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[DO NOT PUBLISH] In the United States Court of Appeals For the Eleventh Circuit ____________________ No. 22-10192 Non-Argument Calendar ____________________ UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, Plaintiff-Appellee, versus CENTRY CORKER, JR.,

Defendant-Appellant.

____________________ Appeal from the United States District Court for the Northern District of Florida D.C. Docket No. 4:20-cr-00031-AW-MAF-1 ____________________ USCA11 Case: 22-10192 Document: 30-1 Date Filed: 02/06/2023 Page: 2 of 14

Before NEWSOM, TJOFLAT, and ANDERSON, Circuit Judges.

PER CURIAM: Centry Corker, Jr. appeals his sentence of 45 months’ impris- onment for aiding and abetting bank fraud, possession of 15 or more unauthorized access devices with intent to defraud, and aid- ing and abetting aggravated identity theft. Corker argues that the District Court plainly erred at sentencing in calculating the loss at- tributable to him pursuant to the $500-per-access-device rule in Ap- plication Note 3(F)(i) to U.S.S.G. § 2B1.1, and by applying Applica- tion Note 3(A), which requires the district court to calculate loss as the greater of actual or intended loss. He asserts that these provi- sions are inconsistent with the plain meaning of the word “loss” in the Guidelines’ text and invalid pursuant to the Supreme Court’s decision in Kisor v. Wilkie, 139 S. Ct. 2400 (2019). We affirm the District Court’s decision.

I.

In December 2015, Corker obtained a $2,500 personal loan check from the United States Automobile Association Federal Sav- ings Bank (the “USAA FSB”) by calling the bank from a Maryland phone number and posing as an individual named W.C. Corker also called the United States Automobile Association Savings Bank (the “USAA SB”) posing as W.C. and obtained a credit card with a $20,000 limit in W.C.’s name using his name, date of birth, and So- cial Security number. The loan check was sent to Corker’s USCA11 Case: 22-10192 Document: 30-1 Date Filed: 02/06/2023 Page: 3 of 14

22-10192 Opinion of the Court 3 residence via Federal Express on December 3, 2015, and the credit card was sent to Corker’s residence via Federal Express on Decem- ber 5, 2015. The loan was stopped before Corker could cash the check, but Corker used the credit card to make purchases totaling $2,778.01 at Walmart stores in Tallahassee and Pembroke Pines, Florida.

Between September 30, 2015, and January 30, 2016, Corker had engaged in a separate credit card fraud scheme. During this time, Corker had obtained multiple blank credit cards. Using The Onion Router software, 1 Corker went to dark web marketplaces such as AlphaBay and BriansClub to purchase credit card infor- mation stolen from other individuals. Through his purchases, he obtained 78 individuals’ credit card numbers, expiration dates, card verification values, and personally identifiable information, and Corker stored this information on his personal laptop. He then used a magnetic stripe card reader and writer to encode the card numbers he received and copy the individuals’ card information onto the blank credit cards. He intended to use the credit cards to make purchases not authorized by the original card owners, but he did not get to use the credit cards.

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Finally, for Counts 8 and 9, Corker was charged with unlawfully using the identity of another person to commit bank fraud as set out in Counts 1 and 2, in violation of 18 U.S.C. §§ 2 and 1028A(a)(1).

Pursuant to a plea agreement, Corker pled guilty to Counts 2, 7, and 9 on October 12, 2021. The Government agreed to drop the remaining charges against Corker as part of the plea agreement.

A probation officer prepared Corker’s presentencing report (“PSR”) on December 1, 2021, and revised it on December 17, 2021.

The probation officer calculated USAA’s actual loss to be $5,278.01, and the officer calculated a total intended loss value of $61,000— $38,500 for the 78 victims (including W.C.) whose private credit card information was on Corker’s computer and $22,500 for USAA.

