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[DO NOT PUBLISH] In the United States Court of Appeals For the Eleventh Circuit ____________________ No. 21-13089 Non-Argument Calendar ____________________ DOLORES ROSE PEERS, Plaintiff-Appellant, versus JAMES MARTIN BROWN, Esquire, ASHLEY M. AULLS, Esquire,

Defendants-Appellees.

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PER CURIAM: Dolores Rose Peers, proceeding pro se, appeals the district court’s order dismissing her amended complaint with prejudice. In the district court, Peers asserted that Defendants, James Martin Brown and Ashley M. Aulls, committed professional negligence and crimes against humanity during their legal representation of her former spouse. After careful review, we affirm.

BACKGROUND I. Factual Background1 Defendants provided legal representation to Peers’s former spouse, Harold Scism, between March 2007 and December 2008, defending him against criminal charges for allegedly sexually abus- ing his nieces. Peers paid $20,000 to Defendants for Scism’s legal fees, and Peers notes that she “signed a contract in relation to Mr. Scism’s case with the defendants.” In a signed statement, Scism

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21-13089 Opinion of the Court 3 declared that he asked Defendants to give Peers all authority and access to all information in his case. Scism was convicted of the crimes in 2009 and received a life sentence in prison.

In her complaint, Peers asserted that Defendants owed her a duty to represent Scism but breached that duty by failing to ad- vocate zealously on Scism’s behalf. She contended that Defendants failed to correct the dates during which Scism’s alleged conduct oc- curred in his indictment, failed to seek important information about his niece’s foster care history, and were otherwise hostile, cruel, inhumane, and abusive to her. Peers further asserted that Defendants ignored Scism for nearly two years by failing to per- form investigative work or “push for the release of the [foster care] files,” and instead aggressively pursued additional funds from Peers. Finally, Peers noted that Defendants never released Scism’s client file, and that the statute of limitations should not commence until such release.

II. Procedural History On August 25, 2020, Peers filed her amended complaint against Defendants in the Middle District of Florida, claiming di- versity jurisdiction as a New York citizen against Defendants, both Florida citizens. Peers alleged professional negligence by Defend- ants and also asserted that they had committed crimes against hu- manity. Defendants each moved to dismiss Peers’s amended com- plaint under Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(b)(1) and 12(b)(6), asserting a statute of limitations defense, along with a “lack of diversity jurisdiction, lack of standing and privity, . . . and failure to allege the elements USCA11 Case: 21-13089 Document: 16-1 Date Filed: 05/24/2023 Page: 4 of 14

This timely appeal follows.

STANDARD OF REVIEW We review de novo a district court’s grant of a Rule 12(b)(6) motion to dismiss for failure to state a claim. Newbauer v. Carnival Corp., 26 F.4th 931, 934 (11th Cir. 2022). “We also review de novo the district court’s dismissal of the complaint for failure to satisfy the statute of limitations.” Karantsalis, 17 F.4th at 1319 (citing Fe- dance v. Harris, 1 F.4th 1278, 1283 (11th Cir. 2021)).

We liberally construe pro se pleadings and hold such plead- ings to “a less stringent standard than pleadings drafted by attor- neys.” Tannenbaum v. United States, 148 F.3d 1262, 1263 (11th Cir. 1998) (per curiam). However, “this leniency does not give a court license to serve as de facto counsel for a party, or to rewrite an oth- erwise deficient pleading in order to sustain an action.” GJR Invs., Inc. v. Cnty. of Escambia, 132 F.3d 1359, 1369 (11th Cir. 1998) (cita- tions omitted), overruled on other grounds.

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21-13089 Opinion of the Court 5 DISCUSSION To the extent that we can discern Peers’s enumerations of error on appeal, Peers argues that the district court erred in finding that she was not in contractual privity with Defendants, primarily because she paid Defendants for Scism’s legal fees. Peers further argues that the district court erred in finding that her claims were time-barred because Defendants’ refusal to release Scism’s client file tolled the applicable statute of limitations. 2 We address subject matter jurisdiction at the outset before disposing of Peers’s enu- merations of error in turn.

I. Subject Matter Jurisdiction Defendants did not file a response brief, and thus do not challenge the district court’s finding of subject matter jurisdiction based on complete diversity of citizenship. We are nevertheless “obligated to inquire into subject matter jurisdiction sua sponte whenever it may be lacking.” Univ. of S. Ala. v. Am. Tobacco Co., 168 F.3d 405, 410 (11th Cir. 1999). We review de novo whether the dis- trict court properly interpreted and applied the provisions of 28 U.S.C. § 1332 in determining whether the parties established diver- sity jurisdiction. Life of the S. Ins. Co. v. Carzell, 851 F.3d 1341, 1343– (11th Cir. 2017) (citing Underwriters at Lloyd’s, London v. Osting- Schwinn, 613 F.3d 1079, 1085 (11th Cir. 2010)). “We review the Peers attempts to assert both equitable tolling and the delayed-discovery doctrine. For clarity’s sake, we note that the delayed-discovery doctrine does not toll the applicable statute of limitations; rather, it prevents a cause of action from accruing. See Raie v. Cheminova, Inc., 336 F.3d 1278, 1280 (11th Cir. 2003).

