that district courts impose a life term of supervised release in cases like the present one. U.S.S.G.

§ 5D1.2(b) (Policy Statement); Pugh, 515 F.3d at 1199.

The facts before the District Court revealed that for more than eight years prior to his arrest, Delaosa deceived minors into USCA11 Case: 21-13795 Document: 31-1 Date Filed: 01/12/2023 Page: 10 of 13

In sum, the District Court did not err, much less plainly err, in imposing a life term for Delaosa’s supervised release. We turn now to Delaosa’s argument that Packingham barred the Court from restricting his access to computers and the internet as it did.

B.

In Packingham, the Supreme Court held that registered sex offenders who have finished serving their sentences may not be barred from accessing the internet as a condition of their sex of- fender registration. Packingham, 137 S. Ct. at 1737–38. In United States v. Bobal, however, we held that a district court does not plainly err when it sentences a defendant to a life term of super- vised release with a special condition limiting internet access if the defendant may access the internet with prior permission from the district court. 981 F.3d 971, 977-78 (11th Cir. 2020) (noting that USCA11 Case: 21-13795 Document: 31-1 Date Filed: 01/12/2023 Page: 11 of 13

21-13795 Opinion of the Court 11 Packingham was distinguishable and did not address whether such a condition violates the First Amendment).

That point aside, Delaosa’s Packingham-based argument fails due to our prior panel precedent rule. We have upheld condi- tions prohibiting defendants convicted of sex offenses from access- ing a computer or the internet for the duration of their supervised release. United States v. Carpenter, 803 F.3d 1224, 1239 (11th Cir. 2015). Although the Supreme Court has subsequently held that sex offenders who have completed their sentences cannot be barred from accessing the internet, we have since held that a district court does not plainly err when it sentences a defendant to a life term of supervised release with a special condition limiting internet access if the defendant may access the internet with prior permission from the district court. Bobal, 981 F.3d at 977–78. Therefore, as Bobal has not been abrogated or overruled by this Court sitting en banc or by the Supreme Court, we are bound to apply it. United States v. Steele, 147 F.3d 1316, 1317–18 (11th Cir. 1998). Since the condi- tions of Delaosa’s supervised release allow him to access the inter- net with the District Court’s permission, we affirm the challenged conditions of supervised release.

IV.

We review de novo whether a fine is excessive, in violation of the Eighth Amendment’s Excessive Fines Clause. See United States v. Seher, 562 F.3d 1344, 1370 (11th Cir. 2009) (reviewing Eighth Amendment challenge to forfeiture order).

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Whether a fine is excessive is determined in relation to the characteristics of the offense, not the characteristics of the offender.

United States v. Bajakajian, 524 U.S. 321, 334, 118 S. Ct. 2028, 2036 (1998) (reviewing forfeiture order). In determining whether a fine is excessive by conducting the three-pronged proportionality anal- ysis, we do not consider the impact the fine would have on an in- dividual defendant. Seher, 562 F.3d at 1371.

We have remanded for resentencing a case where the dis- trict court imposed a fine more than three times the maximum fine in the guideline fine range and in opposition to the presentence in- vestigation report’s recommendation that the defendant was una- ble to pay a fine without providing any reasoned basis or explana- tion of why the report’s conclusion was incorrect. United States v. USCA11 Case: 21-13795 Document: 31-1 Date Filed: 01/12/2023 Page: 13 of 13

21-13795 Opinion of the Court 13 Gonzalez, 541 F.3d 1250, 1256–57 (11th Cir. 2008) (vacating and re- manding to the district court because the fine imposed was not sup- ported by the record).

The maximum fine for offenses alleged in Counts One through Three and Count Five was $250,000 each. 18 U.S.C. §§ 1470, 2251, 2252A; see 18 U.S.C. § 3571(a). The District Court did not err when it fined Delaosa $100,000 for two reasons. First, his offense conduct spanned several years, from 2012 to 2021, and involved multiple victims. Second, the $100,000 fine was within the statutory range and is presumptively not excessive under the Eighth Amendment. Seher, 562 F.3d at 1371.

For the foregoing reasons, the sentence imposed by the Dis- trict Court is AFFIRMED.