2 Throughout the record, the Government and the District Court collectively refer to USAA FSB and USAA SB as “USAA.”

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22-10192 Opinion of the Court 5 For the 78 individuals who had their credit card information stolen, the probation officer calculated an intended loss amount of $500 per card, but the officer subtracted the $500 intended loss for W.C.’s card because W.C. suffered an actual loss when Corker ob- tained the credit card in W.C.’s name and made purchases totaling $2,778.01. The loss value of $500 per card was calculated pursuant to Application Note 3(F)(i) to U.S.S.G. § 2B1.1, which states that, in a case involving unauthorized access devices, “loss includes any un- authorized charges made with the . . . unauthorized access device and shall be not less than $500 per access device.” United States Sentencing Commission, Guidelines Manual, § 2B1.1, comment. (n.3(F)(i)) (Nov. 1, 1989). USAA’s intended loss value came from the loan and credit card that Corker obtained fraudulently—$2,500 for the USAA FSB loan and $20,000 for the USAA SB credit card obtained in W.C.’s name.

The probation officer calculated a base offense level of seven pursuant to U.S.S.G. § 2B1.1(a)(1). The probation officer applied the following adjustments for specific offense characteristics: (1) a 6-level increase pursuant to U.S.S.G. § 2B1.1(b)(1)(D) because the amount of loss was more than $40,000 but less than $95,000; (2) a 2-level increase pursuant to U.S.S.G. § 2B1.1(b)(2)(A) because the offense involved 10 or more victims; and (3) a 2-level increase pur- suant to U.S.S.G. § 2B1.1(b)(11)(A)(i) because the offense involved the possession or use of device-making equipment. The officer also applied a 3-level reduction for acceptance of responsibility and timely assistance to authorities pursuant to U.S.S.G. § 3E1.1(a) and USCA11 Case: 22-10192 Document: 30-1 Date Filed: 02/06/2023 Page: 6 of 14

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22-10192 Opinion of the Court 7 II.

Corker now appeals his sentence before this Court. He ar- gues that the District Court erred in calculating the loss amount attributable to him pursuant to Application Note 3(F)(i) to U.S.S.G.

§ 2B1.1. According to Corker, Application Note 3(F)(i)’s require- ment that courts assess a minimum loss of $500 per access device is invalid because it conflicts with the plain meaning of the word “loss” in the Guidelines’ text. U.S.S.G. § 2B1.1 states that for fraud offenses, the offense level should be increased according to the pro- vided table “if the loss exceeded $6,500.” Corker argues that the commonly understood meaning of “loss” is “the amount of some- thing lost,” so “loss” as used in the Sentencing Guidelines refers to the dollar amount that the victim actually lost as a result of the of- fense. Corker concedes that he is liable for the $5,278.01 that USAA actually lost, but he contends that he cannot be liable for the $61,000 in intended losses because the Sentencing Guidelines only call for sentences to be enhanced based on actual loss.

Corker also asserts that Application Note 3(F)(i) is invalid under Kisor v. Wilkie. The Supreme Court held in Kisor that a court should only defer to an agency’s own interpretation of a reg- ulation if “a regulation is genuinely ambiguous . . . even after a court has resorted to all the standard tools of interpretation.” 139 S. Ct. at 2414. Corker argues that Kisor abrogates the rule that the USCA11 Case: 22-10192 Document: 30-1 Date Filed: 02/06/2023 Page: 8 of 14

We review a sentencing challenge raised for the first time on appeal for plain error. United States v. Clark, 274 F.3d 1325, 1326 (11th Cir. 2001). Plain error lies only where “(1) there is an error in the district court’s determination; (2) the error is plain or obvious; (3) the error affects the defendant’s substantial rights in that it was prejudicial and not harmless; and (4) the error seriously affects the fairness, integrity, or public reputation of judicial proceedings.” Id. If an issue is not resolved directly by the language of a statute or rule, Eleventh Circuit precedent, or Supreme Court precedent, there can be no plain error. United States v. Lejarde-Rada, 319 F.3d 1288, 1291 (11th Cir. 2003). “Such error must be so clearly estab- lished and obvious that it should not have been permitted by the trial court even absent the defendant’s timely assistance in

4 Although Kisor does not explicitly extend its holding to the U.S. Sentencing Guidelines, the Supreme Court has stated that “the guidelines are the equiva- lent of legislative rules adopted by federal agencies.” Stinson v. United States, 508 U.S. 36, 45, 113 S. Ct. 1913, 1919 (1993).