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Under 28 U.S.C. § 1332, federal courts may exercise diversity jurisdiction in cases between citizens of different states when the amount in controversy exceeds $75,000. “Diversity jurisdiction, as a general rule, requires complete diversity—every plaintiff must be diverse from every defendant.” Palmer v. Hosp. Auth. of Randolph Cnty., 22 F.3d 1559, 1564 (11th Cir. 1994). “[T]he party invoking the court’s jurisdiction bears the burden of proving, by a prepon- derance of the evidence, facts supporting the existence of federal jurisdiction.” McCormick v. Aderholt, 293 F.3d 1254, 1257 (11th Cir. 2002).

In their motions to dismiss, Defendants asserted that Peers resided in Florida rather than New York, thereby defeating diver- sity. Peers had a Florida driver’s license, was registered to vote in Florida, and owned real property there, but the district court noted that Peers had provided an internet bill for her property in New York, a copy of her temporary New York driver’s license and a re- ceipt of her submission to register to vote in New York. Peers had also asserted that her property in Florida was uninhabitable, and USCA11 Case: 21-13089 Document: 16-1 Date Filed: 05/24/2023 Page: 7 of 14

21-13089 Opinion of the Court 7 that the COVID-19 pandemic had caused delays in securing docu- mentation to verify her residency. The district court found that Peers had established herself as a New York citizen “[b]ased on her allegations and the totality of the evidence.”

Peers did not apply for her temporary driver’s license or reg- ister to vote in New York until after Defendants challenged her cit- izenship in their motions to dismiss. Peers’s timing in pursuing this substantiating evidence casts some doubt on the legitimacy of her New York citizenship, but the fact that she was able to obtain the temporary license makes it at least plausible that she was indeed a New York citizen. Therefore, the district court’s jurisdictional fact- findings as to the diversity or amount in controversy requirements were not clearly erroneous, and we decline to upset the district court’s determination of subject matter jurisdiction.

II. Crimes Against Humanity As an initial matter, we dispose of Peers’s claim that Defend- ants’ failure to release Scism’s file constitutes a crime against hu- manity. Courts typically only recognize crimes against humanity in the war crimes context, in suits for violations of international norms. See Doe v. Drummond Co., Inc., 782 F.3d 576, 580 (11th Cir. 2015); see also Aldana v. Del Monte Fresh Produce, N.A., Inc., 416 F.3d 1242, 1247 (11th Cir. 2005) (affirming dismissal of a crimes against humanity claim because the complaint did not supply facts indicat- ing “widespread or systematic attack” against civilian populations).

The facts of this case simply do not implicate crimes against hu- manity.

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4 At all times relevant to this case prior to March 24, 2023, Fla. Stat. § 95.11(4)(a) provided that the two-year period of limitations applied to actions for professional malpractice, other than medical malpractice. Effective March 24, that provision moved, without substantive modification, to § 95.11(4)(b).

The new § 95.11(4)(a) provides that a two-year period of limitations applies to “an action founded on negligence.” We simply cite to § 95.11(4) for clarity— regardless, a two-year period of limitations applies to either subsection. More- over, even if amendment of this section purported to modify the applicable length of time to bring a claim, Florida courts apply statutes of limitations pro- spectively “unless the legislative intent to provide retroactive effect is express, USCA11 Case: 21-13089 Document: 16-1 Date Filed: 05/24/2023 Page: 9 of 14

21-13089 Opinion of the Court 9 purposes, a cause of action for legal malpractice does not accrue until the underlying adverse judgment becomes final, including ex- haustion of appellate rights.” Law Office of David J. Stern, P.A. v. Sec. Nat’l Servicing Corp., 969 So. 2d 962, 966 (Fla. 2007); see also Silves- trone v. Edell, 721 So. 2d 1173, 1175 n.2 (Fla. 1998) (outlining the process for full exhaustion of appellate rights, after which “the final judgment becomes final”). The district court noted that Scism was convicted in 2009 and determined that the statute of limitations likewise began to run in 2009. There is no evidence in the record explicitly confirming that Scism exhausted his appellate rights in 2009, but Peers does not contest the district court’s finding that the underlying adverse judgment became final that year anywhere in her brief. As such, we are left to presume that the underlying judg- ment against Scism did in fact become final in 2009, and thus, ab- sent an exception, the two-year statute of limitations began to run that year.

Peers asserts, or attempts to assert, equitable tolling and the delayed-discovery doctrine as exceptions to the statute of limita- tions, but we find no grounds to apply either exception in this case.