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22-10192 Opinion of the Court 9 detecting it.” United States v. Hesser, 800 F.3d 1310, 1325 (11th Cir. 2015) (quotations omitted).

Section 2B1.1 of the U.S. Sentencing Guidelines contains the offense level calculation for theft and fraud offenses. U.S.S.G.

§ 2B1.1. Section 2B1.1(b)(1)(D) provides for an offense level in- crease of 6 levels if the loss caused by the relevant offense exceeds $40,000 but is less than $95,000. Id. § 2B1.1(b)(1)(D). This section itself does not provide a definition of “loss.” Id. Application Note 3(F)(i) to § 2B1.1 provides a “Special Rule” for cases involving counterfeit credit cards or access devices. Pursuant to the “Special Rule,” “loss includes any unauthorized charges made with the counterfeit access device or unauthorized access device and shall be not less than $500 per access device.” Id. § 2B1.1, cmt. n.3(F)(i).

Application Note 3(A) to § 2B1.1 directs courts to calculate loss as “the greater of actual loss or intended loss.” Id., cmt. n.3(A).

In Stinson v. United States, the Supreme Court held that the commentary to the Guidelines is authoritative unless it: (1) violates the Constitution; (2) violates a federal statute; or (3) is inconsistent with, or a plainly erroneous reading of, a given Guideline. 508 U.S. 36, 38, 113 S. Ct. 1913, 1915 (1993). Applying this test, the Court held that the definition of “crime of violence” in the commentary to U.S.S.G. §§ 4B1.1 and 4B1.2 was authoritative because it did not violate the Constitution or a federal statute and was consistent with the Guidelines. Id. at 47, 113 S. Ct. at 1920.

In Kisor, the Supreme Court clarified when courts should defer to agency interpretations of ambiguous regulations. 139 S.

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Although the United States Sentencing Commission is not an exec- utive agency, Congress permissibly delegates authority to the Sen- tencing Commission to issue Guidelines in the same way it dele- gates authority to executive agencies. See Mistretta v. United States, 488 U.S. 361, 371, 374–80, 109 S. Ct. 647, 654, 656–59 (1989).

We have reversed district courts’ applications of “special rules” from Application Notes when they contradict the Guide- lines. For example, in United States v. Tejas, 868 F.3d 1242, 1245 (11th Cir. 2017), a case involving a defendant who stole undelivered mail from a postal delivery vehicle, the district court applied a “spe- cial rule” set out in Application Note 4(C)(i) to § 2B1.1 for deter- mining the number of victims in the offense. The rule provided that, when a mail-theft offense “involves a United States Postal Ser- vice . . . delivery vehicle . . . [the offense] shall be considered to have involved at least 10 victims.” Tejas, 868 F.3d at 1245 (quoting U.S.S.G. § 2B1.1, comment. (n.4(C)(ii))) (internal quotation marks omitted). Application of the rule triggered a two-level enhance- ment under § 2B1.1(b)(2)(A)(i) for an offense involving ten or more victims. Id. Because the evidence clearly demonstrated that the offense involved fewer than ten victims, however, we held that the special rule’s mandate of ten victims was inconsistent with the USCA11 Case: 22-10192 Document: 30-1 Date Filed: 02/06/2023 Page: 11 of 14

22-10192 Opinion of the Court 11 plain text of the Guideline, which was based solely on the number of victims. Id. We recognized that the special rule might be rea- sonable in other instances where there may be doubt about the number of victims involved in the offense, but in the instant case it produced “erroneous and contrary results when the number of vic- tims is readily determined, as it is here.” Id. at 1245–46.

This Court has not previously addressed whether Applica- tion Note 3(F)(i) contradicts the text of § 2B1.1 itself. Nevertheless, we have upheld district courts’ applications of § 2B1.1(b)(1) and Ap- plication Note 3(F)(i) in making fraud-loss calculations without questioning whether the $500-per-device “Special Rule” contra- dicted the text of the Guidelines. See, e.g., United States v. Maitre, 898 F.3d 1151, 1159–61 (11th Cir. 2018); United States v. Wright, 862 F.3d 1265, 1274–75 (11th Cir. 2017). We have also explicitly rejected the argument that Application Note 3(A) to § 2B1.1, in- structing courts to calculate “the greater of actual loss or intended loss,” contradicts the plain meaning of the Guidelines’ text. See United States v. Moss, 34 F.4th 1176, 1190 (11th Cir. 2022) (uphold- ing the application of Application Note 3(A) in a case involving Medicare and Medicaid fraud).

III.

Corker has not shown that the District Court plainly erred in relying on Application Note 3(F)(i) to calculate the offense’s loss amount under § 2B1.1. Regarding Application Note 3(F)(i)’s $500- per-device loss measurement, Corker simply asserts, based on two standard dictionary definitions, that the term “loss” plainly refers USCA11 Case: 22-10192 Document: 30-1 Date Filed: 02/06/2023 Page: 12 of 14

This Court has specifically rejected Corker’s secondary argument that Application Note 3(A), which instructs courts to calculate loss as “the greater of actual loss or intended loss,” contradicts the text of § 2B1.1 itself. See Moss, 34 F.4th at 1190. Accordingly, this Court’s decision in Moss forecloses Corker’s argument that the District Court plainly erred in applying Application Note 3(A) to § 2B1.1. See Clark, 274 F.3d at 1326.

The decisions from the Supreme Court that Corker cites ad- dressed general issues of when courts should treat the commentary to the Guidelines as authoritative, Stinson, 508 U.S. at 38–39, 47, In his brief before this Court, Corker cited a Sixth Circuit case to support the proposition that the $500-per-device measurement is not part of “loss” as used in the Guideline. See United States v. Ricciardi, 989 F.3d 476 (6th Cir. 2021).

However, the Sixth Circuit case that Corker identifies is not binding precedent that could establish plain error in this Circuit.

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22-10192 Opinion of the Court 13 S. Ct. at 1915–16, 1920, and when agency interpretations of rules are authoritative, Kisor, 139 S. Ct. at 2408. This Court re- cently held that Kisor applies to the Sentencing Guidelines, con- cluding that the Court may not defer to the commentary “if uncer- tainty does not exist in the Guideline.” United States v. Dupree, No. 19-13776, slip op. at 12 (11th Cir. Jan. 18, 2023). However, the question of whether Stinson and Kisor govern how much defer- ence to give to Guidelines commentary is a separate issue from whether binding precedent holds that Application Note 3(A) and Application Note 3(F)(i) are inconsistent with the Guidelines’ text—which Corker must show to prove plain error. Lejarde-Rada, 319 F.3d at 1291. Corker’s assertion that our holding in Tejas sup- ports a finding of plain error in this case also fails because Tejas involved a different provision from the ones at issue here. Tejas, 868 F.3d at 1245 (quoting U.S.S.G. § 2B1.1(b)(2)(A)(i)).

IV.

Here, the District Court did not plainly err in applying the $500-per-device rule in Application Note 3(F)(i) because no binding precedent clearly establishes that Application Note 3(F)(i) is incon- sistent with the Guidelines’ text. Further, Corker’s argument that the District Court plainly erred in applying Application Note 3(A) is foreclosed by this Court’s binding precedent in Moss. Finally, the District Court did not plainly err in light of Kisor, as Kisor does not resolve the specific question presented in this case—whether the District Court’s loss calculations directly contravened binding USCA11 Case: 22-10192 Document: 30-1 Date Filed: 02/06/2023 Page: 14 of 14