With respect to equitable tolling, Peers waived that argument by not first asserting it properly before the district court. See Access Now, Inc. v. Sw. Airlines Co., 385 F.3d 1324, 1331 (11th Cir. 2004) (“This Court has repeatedly held that an issue not raised in the dis- trict court and raised for the first time in an appeal will not be

clear and manifest.” Homemakers, Inc. v. Gonzales, 400 So. 2d 965, 967 (Fla. 1981); see also Arrow Air, Inc. v. Walsh, 645 So. 2d 422, 424 (Fla. 1994).

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We have identified five exceptional circumstances “in which it may be appro- priate to exercise this discretion and deviate from [the standard] rule of prac- tice,” such as when failure to consider a new argument would result in a mis- carriage of justice. See Dean Witter Reynolds, Inc. v. Fernandez, 741 F.2d 355, 360–61 (11th Cir. 1984); Blue Martini Kendall, LLC v. Miami Dade Cnty. Fla., 816 F.3d 1343, 1349 (11th Cir. 2016). Peers, however, does not argue that any of the exceptional circumstances exist here, and we do not find that any such exceptional circumstances are present in this case.

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21-13089 Opinion of the Court 11 and its merits will not be addressed.”). Peers offhandedly notes in the Statement of the Proceedings section of her brief that Defend- ants’ “refusal to release Mr. Scism’s client file has placed a toll on the statute of limitations.” Later in her brief, Peers similarly states that “[t]he time has tolled to December of 2008, and we cannot move forward without the former client files,” but fails to elaborate further. Peers includes the same excerpt from Machules, 523 So. 2d at 1133–34, that she included in her complaint, but also cites two cases from the Ninth Circuit which provide that an attorney’s egre- gious misconduct can warrant equitable tolling.

These perfunctory references to tolling without supporting arguments or authority are not enough to save the issue from aban- donment, nor are references to authority addressing tolling (partic- ularly mere persuasive authority) without further discussion or ci- tation to facts in the record on which Peers might rely. “We have long held that an appellant abandons a claim when he either makes only passing references to it or raises it in a perfunctory manner without supporting arguments and authority.” Sapuppo v. Allstate Floridian Ins. Co., 739 F.3d 678, 681 (11th Cir. 2014); see also Singh v. U.S. Att’y Gen., 561 F.3d 1275, 1278 (11th Cir. 2009) (explaining that “an appellant’s brief must include an argument containing appel- lant’s contentions and the reasons for them, with citations to the authorities and parts of the record on which the appellant relies,” and that “simply stating that an issue exists, without further argu- ment or discussion, constitutes abandonment of that issue and pre- cludes our considering the issue on appeal”) (quotation omitted).

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Finally, even if we found that Peers sufficiently raised the equitable tolling argument in the district court and maintained it on appeal, the doctrine simply does not apply to the facts of this case. Defendants’ failures to correct the dates in the first count of Scism’s indictment or to “argue[] and persuade[] the judge” to re- lease the foster care files “for verification purposes” both occurred during their representation of Scism, prior to his conviction. De- fendant Aulls’s attempt to obtain more money from Peers via threats and Defendants’ disregard of Scism likewise occurred prior to Scism’s conviction. As such, Peers was aware of the key facts underlying her claims against Defendants by the time Scism was convicted in 2009 at the latest, and thus cannot contend that she could not have discovered the basis of her claims with reasonable diligence. Consequently, Peers cannot establish the necessary fac- tual predicate for applying equitable tolling. See Arce v. Garcia, 434 F.3d 1254, 1261 (11th Cir. 2006) (“Equitable tolling is appropriate when a movant untimely files because of extraordinary circum- stances that are both beyond his control and unavoidable even with diligence.” (quotation omitted)).

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21-13089 Opinion of the Court 13 Defendants’ failure to release Scism’s case file does not change the fact that Peers knew or reasonably should have known of Defendants’ tortious acts by 2009, meaning her reliance on the delayed-discovery doctrine also fails. See Raie, 336 F.3d at 1280 (“The ‘delayed discovery’ doctrine generally provides that a cause of action does not accrue until the plaintiff either knows or reason- ably should know of the tortious act giving rise to the cause of ac- tion.” (quoting Hearndon v. Graham, 767 So. 2d 1179, 1184 (Fla. 2000)). Because neither equitable tolling nor the delayed-discovery doctrine apply here, the two-year statute of limitations began to run on Peers’s claims in 2009 and expired in 2011. Therefore, we agree with the district court that Peers’s claims were time-barred in 2020. Because we conclude that the applicable statute of limita- tions barred Peers’s complaint, we need not reach the merits of her professional negligence claim.6

6 We do not mean to imply that Peers would have established the necessary privity for this claim. Espinosa, 612 So. 2d at 1380. Peers potentially could have shown that she was directly party to a legal representation contract with Defendants, for which Scism would have been a third-party beneficiary. Even liberally construed, however, Peers does not plead specific facts about the na- ture of her agreement with Defendants sufficient for such an inference. Mean- while, the argument section of Peers’s brief contains several sections copied and pasted from the district court’s order, and otherwise contains conclusory or irrelevant statements without cognizably citing to the record or explaining why the district court erred.

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